Frontispiece of the record of the visitation of Dublin, undertaken by Ulster King of Arms Daniel Molyneux in February 1607

Heraldic visitations were tours of inspection undertaken by Kings of Arms (or alternatively by heralds, or junior officers of arms, acting as their deputies) throughout England, Wales and Ireland. Their purpose was to register and regulate the coats of arms of nobility, gentry and boroughs, and to record pedigrees. They took place from 1530 to 1688, and their records (akin to an upper class census) provide important source material for historians and genealogists.

Visitations in England

Process of visitations

Map showing the number of visitations by the King of Arms to England's counties, taken from Burke's Landed Gentry, 1937 edition

By the fifteenth century, the use and abuse of coats of arms was becoming widespread in England. One of the duties conferred on William Bruges (or Brydges), the first Garter Principal King of Arms, was to survey and record the armorial bearings and pedigrees of those using coats of arms and correct irregularities. Officers of arms had made occasional tours of various parts of the kingdom to enquire about armorial matters during the fifteenth century.[1] However, it was not until the sixteenth century that the process began in earnest.

The first provincial visitations were carried out under warrant granted by Henry VIII to Thomas Benolt, Clarenceux King of Arms[2] dated 6 April 1530.[3] He was commissioned to travel throughout his province (i.e. south of the Trent) with authority to enter all homes and churches. Upon entering these premises, he was authorized to "put down or otherwise deface at his discretion... those arms unlawfully used".[4] He was also required to enquire into all those using the titles of knight, esquire, or gentleman and decided if they were being lawfully used.

By this writ, Henry VIII also compelled the sheriffs and mayors of each county or city visited by the officers of arms to give aid and assistance in gathering the needed information. When a King of Arms, or Herald, visited a county, his presence was proclaimed by presenting the King's royal commission to the local gentry and nobility, which required them to provide evidence of their right to use a coat of arms. The Sheriff would collect from the bailiff of each hundred within his county a list of all people using titles or arms.

In the early days, the visiting herald would tour the homes of the gentry and nobility, but from the late 1560s these persons were summoned to attend a central "place of sitting" – usually an inn – at a particular time.[5] They were to bring their arms, and proof of their right to use them, most often by way of detailing their ancestral right to them, which would also be recorded. Where an official grant of arms had been made, this was also recorded. Other ancient arms, many of which predated the establishment of the College of Arms, were confirmed. The officer would record the information clearly and make detailed notes that could be entered into the records of the College of Arms when the party returned to London.

An example of the text of a herald's Visitation writ is the following, issued by Edward Bysshe, then Clarenceux King of Arms, dated 1 July 1664 and addressed to the Constables of the Hundred of Clackclose in Norfolk, giving them notice of two and a half months to muster the local gentry in the Black Swan Inn at Downham Market at 8 am:[6]

These [letters patent] are to require you and in his Majestie's name to charge and comand you, that forthwith upon sight hereof you sumon these Baronets, Knights, Esqrs and Gentlemen, whose names are here under written, personally to appear before me Edward Bisshe, Knight, Clarenceux King of Armes of all the South, East, and West parts of this Realme of England, from the river of Trent Southward, upon Thursday the fifteenth day of September, by eight of the clock in the morning, at the sign of the Black Swan in Downham, where I intend to sit for the Registring of all the Gentry within the said Hundred; and to that end you likewise give them notice, that they bring with them such armes and crests as they use and bear, with such other evidence or matter of record and credit as (if need require) may justifie the same, to the intent that I knowing how they use and challenge their Titles and by what right and authoritye they beare or pretend to bear Armes, I may accordingly make entrance thereof, and register the same in the office of Armes, or else proceed as my commission enjoyneth me in that behalfe, and to disclaim and make infamous such as usurp the title of Esquires or Gentlemen; and to convent all such as shall refuse to conforme themselves unto my said commission before the Lords Commissioners for the office of Earle Marshall of England, there to answer their misdemeanors and contempts. And if there shall be any of the degrees and quallities above mentoned omitted within yor Liberties in these my directions, that you likewise insert their names and warn them accordingly. Hereof charge them not to fayle as they will avoid the perill as may ensue by any of their neglects or contempts herein. Of these particulars your are to make a true and perfect returne, together with this your warrant, and what you have done therein, at the time and place above appointed. Given under my hand and Seale this first day of July, anno Dom. 1664. Edward Bysshe, Clarenceux

