Herbal cigarettes (also called tobacco-free cigarettes or nicotine-free cigarettes) are cigarettes that usually do not contain any tobacco or nicotine, instead being composed of a mixture of various herbs and/or other plant material.^[1] However, Chinese herbal cigarettes contain tobacco and nicotine with herbs added, unlike European and North American herbal cigarettes which have tobacco and nicotine omitted.^[2] Like herbal smokeless tobacco, they are often used as a substitute for standard tobacco products (primarily cigarettes).^{[citation needed]} Herbal cigarettes are often advertised as a smoking cessation aid.^[1][3] They are also used in acting scenes by performers who are non-smokers, or where anti-smoking legislation prohibits the use of tobacco in public spaces.^[4][5] Herbal cigarettes can carry carcinogens.

Construction

Paper and filter

Herbal cigarettes are most often made using standard-issue rolling papers and cigarette filters, bundled together.

Herbal blend

A wide range of consumable products may be used as a filling, in lieu of tobacco. Corn silk and a number of flavorful herbs, such as mint, cinnamon or lemongrass, have been utilized by a wide number of herbal cigarette producers.^[6] Other manufacturers have included non-herbs like rose petals or clover leaves. Some use the flavorless bagasse and make the herbal cigarette depend on the flavoring; this is especially common in shisha. Some are made with dried lettuce leaves or shredded cabbage leaves.

Toxic chemicals

Followings are some of the harmful substances found in herbal cigarette:

• Tar: The tar level was found at 5.5 mg/cig, which was higher than the package indicated.^[3] In South Korea, a study found that tar levels were higher than the tolerance range set by the South Korean tobacco business law. Chinese herbal cigarettes were found to have the same amount of tar as regular cigarettes.^[2]
• Carbon monoxide (CO): In a South Korean study there was carbon monoxide detected at 12.30 ± 0.30 mg/cig.^[3] Vegetable-based herbal cigarettes can produce carbon monoxide equivalent to regular cigarettes.^[1]
• Aromatic amines: 4-aminobiphenyl, a group 1 carcinogen, was marginally higher in herbal cigarettes than in regular cigarettes and 1-aminonaphthalene, 2-aminonaphthalene, and 3-aminobiphenyl was lower in herbal cigarettes than in regular cigarettes.^[3]
• Smoke condensate: The mutagenic aspect of the smoke condensate of herbal cigarettes is similar to regular cigarettes.^[3]

Health effects

Research shows that herbal cigarettes compared with regular cigarettes can be just as harmful in terms of the carcinogens they contain.^[3] Dr. John Moore-Gillan, chairman of the British Lung Foundation, states the addictive qualities to herbal cigarettes may be taken out, however other harmful elements remain.^[1] A study on Chinese herbal cigarettes found they had about the same amount of carcinogens as regular cigarettes.^[2] There are toxic components of the smoke of herbal cigarettes which are similar to regular cigarettes.^[3] Aminobiphenyl can cause bladder cancer.^[3] CO can be fatal in "low concentration of approximately 667 μg/mL."^[3] CO can cause coronary artery disease as well.^[3] Short term symptoms of CO include headaches, dizziness, irritability and difficulty breathing.^[1]

Herbal cigarettes in different countries

China

The Chinese tobacco industry markets herbal cigarettes as having health benefits, yet scientific studies show there is no difference to peoples' health between Chinese herbal cigarette brands and regular cigarette brands.^[2] Chinese cigarette brands are equally as addictive as regular cigarettes, although they are marketed as healthier.^[2] Chinese herbal cigarettes are sold in Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Myanmar, Canada, and Taiwan.^[2] People observed in a study showed they smoked more herbal cigarettes than regular cigarettes.^[2] Herbal cigarettes started in the 1970s and became popular in the 1990s.^[2] Two of the biggest herbal brands in China, Jinsheng and Wuyeshen, sold 1%, or 20 billion cigarettes, of all cigarettes sold in China in 2008.^[2]

South Korea

In South Korea regular cigarette prices have risen making herbal cigarettes a more popular smoking alternative.^[3] Evidence shows that South Koreans choose to use herbal cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid.^[3] Sales of herbal cigarettes increased by 118% in 2014.^[3]

United States

A study investigated smokers' perception on cigarette products thought of as "less harmful" than regular cigarettes. It found that 3.3% of respondents could name a brand of herbal cigarettes, which was higher than the 2.4% who could name a brand of nicotine replacement therapy.^[7]

History

Originating from the United Kingdom in 1947, the presumed^{[citation needed]} oldest brand of herbal cigarettes are Honeyrose and Black Swan. They are currently sold worldwide.^[8][9]