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((short description|Semicircular, or horseshoe-shaped, debating chamber))
((about|the parliamentary arrangement|the geometric term|Semicircle|the structure at Arlington National Cemetery|Women in Military Service for America Memorial))
((original research|date=October 2023))
((more citations needed|date=April 2021))
((multiple image
| align     = right
| direction = vertical
| header    = 
| width     = 200
| image1    = DionysiusTheater.jpg
| caption1  = The [[Theatre of Dionysus]], which hosted the [[Ecclesia (ancient Athens)|Athenian Ecclesia]], around the 4th century BCE
))

A '''hemicycle''' is a [[Semicircle|semicircular]], or horseshoe-shaped, [[legislatures|legislative]] [[debating chamber]] where members sit to discuss and vote on their business. Although originally of Ancient [[Greek language|Greek]] roots, the term and modern design derive from [[French language|French]] politics and practice.<ref>((cite web| url = https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hemicycle| title = Hemicycle Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster)) </ref>

==Usage==
The circular shape is designed to encourage consensus among [[political parties]] rather than confrontation, such as in the [[Palace of Westminster]], where the government and opposition parties face each other on opposing sets of benches. The design is used in most European countries (and hence was adopted by the [[European Parliament]]) and the United States.

The [[United Kingdom]], which is the originator of the Westminster system, does not use a hemicycle. However, two of the three devolved legislatures, the [[Scottish Parliament]] and [[Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament|Senedd (Welsh Parliament)]], do, while the [[Northern Ireland Assembly]] is a hybrid "horseshoe" format.

==Arrangement==
In the case of Australia (pictured below), the two largest parties still face each other, whereas in the Scottish Parliament's hemicycle, the largest party sits in the middle. However, some hemicycles follow a strict left-right arrangement with, for example, a left wing governing party sitting on the left and the right wing opposition on the right. In these cases election results are often portrayed in the hemicycle to show the results of left wing or right wing coalitions (reaching 50% in the centre, where centrist third parties are located) for the formation of a majority.

==Variations==
Some [[Westminster system|Westminster-system]] countries outside the UK, such as [[India]], [[New Zealand]] and [[Australia]], have confrontational benches, but the end segment is curved to create a partial hemicycle, while other countries, such as the [[People's Republic of China]], have a single set of benches facing towards a stage area (which reflects the one-party system in operation there).

<gallery>
File:Ybae12LB.jpg|Semicircular Siambr in the [[Senedd Cymru – Welsh Parliament|Senedd (Welsh Parliament)]]
File:Parliament debating chamber 2.jpg|Debating chamber in the [[Scottish Parliament]]
File:Old House of Commons chamber, F. G. O. Stuart.jpg|The [[British House of Commons]] with its Westminster-style benches (old chamber shown)
File:AustHouseOfReps.jpg|The [[Australian House of Representatives]], arranged in a hybrid format
File:GreatHall auditorium.jpg|The Chinese [[National People's Congress]], with benches facing a stage
</gallery>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Toronto City Council chambers.jpg|Toronto City Council chambers
Legislative Council Complex 2011 Chamber.JPG|Hong Kong Legco chambers
Palais Bourbon - Jules-Arsène Garnier.JPG|The [[National Assembly of France|French National Assembly]] in 1877; it entrenched the [[Left-right politics|left-right]] [[political spectrum]] of its chamber in modern politics.
Hemicycle of European Parliament, Strasbourg, with chamber orchestra performing-cropped.jpg|The [[European Parliament]] in 2006, began operating in a hemicycle from its foundation in 1958, based on European traditions
Bramble's views Toledo, Ohio - diamond anniversary 1837-1912 - DPLA - a4b983d79cfcfaaf7368d108fe048f73 (page 53) (cropped).jpg|The [[Toledo Museum of Art]] once contained a performance space called the Hemicycle, seen here in 1912
Riksdag.ipred b9dn510 4451.jpg|[[Parliament of Sweden]]
Hemiciclo Protocolar - Palacio Federal Legislativo, 1963.png|[[National Assembly of Venezuela]]
2009 European Parliament Composition.svg|[[Parliament diagram|Graphical representation]] of the left-right spread of members in the 2009 European Parliament
</gallery>

==See also==
((commons category|Hemicycles))
((EB1911 Poster|Hemicycle))
* ((section link|Seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg|Hemicycle))
*[[Debate chamber]]
*[[Parliament diagram]]

==References==
((reflist))

[[Category:Legislatures]]
[[Category:Architectural elements]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures by shape]]

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