The resulting volumes now make up the collection of Visitation Books at the College, which contain a wealth of information about all armigerous people from the period.[7] If the officers of arms were not presented with sufficient proof of the right to use a coat of arms, they were also empowered to deface monuments which bore these arms and to force persons bearing such arms to sign a disclaimer that they would cease using them. The visitations were not always popular with members of the landed gentry, who were required to present proof of their gentility.[citation needed]

Following the accession of William III in 1689, no further commissions to carry out visitations were commanded. The reasons behind this cessation of the programme have been a matter of debate among historians. Philip Styles, for example, related it to a declining willingness of members of the gentry to attend visitations, which he traced to a growing proportion of "newly risen" families, who lacked long pedigrees and were therefore apathetic about registering them.[8] However, Janet Verasanso has challenged this interpretation, finding that (in Staffordshire, at least) gentry enthusiasm for coats of arms as an enhancement to social standing persisted to the end of the 17th century.[9] The end of the visitations did not have much effect on those counties far removed from London, some of which had only been rarely visited over the entire period of the visitations.[citation needed]

There was never a systematic visitation of Wales. There were four visitations in the principality, and on 9 June 1551, Fulk ap Hywel, Lancaster Herald of Arms in Ordinary, was given a commission to visit all of Wales. This was not carried out, however, as he was degraded and executed for counterfeiting the seal of Clarenceux King of Arms. This is regrettable, since no visitation of all Wales was ever made by the officers of arms.[10]

Records

Thomas Hawley, Clarenceux King of Arms, wearing a tabard displaying the Royal arms of England; the manuscripts from his first tour of London are the earliest existing records of an English visitation.

The principal records to emerge from the visitations were pedigrees, initially recorded on loose sheets of paper, and afterwards bound together as notebooks. In some cases, the sheets would include blank shields which had been drawn in advance (or at a later date printed), to simplify the process of recording coats of arms.[11][12] The persons whose pedigrees were recorded were required (from about 1570 onwards) to certify them by signature, and where these original draft pedigrees have survived they are known as "originals with signatures".[13][14] The signed copies were taken back to the College of Arms, where fair copies were made to a higher standard and preserved as the "office copies".[11] Sometimes the signed copies were also retained at the College, but in other cases, no longer considered of official interest, they might pass into private hands: once in general circulation, further copies were often made, which might in turn be revised or augmented. As a result of these processes of transmission, a number of variant manuscript copies of any one visitation record may now survive, possessing varying degrees of accuracy and authority.[15][16] The Harleian Collection of the British Library is particularly rich in such records. Many visitation records have been published over the years, by the Harleian Society, by county record societies, and a few privately (see listing below). However, because until relatively recently the College of Arms restricted access to its records, many of the older published editions were necessarily based on the unofficial second- or third-generation copies in other collections, and may therefore not always be reliable.[17][18]

From as early as the 1530s, officers of arms on visitation frequently also compiled what were known as "church notes". These were fieldnotes (usually in the form of sketches) of coats of arms observed on church monuments, in stained glass windows, or on display in private houses.[19][20][21][22] Sometimes, drawings were also made of non-heraldic antiquities, such as medieval architectural features, views of towns, Roman inscriptions and even Stonehenge.[19][23][24][25]

The 17th-century visitations generated a growing number of supplementary papers, including warrants, lists of persons who disclaimed any pretence to arms, lists of persons summoned to appear before the heralds (including those who had not appeared), records of fees paid, and miscellaneous correspondence.[26]

Lists of visitations

Visitations were conducted by or in the name of the two provincial Kings of Arms, Clarenceux and Norroy, within their respective provinces. In the following lists, the Deputies are the officers of arms who actually carried out the visitations. Where no Deputy is named, the visitation can be assumed to have been conducted by the King of Arms in person.

