Hibiscus syriacus is a hardydeciduous shrub. It is upright and vase-shaped, reaching 2–4 m (7–13 feet) in height, bearing large trumpet-shaped flowers with prominent yellow-tipped white stamens.[12] The flowers are often pink in color, but can also be dark pink (almost purple), light pink or white. Individual flowers are short-lived, lasting only a day. However, numerous buds produced on the shrub's new growth provide prolific flowering over a long summer blooming period. The soil in which the Hibiscus thrives on is a moist, but well-drained, mixture of sand, clay, chalk, and loam.[citation needed]Hibiscus syriacus is highly tolerant of air pollution, heat, humidity, poor soil and drought.[13] The species has naturalized very well in many suburban areas and might even be termed slightly invasive, so frequently does it seed.[2]
LeavesHibiscus syriacus flower with Migrant hawker (Aeshna mixta)
Growth
The branches are thin and gray, white-lenticeled, with raised leaf scars and small buds. Stems and branches do not branch very much unless pruned, resulting in many long, straight stems that originate from about 1.5–4 cm (0.5–1.5 inches) above the ground, giving rise to the shrub's overall vase shape.[14] The leaves appear unusually late in the season, in May.[15] They are usually green or yellowish green, alternate, broadly ovate, palmately veined, and 7.5 cm (3 inches) long. They have three distinct lobes with coarsely-toothed margins.
Flowers
Hibiscus syriacus 'Oiseau Bleu'
H. syriacus has 5-petaled flowers (to 7.5 cm or 3 inches diameter)[16] in solid colors of white, red, purple, mauve, violet, or blue, or bicolors with a different colored throat, depending upon the cultivar. Extending from the base of these five petals is the pistil at the center, with the stamen around it. These basic characteristics give the H. syriacus flower and its many variants their distinctive form. The plant can bloom continuously from July through September,[16] usually at night. With maturity, flexible plant stems become weighted under the load of prolific summer flowers, and bend over halfway to the ground.
Fruits and seeds
Most modern cultivars are virtually fruitless. The fruits of those that have them are green or brown, ornamentally unattractive 5-valved dehiscent capsules, which persist throughout much of the winter on older cultivars. They will eventually shatter over the course of the dormant season and spread their easily germinating seeds around the base of the parent plant, forming colonies with time.[14]
Cultivation
Lavender Chiffon='Notwoodone'
Though it has no fall color and can be stiff and ungainly if badly pruned, H. syriacus remains a popular ornamental shrub today, with many cultivars. Full-grown plants can tolerate a wide range of conditions, including frost, drought and urban pollution. However, the best results are produced in a warm, sheltered position; a well-drained neutral soil; and full sun.[15]
Propagation
Hibiscus syriacus is fairly easily propagated from either seeds, with variable results, or by layering or cuttings, cloning the original.
Pests and diseases
Old shrubs can develop trunk cankers that may eventually prove fatal to the plant.[17] The plant has some susceptibility to leaf spots, blights, rusts and canker. Japanese beetles, whiteflies and aphids are occasional insect visitors.[18] Japanese beetles can severely damage foliage if left unchecked.
Hibiscus syriacus, also known as the Korean rose, is the national flower of South Korea.[30] The flower appears in national emblems, and Korea is compared poetically to the flower in the South Korean national anthem.[31] The flower's name in Korean is mugunghwa (Hangul: 무궁화; Hanja: 無窮花) or mokkeunhwa (Hangul: 목근화; Hanja: 木槿花). The flower's symbolic significance stems from the Korean word mugung, which means "eternity" or "inexhaustible abundance". Various state emblems of South Korea contain Hibiscus syriacus; it is generally considered by South Koreans to be a traditional symbol of the Korean people and culture.[32]
History and culture
From the 8th century to today, this tree is popular as a garden tree for ordinary Japanese households.
Hibiscus syriacus was originally endemic to Korea. It is recorded that it was brought to Japan in the 8th century and cultivated for horticulture. According to records, it was prolific on the Korean Peninsula before the 1st century.[11] Its leaves were brewed into a herbal infusion and its flowers eaten in Korea. Later on it was introduced and grown in the gardens of Europe as early as the 16th century, though as late as 1629 John Parkinson thought it was tender and took great precautions with it, thinking it "would not suffer to be uncovered in the Winter time, or yet abroad in the Garden, but kept in a large pot or tubbe in the house or in a warme cellar, if you would have them to thrive." (sic)[33] By the end of the 17th century, some knew it to be hardy: Gibson, describing Lord Arlington's London house noted six large earthen pots coddling the "tree hollyhock", as he called it, "that grows well enough in the ground".[34] By the 18th century the shrub was common in English gardens and in the North American colonies, known as Althea frutex and "Syrian ketmia".[35]
^Lawton, B.P. 2004. Hibiscus – hardy and tropical plants for the garden. Timber Press, Portland, OR
^Walker, J. 1999. Hibiscus. Cassel, London, England.
^Alice M. Coats, Garden Shrubs and their Histories (1964) 1992, s.v. "Hibiscus".
^USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Hibiscus syriacus". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
^"Landscape Shrubs: Althea, Rose-of-Sharon (Hibiscus syriacus)." Cooperative Extension Service. University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
^Welch, William C & Grant, Greg (2011), Heirloom Gardening in the South: Yesterday's Plants for Today's Gardens, College Station, Texas: Texas A&M University Press, p. 270, ISBN978-1-60344-213-8
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