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((short description|Portuguese Naval officer and explorer (1841–1917)))
((No footnotes|date=August 2010))
((refimprove|date=February 2020))
((Infobox person
|name                         = Hermenegildo Capelo
|image                        = Hermenegildo Capelo - Ilustração Portugueza (21Mai1917).png
|caption                      = 
|birth_name                   = 
|birth_date                   = 1841
|birth_place                  = [[Palmela]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]
|death_date                   = ((BirthDeathAge|df=yes| |1841| | |1917))
|death_place                  = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
|nationality                  = [[Portuguese People|Portuguese]]
|occupation                   = Navy officer, explorer
|known_for                    = First European (alongside Roberto Ivens) to cross Central Africa from coast to coast between Angola and Mozambique.
|signature                    = 
|module = ((Infobox military person|embed=yes
|nickname =
|allegiance = ((flag|Kingdom of Portugal))
|branch = ((flagicon image|Flag Portugal sea (1830).svg)) [[Portuguese Navy]]
|serviceyears = 1860 – 1910
|rank = [[Vice admiral]]
|unit =
|commands =
|battles =
|awards =
|relations =
|laterwork =
))
))
'''Hermenegildo de Brito Capelo''' (1841–1917) was a Portuguese officer in the [[Portuguese Navy]] and an explorer, who helped to chart territory between [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]] that was unknown to Europeans in the 1870s and 1880s. Alongside [[Roberto Ivens]], he is famous for being the first European to cross [[Central Africa]] from coast to coast between [[Portuguese West Africa|Angola]] and [[Portuguese East Africa|Mozambique]].

Hermenegildo Capelo later rose to become aide-de-camp to [[Luis I of Portugal|King Luis I]] of Portugal and afterwards to [[Carlos I of Portugal|King Carlos I]] and, later still, vice-admiral. His military career ended in 1910, when King Manuel II of Portugal was exiled.

==Early life==
Hermenegildo de Brito Capelo was born in [[Palmela]], [[Portugal]], a town about ((convert|25|km|mi|0|abbr=on)) south of [[Lisbon]]. He was one of six brothers and his father was Major Félix António Gomes Capelo.

In 1860, Capelo sailed to [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]], in southwest [[Africa]], and served on board the ''D Estefânia'' as a member of the [[Portuguese Navy]], which was commanded by [[Luís I of Portugal|Prince Luís]], staying for three years at a naval station before returning to Lisbon in 1863.  He sailed to Africa again in 1866, visiting Angola, where he remained until 1869.

Before returning to Lisbon in 1876, his travels took him to [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]], [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Cape Verde]], [[Portuguese Guinea|Guinea]] and [[Qing Dynasty|Qing Dynasty China]].

==Journeys of exploration==
In 1875, [[Luciano Cordeiro]], the founder of the [[Lisbon Geographic Society]] (''Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa'') created the Portuguese National Commission of Exploration and Civilization of Africa (''((lang|pt|Comissão Nacional Portuguesa de Exploração e Civilização da África))''), more commonly known as the Commission of Africa. Cordeiro's aims were to awaken public awareness of Portugal's African colonies and to raise funds by public subscription for the scientific-geographic expeditions necessary to define a single political Portuguese territory in Africa. These expeditions led to the recognition of the [[Kwango River]] and its relations with the [[Zaire River]]. They led also to the charting of the hydrographic basin of the [[Zambezi|Zambezi River]], which helped to complete the map of southern Africa. By writing in defense of the Portuguese position in Africa, he helped to create a European expansionist movement, the ''Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa''.

The political motivation of these expeditions anticipated the historic [[Berlin Conference]] which took place in 1885. Explorers of all European nations had launched themselves into rivalry for territorial gains, compelling Portugal to urgently review its own colonial position and the effectiveness of its presence in Africa. Portuguese ambitions to incorporate the area between Angola and Mozambique into a larger [[Portuguese Empire#Consolidation in Africa (1822–1951)|Portuguese territory]] led to Britain issuing the [[British Ultimatum]] to Portugal in 1890.

===Benguela and the lands of Iaca===

====Planning====
Hermenegildo Capelo was chosen on May 11, 1877, to direct a scientific expedition into [[Central Africa]] alongside the marine official [[Roberto Ivens]] and [[Serpa Pinto]]. Under the auspices of the ''Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa'', this expedition aimed at "...the study of the [[Kwango River|Kwango river]] and its relations with the [[Congo River|Zaire]] [Congo River] and with the Portuguese territories of the west coast...", ((Attribution needed|date=August 2010)) as well as exploration of the region south and southeast of the source of the [[Zambezi]] river and the [[Kunene River|Kunene river]].<ref>((Cite web |title=Dicionário cronológico de autores portugueses ((!)) WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/15283115 |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en))</ref>