Southern Province

The Southern Province, the jurisdiction of Clarenceux King of Arms, comprised that part of England south of the River Trent, i.e. the counties of Bedford, Berks, Buckingham, Cambridge, Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Essex, Gloucester, Hereford, Hertford, Huntingdon, Kent, Leicester, Lincoln, Middlesex, Monmouth, Norfolk, Northampton, Oxford, Rutland, Salop, Somerset, Southampton, Suffolk, Surrey, Sussex, Warwick, Wilton, Worcester, and the City of London; and South Wales.[27]

Year County or area visited Clarenceux King of Arms Deputy or Deputies Notes
1530 Kent, Sussex Thomas Benolt
1530–33 London churches Thomas Benolt Thomas Hawley, Carlisle Herald
1531 Somerset, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall Thomas Benolt
1531 Wales and Herefordshire Thomas Benolt William Fellow, Lancaster Herald
1532(?) Surrey, Hampshire, Isle of Wight Thomas Benolt
c.1532 London Companies Thomas Benolt The record is not necessarily that of a visitation.
1532–33 Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, Staffordshire, Worcestershire Thomas Benolt
1552 Essex, Surrey, Hampshire Thomas Hawley A purported visitation or visitations of which there is no College record.
1558 Essex William Harvey A possible visitation of which there is no formal College record.
1561 Suffolk William Harvey
1562–64 Lincolnshire William Harvey Robert Cooke, Chester Herald
1563 Norfolk William Harvey
1563 Leicestershire, Warwickshire William Harvey Robert Cooke, Chester Herald
1564 Devon William Harvey
1565 Wiltshire William Harvey
1565 Dorset William Harvey
1566 Northamptonshire, Huntingdonshire William Harvey Richmond Herald: either Nicholas Narboone or Hugh Cotgrave
1566 Bedfordshire William Harvey
1566 Buckinghamshire William Harvey
1566 Oxfordshire William Harvey
1566 Berkshire William Harvey
1568 & later London Robert Cooke
1569 Worcestershire, Herefordshire, Gloucestershire, Shropshire Robert Cooke
1570 Essex Robert Cooke
1570 Sussex Robert Cooke
1571–72 Hertfordshire, Middlesex Robert Cooke
1572 Surrey Robert Cooke
1573 Cornwall Robert Cooke
1573 Somerset Robert Cooke
1574 Kent Robert Cooke
1574 Oxford University Robert Cooke Richard Lee, Portcullis Pursuivant
1574–75 Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire Robert Cooke Richard Lee, Portcullis Pursuivant
1575 Cambridgeshire Robert Cooke
1575–76 Hampshire Robert Cooke
c.1576(?) Norfolk Robert Cooke Perhaps in progress October 1576; one entry dated 1589.
1577 Suffolk Robert Cooke
1584–86 Shropshire Robert Cooke Richard Lee, Portcullis Pursuivant
1589–92 Kent Robert Cooke Thomas Drury
1590 London Companies Robert Cooke
1591 Somerset Robert Cooke Ralph Brooke, Rouge Croix Pursuivant
1592 Lincolnshire Robert Cooke Richard Lee, Richmond Herald
1592 Northamptonshire Robert Cooke Visitation intended but never carried out.
1612 Suffolk William Camden John Raven, Richmond Herald
1613 Norfolk William Camden John Raven, Richmond Herald
1613 Huntingdonshire William Camden Nicholas Charles, Lancaster Herald
1614 Essex William Camden John Raven, Richmond Herald
1618–19 Northamptonshire and Rutland William Camden Augustine Vincent, Rouge Rose Pursuivant Extraordinary
1619 Warwickshire William Camden Sampson Lennard, Bluemantle Pursuivant, and Augustine Vincent, Rouge Rose Pursuivant Extraordinary
1619 Leicestershire William Camden Sampson Lennard, Bluemantle Pursuivant, and Augustine Vincent, Rouge Rose Pursuivant Extraordinary
1619 Cambridgeshire William Camden Henry St George, Richmond Herald
1619 Kent William Camden John Philipot, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1620 Devon William Camden Henry St George, Richmond Herald, and Sampson Lennard, Bluemantle Pursuivant
1620 Cornwall William Camden Henry St George, Richmond Herald, and Sampson Lennard, Bluemantle Pursuivant
1622–23 Hampshire William Camden John Philipot, Somerset Herald
1623 Surrey William Camden Samuel Thompson, Windsor Herald, and Augustine Vincent, Rouge Croix Pursuivant
