This help page is a how-to guide. It details processes or procedures of some aspect(s) of Wikipedia's norms and practices. It is not one of Wikipedia's policies or guidelines, and may reflect varying levels of consensus and vetting.

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This page will help you to fix the cite error message:

The named reference "$1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).

• If you have read this help page and find something missing or confusing, please discuss it at the main talk page.
• Please reference this page and the page where you have the problem so we can understand your issues.
• For basic information on the footnotes system, see Referencing for beginners; for advanced help, see Footnotes.

If you are going to reference the same source multiple times, Wikipedia allows you to name those sources so you can just refer to a source named "foo" rather than having to recreate all of the details about the citation (the author, the title, etc.) over and over. The name is created like this:

<ref name="foo">content</ref>

Then, to invoke that footnote you have named foo, just type this:

<ref name="foo" />

The content (the details of the citation) of the reference that has been named "foo" is thus defined only once but can be reused over and over.

The error happens when a named reference is defined multiple times with different content. For example, first <ref name="foo">content1</ref> and later <ref name="foo">content2</ref>, where "foo" is repeated but content1 and content2 are different. The purpose of named references is to be able to invoke them elsewhere with <ref name="foo" />, but there must be a unique definition of the ref name "foo".

If the references with content1 and content2 are meant to be different then change one of the ref names, for example name="bar" instead of name="foo". If the reference is not meant to be invoked elsewhere then it can also be made unnamed by removing name="foo", but this is not necessary.

If the references are meant to be the same then replace one of the definitions by <ref name="foo" /> to invoke the other definition. It may technically work to make two identical definitions but this should not be done. It causes confusion and will recreate the error if somebody later changes one of the definitions without making the same change to the other.

The error can also happen with empty ref names like <ref name="">content</ref> or <ref name>content</ref>. Ref names should not be empty. Either add a name or remove name="".

Ref names may be generated by a template and produce names not in the wikitext. For example, ((sfn|Stokes|1979|p=2)) and ((sfn|Stokes|1979|pp=2)) may both produce references of form <ref name="FOOTNOTEStokes19792">...</ref>, causing the error message to use the ref name "FOOTNOTEStokes19792". p= is intended for a single page and pp= for a range. ps= must have the same value in each use of ((sfn)) where the other parameters are identical. An assigned value in ps= cannot be combined with an omitted ps= elsewhere on the page. If there is a blank ps= then remove it.

See also Technical Templates below.

Whole references may be transcluded from other pages. When the "Edit" or "Edit source" tab at top of a page is clicked, the bottom of the window will say "Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page". Click the text if no list is shown. Articles are more likely than other pages to contain named references.

The ref name in the error message may have replaced spaces by underscores and converted some special characters.

Names

Names for footnotes and groups must follow these rules:

• Names are case-sensitive. Please do not use raNdOM capitalization.
• Names must not be purely numeric; the software will accept something like ":31337" (which is punctuation plus a number), but it will ignore "31337" (purely numeric).
• Names should have semantic value, so that they can be more easily distinguished from each other by human editors who are looking at the wikitext. This means that ref names like "Nguyen 2010" are preferred to names like ":31337".
• Names must be unique. You may not use the same name to define different groups or footnotes. Try to avoid picking a name that someone else is likely to choose for a new citation, such as ":0" or "NYT".
• Please consider keeping reference names short, simple, and restricted to the standard English alphabet and numerals. If spaces are used, the following technical restrictions become relevant:
  • Quotation marks are preferred but optional if the only characters used are letters A–Z, a–z, digits 0–9, and the symbols !$%&()*,-.:;<@[]^_`{|}~. That is, all printable ASCII characters except #"'/=<>?\ and space.
  • Inclusion of any other characters, including spaces, requires that the reference name be enclosed in quotes; for example, name="John Smith". But quote-enclosed reference names may not include a less-than sign (<) or a double straight quote symbol ("), which may however be included by escaping as < and " respectively.
  • The quote marks must be the standard, straight, double quotation marks ("); curly or other quotes will be parsed as part of the reference name.
• You may optionally provide reference names even when the reference name is not required. This makes later re-use of the sourced reference easier.

If two or more calls to ((sfn)) use the same citation parameters, that is, if the author(s), year, and page number(s) are all identical, but there is some other difference, such as a use of pp= vs p=, or a use of ps= in one but not the other, this issue will arise.

The solution is to make the calls identical. If the ps= parameter was being used to include a quote or other extended content, use ((harvnb)) inside a <ref>...</ref> construct with the quote after the template but inside the ref tag structure.

If there are nested footnotes, i.e. a reference within another reference, then the error can occur even if two definitions have identical text. Example where ((sfn)) will create a ref name with another reference inside it:

<ref name="Buna">Advance to Buna</ref>
((sfn|Blakeley|1956|ps=. Cited in Advance to Buna.<ref name=Buna />))
((sfn|Blakeley|1956|ps=. Cited in Advance to Buna.<ref name=Buna />))

Removing the inner reference will fix the error.

The content of this message is dependent on the language setting in Special:Preferences. You can test how the error messages look in the most popular languages with these links: বাংলা English español British English français português do Brasil русский Deutsch Bahasa Indonesia العربية 中文（中国大陆） română italiano Türkçe

Here the reference named ipsum was defined twice, but the second definition's content differs from the first (only the first definition is taken):

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.<ref name="ipsum">Reference 1</ref> Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.<ref name="ipsum">Reference 2</ref> Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.<ref name="ipsum"/> Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

==References==
((reflist))

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.^[1] Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat.^[1] Duis aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur.^[1] Excepteur sint occaecat cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt mollit anim id est laborum.

Pages with this error message are placed into Pages with duplicate reference names. The system message page is at Cite error references duplicate key.

Templates

In order to include variable data within a reference tag such as <ref ref_content name=ref_name>, the #tag parser function must be used. Currently #tag only supports balanced tags, not a singular tag, thus <tag_type element /> cannot normally be used in a template unless the element is hard coded.

However, Cite has been modified since 2008^[1] to treat <ref name="ref-foo"></ref> identically to <ref name="ref-foo" />. Note that there cannot be even a space between the <ref . . .> and the </ref>, otherwise this will result in definition of the reference named "ref-foo" to be " ", which if meant to be second reference by name to an existing reference will cause a duplicate definition error. Correct code to produce a singular tag will look like ((#tag:ref ||name=(({parameter))))}, that is, no space between the two "|"s.