====Expedition====
[[File:Capelo and Ivens.jpg|thumb|200px|Hermenegildo Capelo (left) with [[Roberto Ivens]] in Iaca.]]
On July 7, 1877, Hermenegildo Capelo, Roberto Ivens and Serpa Pinto set out, but later disagreed over the aims of the expedition. For Serpa Pinto it was to explore eastwards until they reached Mozambique. Capelo, however, saw it as an objective to reach [[Pretoria]] and possibly [[Durban]] in [[South Africa]] and the expedition divided. Capelo and Ivens explored the region of [[Bié (province)|Bié]] and up to the lands of [[Iaca]], having delimited the course of the [[Luando]], [[Kubango]] and the [[Tohicapa]] rivers. On March 1, 1880, Lisbon received a triumphant communication from Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens. The success of the expedition was recorded in the book ''De Benguela às Terras de Iaca'' (''From Benguela to the Lands of Iaca'').

===From Angola to the coast of Mozambique===
Following a consolidation of gains in the region of the [[Bié Plateau]] and the [[Zambezi]] river and reaching the [[Victoria Falls]], Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens were stimulated and keen to embark upon a second, ambitious expedition.

====Planning====
The necessity of creating a general atlas of the Portuguese colonies led [[Pinheiro Chagas]], at the time Overseas Minister, to create, on April 19, 1883, a Commission of Cartography. One of its intentions was to map a commercial route between [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]] and [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]]. This objective was decided upon on November 5 and the commission proceeded to make the necessary arrangements. The choice of two marine officials for this important mission was complicated by the uncertainty of what they would have to face, thus making age, as well as mapping skills and enthusiasm, an important factor in the choice. Hermenegildo Capelo and Roberto Ivens were chosen to carry through this new exploration of Africa.

====Expedition====
Between 1884 and 1885, Capelo and Ivens explored between the coastline of Angola and the [[Huila Province|Huila]] plain and later through the interior of [[Quelimane]] in Mozambique. As they continued their hydrographic studies and observations of river flow and drainage patterns, but also taking notes on the ethnographic and the linguistic characters of the people they encountered, they established a long-sought-after route via land between the coasts of Angola and Mozambique, exploring the vast regions of the interior located between these two territories. Their achievements were recorded in a two-volume book titled: ''De Angola à Contra-Costa'' (''From Angola to the Other Coast'').

Capelo and Ivens began this expedition on January 6, 1884, and returned to Lisbon on September 20, 1886, where they were triumphantly received by King [[Luís I of Portugal]].

==Later career==
Hermenegildo Capelo was made vice-president of the Overseas Institute, of which the first president was Queen Dona [[Amelia of Orleans|Amélia]]. His vision and his eminent skills at organization and direction were of great service to Portugal, alongside [[Roberto Ivens]], [[Andrade Corvo]], [[Luciano Cordeiro]], [[Pinheiro Chagas]], [[António José Enes|António Enes]] and [[Oliveira Martins]]. The Portuguese government recognized the value of these important contributions to Portuguese achievement.

Capelo became [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Luís I of Portugal|King Luis I]] and [[Carlos I of Portugal|King Carlos I]] of Portugal and chief of the military house of King [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]], Plenipotentiary Minister of Portugal with the Sultan of [[Zanzibar]] and created a geographical map of the province of Angola.

Capelo was promoted to rear-admiral on May 17, 1902, and to vice-admiral on January 18, 1906. Dedicated to [[King Manuel II]], Capelo accompanied His Majesty until he was exiled on October 5, 1910.  On the 24th of the same month, Capelo was dismissed and his military career ended.<ref>((Cite web |title=The Patron - Hermenegildo Capelo - Ocean Revival |url=http://www.oceanrevival.org/en/navios/hermenegildo-capelo/patrono.html |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=www.oceanrevival.org))</ref>

==Honours==
In [[Oporto]], a street and a metro station are named after him. He also appeared on the 1000 [[Angolan escudo]] banknote issued in 1956.<ref>[http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/ANG/ANG0091.htm Angola - Banco de Angola 1000 Escudos] Bank Note Museum</ref>

==Bibliography==
*''De Benguela às Terras de Iaca'', 1881
*''De Angola à Contracosta'', 1886

==References==
((Reflist))

==External links==
* ((Internet Archive author |sname=Hermenegildo Capelo))

((Portuguese explorers|state=expanded))
((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Capelo, Hermenegildo De Brito))
[[Category:1841 births]]
[[Category:1917 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Setúbal District]]
[[Category:Portuguese admirals]]
[[Category:Portuguese explorers]]
[[Category:Explorers of Africa]]
[[Category:19th-century explorers]]
[[Category:Portuguese travel writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Portuguese writers]]
[[Category:19th-century male writers]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]

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