1623 Gloucestershire William Camden Henry Chitting, Chester Herald, and John Philipot, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1623 Berkshire William Camden Henry Chitting, Chester Herald, and John Philipot, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1623 Shropshire William Camden Robert Treswell, Somerset Herald, and Augustine Vincent, Rouge Croix Pursuivant
1623 Wiltshire William Camden Henry St George, Richmond Herald, and Sampson Lennard, Bluemantle Pursuivant
1623 Dorset William Camden Henry St George, Richmond Herald, and Sampson Lennard, Bluemantle Pursuivant
1623 Somerset William Camden Henry St George, Richmond Herald, and Sampson Lennard, Bluemantle Pursuivant
1634 Hampshire Sir Richard St George John Philipot, Somerset Herald
1634 Essex Sir Richard St George George Owen, York Herald, and Henry Lilly, Rouge Rose Pursuivant Extraordinary
1634 Lincolnshire Sir Richard St George Henry Chitting, Chester Herald, and Thomas Thompson, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1633–35 London Sir Richard St George Sir Henry St George, Richmond Herald
1634 London Companies Sir Richard St George
1634 Herefordshire Sir Richard St George
1634 Buckinghamshire Sir Richard St George John Philipot, Somerset Herald, and William Ryley, Bluemantle Pursuivant
1633–34 Sussex Sir Richard St George John Philipot, Somerset Herald, and George Owen, York Herald
1634 Hertfordshire Sir Richard St George
1634 Middlesex Sir Richard St George
1634 Oxfordshire Sir Richard St George John Philipot, Somerset Herald, and William Ryley, Bluemantle Pursuivant
1634 Worcestershire Sir Richard St George George Owen, York Herald, and Henry Lilly, Rouge Rose Pursuivant Extraordinary
1634 Bedfordshire Sir Richard St George George Owen, York Herald, and Henry Lilly, Rouge Rose Pursuivant Extraordinary
1662–64 Shropshire Sir Edward Bysshe William Dugdale, Norroy King of Arms
1662–68 Surrey Sir Edward Bysshe
1662–68 Sussex Sir Edward Bysshe
1663 Middlesex Sir Edward Bysshe William Ryley, Lancaster Herald, and Henry Dethick, Rouge Croix Pursuivant
1663 Kent Sir Edward Bysshe
1664 London Sir Edward Bysshe Francis Sandford, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, and Thomas Holford, Portcullis Pursuivant
1664–66 Berkshire Sir Edward Bysshe Elias Ashmole, Windsor Herald
1664–68 Norfolk Sir Edward Bysshe
1664–68 Essex Sir Edward Bysshe
1664–68 Suffolk Sir Edward Bysshe
1666 Lincolnshire Sir Edward Bysshe
1669 Bedfordshire Sir Edward Bysshe
1669 Hertfordshire Sir Edward Bysshe
1669–75 Buckinghamshire Sir Edward Bysshe
1668–75 Oxfordshire Sir Edward Bysshe
1672 Somerset Sir Edward Bysshe
1677 Wiltshire Sir Edward Bysshe
1677 Dorset Sir Edward Bysshe
1681–82 Northamptonshire Sir Henry St George Francis Burghill, Somerset Herald, Thomas May, Chester Herald, and Gregory King, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1681–82 Rutland Sir Henry St George Francis Burghill, Somerset Herald, Thomas May, Chester Herald, and Gregory King, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1681–83 Leicestershire Sir Henry St George Thomas May, Chester Herald, Henry Dethick, Richmond Herald, and Gregory King, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1683 Warwickshire Sir Henry St George Thomas May, Chester Herald, Henry Dethick, Richmond Herald, and Gregory King, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1682–83 Worcestershire Sir Henry St George Thomas May, Chester Herald, Henry Dethick, Richmond Herald, and Gregory King, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1682–83 Gloucestershire Sir Henry St George Thomas May, Chester Herald, Henry Dethick, Richmond Herald, and Gregory King, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1683 Herefordshire Sir Henry St George Henry Dethick, Richmond Herald, and Gregory King, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1683 Monmouthshire Sir Henry St George Henry Dethick, Richmond Herald, and Gregory King, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant
1684 Cambridgeshire Sir Henry St George
1684 Huntingdonshire Sir Henry St George
1686 Hampshire Sir Henry St George
1687–1700 London Sir Henry St George

