 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Punjabi on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Punjabi in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Punjabi phonology, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.
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Notes[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Punjabi contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
- ^ /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill (/rː/).
- ^ [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when /व و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
- ^ Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-317-64326-5.
Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with k instead of q.
- ^ a b c d e f [äː, eː, iː, oː, uː, ɛː, ɔː] are shortened in closed syllables.
- ^ a b c d /iː/ and /uː/ are neutralised to [i, u] at the end of a word.
- ^ /óː/ (ō with rising tone) is written as uh rather than oh word-initially.
- ^ a b Considered an allophone of l and n in the Shahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.
- ^ a b f and x are not considered native sounds and are present only in loanwords. f they can be considered as tonal sounds of pʰ for Indian dialects, though in Pakistani dialects and in the Shahmukhi alphabet, it is not considered a tonal sound, and some words are natively derived such as فیر 'fer' (ਫ਼ੇਰ 'pher' ~ ਫਿਰ 'phir'). x may, however, be considered a tonal sound for kʰ in Pakistani dialects but not written as such.
- ^ a b c Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in Gurmukhi, hence are represented with Gurmukhi characters paired with the Nuqta - unlike Shahmukhi, for which the original letter from Persian (which is derived from the Arabic script) is used). The phonology is, however, retained in Pakistani dialects except for /q/ for which only the spelling is retained, but it is pronounced interchangeably with /k/.[4] In Indian dialects, /ɣ/ is sometimes substituted with /g/; /z/ with /d͡ʒ/, and /x/ with /kʰ/.
- ^ /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill [rː].