 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Lombard on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Lombard in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show how the International Phonetic Alphabet represents Lombard language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
Words are listed for the two major varieties of the language: Western and Eastern Lombard. Neither is preferred at Wikipedia unless a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant. See the respective articles to learn more.
There exist several proposed orthographies, none of which is comprehensive enough to represent the whole dialectal span of the language, and a final agreement to select common written standard of Lombard has yet to be reached. Classical Milanese orthography is here used for Western Lombard and Eastern Unified Orthography for Eastern Lombard. When a word is spelled the same in both orthographies, it is given only once.
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Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lombard, like a number of other languages, has final devoicing of obstruents, as well as final voicing of normally-devoiced consonants (except stops) immediately before other voiced or nasal consonants: Western pesg d'inscì [ˌpeːʒ dĩˈʃi], Eastern pès d'isé [ˌpɛz diˈse]. In such cases, word-final /dz/, /dʒ/, /tʃ/ and /ts/ may reduce to respectively, [z], [ʒ], [ʃ], [s] in the West, and in the East, /dʒ/ and /tʃ/ are generally realized as [j].
- ^ a b c d /dz/ and /ts/ contrast with /z/ and /s/ only in some Western dialects.
- ^ a b c d e f Complete regressive assimilation at word boundaries is common in regular speech: it occurs between a final occlusive and the initial consonant of the following word. In such instances, /z/ becomes [dz] and [h] turns back to [s].
- ^ a b c /ʒ/ is phonemically distinctive only in a few areas of Western Lombardy. Everywhere else, it is realized as [dʒ] or (certain Eastern dialects) [z]. Note that [ʒ] may also be an allophonic rendering of preconsonantal /z/ in dialects such as Comasco.
- ^ a b In some Eastern variants, /s/ is pronounced [h], which leads the /s(t)j/ cluster to be realized as [htʃ] or, after a consonant, [tʃ].
- ^ a b Western Lombard generally drops word-final /l/ after a long vowel (pedrioeu [pedriˈøː], Eastern pedriöl [pedriˈøl]). In addition, its northern dialects have rhotacized Latin non-geminate /l/ in all (semi)vowel-internal instances ([ˈskʰɔla] → [ˈskøːra]; compare [ˈbʊlːa] → [ˈbula]).
- ^ a b c d In dialects that feature syllable-final nasals, assimilation to the following consonant always takes place even in an ending nasal+stop cluster, and the stop is dropped before another one (Eastern guànt biànch [ˌɡwam ˈbjaŋk], Western guant bianch [ˌɡwãː ˈbjãːk]).
- ^ a b c d e f g Only the Western varieties feature nasal vowels, as the realization of a vowel followed by a phonemic nasal consonant within a closed syllable (Western temp [ˈtẽːp], Eastern tép [ˈtep]), the only exceptions being word-final vowels followed by a nasal other than /n/ and word-final stressed short vowels plus /n/. Those are nearly the only cases for which Eastern Lombard has the same realization (Western Giovann [dʒuˈʋan], Eastern Gioàn [dʒoˈan]; compare Milan [miˈlãː] and Milà [miˈla]). All stressed nasal vowels are long, and Eastern dialects always render them by a vowel alone word-finally and sometimes word-internally.
- ^ In Eastern dialects, /ʃ/ may occur only in foreign borrowings, along with /ʎ/.
- ^ Compare Eastern Lombard postvocalic /v/-dropping: caèi [kaˈɛj], on pó de ènt [om ˈpo de ˈɛnt].
- ^ Only in Western dialects, but few minimal pairs actually occur, and vowel length is phonemic, with long vowels appearing only in stressed positions. In Eastern dialects, the same contrast tends to be expressed through vowel quality or other means (Western god [ˈɡuːt] "he/she enjoys", gott [ˈgut] "drops", Eastern gót [ˈɡot], góte [ˈɡotɛ]).
- ^ a b c In some Western dialects of the north, unstressed /e/ of some words is [a], but in others, it is [i].
- ^ a b Final rounding of unstressed /a/ to [ɔ] is possible in Eastern dialects.
- ^ a b Eastern unstressed /e/ is pronounced either high-mid [e] or low-mid [ɛ].
- ^ a b c d e [oː] is a north Western rendering of certain occurrences of stressed /ɔ/ (alterning with [øː] in other realizations), /aː/ (both corresponding to /o/ in the East), and of /øː/ (alterning with [ɔ] in other realizations and equivalent to Eastern /ø/).
- ^ Realization varies between [ø] and [œ].
- ^ Realization varies between [aː] and [ɑː].
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- Bonfadini, Giovanni. "lombardi, dialetti" [Lombard dialects]. Enciclopedia Treccani (in Italian).