Northern Province

The Northern Province, the jurisdiction of Norroy King of Arms, comprised that part of England north of the River Trent, i.e. the counties of Chester, Cumberland, Derby, Durham, Lancaster, Northumberland, Nottingham, Stafford, Westmorland and York; and North Wales. The Trent ran through Staffordshire, and the county was therefore technically divided between the two provinces; but for the purposes of visitation it was generally treated (sometimes through a process of deputation) as falling under the jurisdiction of Norroy.[28]

Year County or area visited Norroy King of Arms Deputy or Deputies Notes
1530–31 Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, and Lancashire Thomas Tonge Began in Nottinghamshire.
1532–33 Lancashire and parts of Cheshire Thomas Tonge William Fellow, Lancaster Herald
1552 Yorkshire, Durham, Northumberland and Cumberland William Harvey Began in Yorkshire.
1558 Northumberland, Durham, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Cumberland and Cheshire Lawrence Dalton Began at Newcastle. Conducted by Dalton in person, accompanied by William Colbarne, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant, probably his nephew. Of uncertain authority, as Dalton had not yet been formally created Norroy.
1563–67 Yorkshire and other northern counties William Flower
1566 Staffordshire William Flower
1566 Cheshire William Flower
1567 Lancashire William Flower
1569 Derbyshire, Nottinghamshire William Flower Robert Glover, Somerset Herald Either conducted by Flower in person accompanied by Glover, or by Glover as Flower's deputy.
1569 Staffordshire William Flower
1575 The North: including Yorkshire, County Dutham and Northumberland William Flower Robert Glover, Somerset Herald Either conducted by Flower in person accompanied by Glover, or by Glover as Flower's deputy.
1580 Cheshire William Flower Robert Glover, Somerset Herald Either conducted by Flower in person accompanied by Glover, or by Glover as Flower's deputy.
1583 Staffordshire William Flower Robert Glover, Somerset Herald Either conducted by Flower in person accompanied by Glover, or by Glover as Flower's deputy.
1584–85 Yorkshire William Flower Robert Glover, Somerset Herald Either conducted by Flower in person accompanied by Glover, or by Glover as Flower's deputy.
1591 Chester Edmund Knight Thomas Chaloner, deputy herald Unofficial: conducted by Chaloner without formal authorisation.
1611 Derbyshire Sir Richard St George Conducted by St George in person, accompanied by Nicholas Charles, Lancaster Herald, and Henry St George, Rouge Rose Pursuivant-Extraordinary (Sir Richard's son).
1612 Yorkshire Sir Richard St George
1613 Lancashire Sir Richard St George
1614 Cheshire Sir Richard St George Conducted by St George in person, accompanied by Henry St George, Bluemantle Pursuivant, his son.
1614 Nottinghamshire Sir Richard St George
1614 Staffordshire Sir Richard St George
1615 County Durham Sir Richard St George
1615 Northumberland Sir Richard St George Conducted by St George in person, accompanied by Henry St George, Bluemantle Pursuivant, his son.
1634 Derbyshire [Sir William le Neve] Henry Chitting, Chester Herald, and Thomas Thompson, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant Although undertaken during le Neve's kingship, this visitation was conducted under a joint commission granted in 1633 to Sir John Borough, Norroy 1623–33 and Garter King of Arms 1633–43, and Sir Richard St George, Clarenceux King of Arms 1623–35.
1662–64 Derbyshire William Dugdale
1662–64 Nottinghamshire William Dugdale
1662–64 [Shropshire] William Dugdale Conducted by Dugdale as deputy to Sir Edward Bysshe, Clarenceux, as the county lay within the Southern Province.
1663–64 Staffordshire William Dugdale
1663–64 Cheshire William Dugdale
1664–65 Westmorland William Dugdale
1664–65 Cumberland William Dugdale
1664–65 Lancashire William Dugdale
1665–66 Yorkshire William Dugdale
1666 County Durham William Dugdale
1666 Northumberland William Dugdale
1670 Flintshire William Dugdale Robert Chaloner, Lancaster Herald, and Francis Sandford, Rouge Dragon Pursuivant Conducted under a deputation to visit North Wales, granted in 1670.

