Helix pomatia, common names the Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or escargot, is a species of large, air-breathing stylommatophoran land snail native to Europe. It is characterized by a globular brown shell. It is an edible species. Helix pomatia commonly occurs synanthropically throughout its range.
Distribution
Distribution map of H. pomatia showing the European countries where the species is presentIn Odenwald, GermanyHelix pomatia, light micrograph of an eye; 1 anterior chamber, 2 lens, 3 retina, 4 optic nerve
The present distribution of Helix pomatia is considerably affected by the dispersion of humans and synanthropic occurrences. The northern limits of their natural distribution run presumably through central Germany and southern Poland with the eastern range limits running through western-most Ukraine and Moldova/Romania to Bulgaria. In the south, the species reaches northern Bulgaria, central Serbia, Bosnia and Hezegovina and Croatia. It occurs in northern Italy southwards to the Po and the Ligurian Apennines. Westerly the native range extends to eastern France.[3][4]
Helix pomatia is now distributed up to western Belarus and the Baltic states, the south of Finland, Sweden and Norway, Denmark, northern Germany, and the Benelux. Scattered introduced populations occur westwards up to northern Spain. In Great Britain, it lives on chalk soils in the south and west of England. In the east, it was introduced up to the Volga.[3][4] Introduced populations also exist in eastern USA and Canada.[5]
The shell is creamy white to light brownish, often with indistinct brown colour bands although sometimes the banding is well developed and conspicuous. The shell has five to six whorls. The aperture is large. The apertural margin is white and slightly reflected in adult snails. The umbilicus is narrow and partly covered by the reflected columellar margin.[6]
The width of the shell is 30–50 millimetres (1.2–2.0 inches).[6] The height of the shell is 30–45 mm (1.2–1.8 in).[6]
Ecology
Habitat
In Central Europe, it occurs in open forests and shrubland on calcareous substrate.[6] It prefers high humidity and lower temperatures, and needs loose soil for burrowing to hibernate and lay its eggs.[6] It lives up to 2,100 m (6,900 ft) above sea level in the Alps, but usually below 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[6] In the south of England, it is restricted to undisturbed grassy or bushy wastelands, usually not in gardens; it has a low reproduction rate and low powers of dispersal.[6]
Lifecycle
Average distance of migration reaches 3.5–6.0 m (11.5–19.7 ft).[6]
Helix pomatia (left) laying eggsA picture of a H. pomatia juvenile, about 2–3 years old
This snail is hermaphroditic. Reproduction in Central Europe begins at the end of May.[6]
A pair of H. pomatia in courtship, shortly before mating
Drawing of head of mating H. pomatia with everted penis and dart sac shooting a love dart
Drawing of H. pomatia laying eggs
Eggs are laid in June and July, in clutches of 40–65 eggs.[6] The size of the egg is 5.5–6.5 mm[6] or 8.6 × 7.2 mm.[7] Juveniles hatch after three to four weeks, and may consume their siblings under unfavourable climate conditions.[6] Maturity is reached after two to five years.[6] The life span is up to 20 years, but they often die sooner due to drying in summer and freezing in winter.[6] Ten-year-old individuals are probably not uncommon in natural populations.[6] The maximum lifespan is 35 years.[6]
This species is listed in IUCN Red List, and in European Red List of Non-marine Molluscs as of least concern.[8][9]H. pomatia is threatened by continuous habitat destructions and drainage, usually less threatened by commercial collections.[6] Many unsuccessful attempts have been made to establish the species in various parts of England, Scotland, and Ireland; it only survived in natural habitats in southern England, and is threatened by intensive farming and habitat destruction.[6] It is of lower concern in Switzerland and Austria, but many regions restrict commercial collecting.[6]
Within its native range, Helix pomatia is mostly a common species. It is also considered Least Concern by the IUCN red list. However, it is listed in the Annex V of the EU's Habitats Directive and protected by law in several countries to regulate harvesting from free living populations.
In Japan, the Mie Escargot Farm succeeded in the complete cultivation of the Burgundy species (Pomatia).[15]
Uses
The intestinal juice of H. pomatia contains large amounts of aryl, steroid, and glucosinolate sulfatase activities. These sulfatases have a broad specificity, so they are commonly used as a hydrolyzing agent in analytical procedures such as chromatography where they are used to prepare samples for analysis.[16]
Roman snails were eaten by both Ancient Greeks and Romans.[17]
Nowadays, these snails are especially popular in French cuisine. In the English language, it is called by the French name escargot when used in cooking (escargot simply means snail).
Although this species is highly prized as a food, it is difficult to cultivate and is rarely farmed commercially.[18]
^Linnaeus C. (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. pp. [1–4], 1–824. Holmiae. (Salvius).
Blume, W. (1920). Einige mazedonische Schnecken. Archiv für Molluskenkunde, 52 (2): 89–92. Frankfurt am Main.
Egorov R. (2015). "Helix pomatia Linnaeus, 1758: the history of its introduction and recent distribution in European Russia". Malacologica Bohemoslovaca14: 91–101. PDF
(in Russian) Roumyantseva E. G. & Dedkov V. P. (2006). "Reproductive properties of the Roman snail Helix pomatia L. in the Kaliningrad Region, Russia". Ruthenica15: 131–138. abstract
Bank, R. A.; Neubert, E. (2017). Checklist of the land and freshwater Gastropoda of Europe. Last update: July 16, 2017.
External links
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