Visitations in Ireland

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Since the practices of Ulster King of Arms so closely followed those of the English College of Arms, it is hardly surprising that the Irish officers of arms undertook heraldic visitations in their province. The purpose behind these visitations was twofold: to prevent the assumption of arms by unqualified people, and to record the arms of the gentry that were unknown to Ulster office. The first visitation was held by Nicholas Narbon, the second Ulster King of Arms, in 1569. He was authorized to reform practices which were contrary to good armorial practice. He conducted six visitations (Dublin in 1568–1573, Drogheda and Ardee in 1570, Dublin in 1572, Swords in 1572, Cork in 1574, and Limerick in 1574). One of his successors, Daniel Molyneux had the commission renewed, and mounted several visitations. Although Molyneux's last visitation – of Wexford – was the last proper visitation, two other expeditions occurred after 1618 by subsequent Ulster Kings of Arms. The visitations were not very extensive. The officers would not often be found in the disturbed countryside. Thus the visitations are confined to areas under firm control of the Dublin administration.

Today, the original visitation and related manuscripts are in the custody of the Chief Herald of Ireland. Copies are also deposited at the College of Arms in London.

Published editions

England

Bedfordshire
Berkshire
Buckinghamshire
Cambridgeshire
Cheshire
Cornwall

(see also: Cornish heraldry)

Cumberland
Derbyshire
Devon
Dorset
County Durham
Essex
Gloucestershire
Hampshire
Herefordshire
Hertfordshire
Huntingdonshire
Kent
Lancashire
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
London
Middlesex
Norfolk
Northamptonshire
Northumberland
Nottinghamshire
Oxfordshire
Rutland
Shropshire
Somerset
Staffordshire
Suffolk
Surrey
Sussex
Warwickshire
Westmorland
Wiltshire
Worcestershire
Yorkshire

Wales

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Stephen Friar, Ed. A Dictionary of Heraldry. (Harmony Books, New York: 1987).
  2. ^ www.oxforddnb.com
  3. ^ Julian Franklyn. Shield and Crest: An Account of the Art and Science of Heraldry. (MacGibbon & Kee, London: 1960), 386.
  4. ^ J.L. Vivian, Ed. The Visitations of Cornwall, Comprising the Heralds' Visitations of 1530, 1573, & 1620. (William Pollard and Co., Exeter: 1887), 248.
  5. ^ Ailes 2009, p. 18.
  6. ^ Dashwood, G. H., ed. (1878). The Visitation of Norfolk in the year 1563, taken by William Harvey, Clarenceux King of Arms: Volume 1. Norwich, pp.3-4 [1]
  7. ^ Wagner 1952, p. 24.
  8. ^ Styles 1953.
  9. ^ Verasanso 2001.
  10. ^ Michael Powell Siddons. Visitations by the Heralds in Wales. (The Harleian Society, London: 1996), v.
  11. ^ a b Wagner 1967, p. 167.
  12. ^ Ailes 2014, p. 69.
  13. ^ Wagner 1952, pp. 58–59.
  14. ^ Ailes 2009, p. 21.
  15. ^ Wagner 1952, pp. 24–25, 63.
  16. ^ Ailes 2014, p. 80.
  17. ^ Wagner 1952, pp. 18, 63.
  18. ^ Squibb 1978 includes critiques of many of the individual published editions.
  19. ^ a b Wagner 1952, pp. 61–62.
  20. ^ Wagner 1967, p. 226.
  21. ^ Ailes 2009, p. 20.
  22. ^ Yorke 2023, pp. xxxviii–xxxix.
  23. ^ Kendrick, T. D. (1950). British Antiquity. London: Methuen. pp. 156–157.
  24. ^ Lankester, Philip J. (1993). "Two lost effigial monuments in Yorkshire and the evidence of church notes". Church Monuments. 8: 25–44.
  25. ^ Ailes 2014.
  26. ^ For examples, see Ireland, George; Squibb, G. D., eds. (1987). Dugdale's Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Visitation Papers. Harleian Society, new ser. Vol. 6. London: Harleian Society. ISBN 0-9500207-8-8.
  27. ^ Listings are based on Yorke 2023, pp. 545–551, and Wagner 1952, pp. 66–77.
  28. ^ Listings are based on Yorke 2023, pp. 551–553, and Wagner 1952, pp. 77–84.

Bibliography

External links

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