Canadian Hindus generally come from one of three groups. The first group is primarily made up of Indian immigrants who began arriving in British Columbia about 110 years ago.[4] Hindus from all over India continue to immigrate to Canada today. This first wave of Hindu immigrants to arrive in Canada came from nations that were historically under European colonial rule, such as Fiji, Mauritius, South Africa, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Suriname, and parts of coastal Eastern Africa.[5] The second major group of Hindus immigrated from Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Sri Lanka. In the case of Sri Lankan Hindus, their history in Canada goes back to the 1940s, when a few hundred Sri Lankan Tamils migrated to Canada.[6] The 1983 communal riots in Sri Lanka precipitated the mass exodus of Tamils with over 500,000 finding refuge in countries such as Canada, the UK, Australia, Germany, France and Switzerland. From then on, Sri Lankan Tamils have been immigrating to Canada in particular around Toronto and Greater Toronto Area. A third group is made up of European Canadians who found the Hindu scriptures significant and started to live their lives in accordance to the principles of Hinduism. One of these sects is the Hare Krishna movement.[7] The Toronto district of Scarborough has a particularly high concentration of Hindus, with Hinduism being the dominant religion in several neighbourhoods.[8]
According to the 2021 Census, there are 828,195 Hindus in Canada, up from 297,200 in the 2001 census.[9][10]
Hindu Population & Demographics
Historical population
Year
Pop.
±%
1961
460
—
1971
9,790
+2028.3%
1981
69,505
+610.0%
1991
157,015
+125.9%
2001
297,200
+89.3%
2011
497,200
+67.3%
2021
828,195
+66.6%
1961 and 1971 are partial and based on immigration data, real figures are substantially higher.[11][12]
Year
Percent
Increase in pop. %
Increase in %
1971
0.05%
-
1981
0.28%
+0.23%
460%
1991
0.56%
+0.28%
100%
2001
0.96%
+0.40%
92%
2011
1.45%
+0.49%
51%
2021
2.23%
+0.78%
53%
By province
The Hindu Population in Canada according to the 2011 National Household Survey.[9]
Total: 828,195
South Asian: 768,785
Visible minority (no further defined): 34,545
Multiracial: 8,715
White: 4,385
Southeast Asian: 4,150
Black: 3,780
Latin American: 2,815
West Asian: 720
Chinese: 175
Filipino: 60
Arab: 45
Korean: 10
Early Hindus
Early Hindus maintained their religious traditions in mostly hostile environment which viewed the so-called colored immigrants as a threat to the British culture and way of life of the time.[4] These male pioneers could not marry brides from India up until the 1930s, and did not have the right to vote in Federal elections until 1947. Religious life was centred around homes and Bhajans organized by community members.[14]
Since the 1960s many westerners attracted by the world view presented in Asian religious systems including Hinduism have converted to Hinduism.[15] Canada was no exception. Many native born Canadians of various ethnicities have converted during the last 50 years through the actions of ISKCON, Arya Samaj and other missionary organizations as well as due to the visits and guidance of Indian Gurus such as Pramukh Swami Maharaj, Sathya Sai Baba, the controversial Rajneesh and others.[16][17]
Later Immigrant Hindus
Due to the liberalization of Canadian immigration policies, many Hindus from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Indonesia, along with Hindu Indian diasporic communities in Mauritius, Fiji, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Malaysia, Singapore, South Africa, and eastern African nations such as Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania have arrived in the metropolises of Montreal, Toronto, Calgary and Vancouver from the 1960s onwards.[18] In last 20 years many Hindus from Nepal have migrated to Canada. It is estimated that approximately 8000 to 10000 Nepalese Hindus are residing in Canada with their main concentration in Toronto, Calgary, Vancouver, Edmonton and Montreal. Canada government has pledged to resettle 6500 Bhutanese refugees of Nepalese ethnicity by 2012.The majority of Bhutanese Nepali are Hindus. By 2014 Lethbridge was home to the largest Bhutanese community in Canada.[19] Nearly 6,600 Bhutanese Nepali, also called Lhotshampa had settled in Canada by the end of 2015, with approximately 1,300 in Lethbridge by August 2016.[20]
These communities have formed over 1000 temple societies across the country that essentially functions community organizations. Some of these associations also have established private schools in Tamil to compete with non-religious and Catholic school boards that most Hindu students go to.[21]
One among the earliest Hindu temples in Canada was established in rural Nova Scotia, in Auld's Cove, near the border to Cape Breton Islands, in 1971. Hindu Sanstha of Nova Scotia was formed by some 25 families living in the area at the time. Lord Krishna is primary deity, and Indian community families from Sydney, Antigonish, New Glasgow, and even Halifax often assemble together to celebrate Hindu festivals. Temple welcomes everyone, people of different faith and culture, to participate in the festivals, in a growing multi-cultural population of the region. In 1972, British Columbia registered Hindu Temple Burnaby in the Province in Burnaby, and has been active since then and currently is one of the largest and most beautiful temple with more than 33 deities.
The largest Hindu temple in Canada is BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Toronto . It consists of two separate buildings, one of them being the mandir itself and the other being the Haveli, home to a large Sabha Hall, several religious bookstores, a small prayer room, the country's largest Indo-Canadian museum, a water fountain and a large gymnasium. It is the only Mandir built using Hindu traditions. The temple is built in the traditional Hindu style of Shikharbaddha mandir, which is made accordingly to the principles laid out in Shilpa Shastras, scared Hindu texts that describe the canons of traditionally architecture, and describes how the structure of a shikharbaddha mandir symbolically reflects the body of Purusha, or Cosmic Man.[22] It took $40 million to build and opened in 2007, surpassing Hindu Sabha Temple in nearby Brampton, which held the old record. The entire mandir is 32,000 sq ft (3,000 m2).[23][24]
Society
Organizations
There are several organizations representing the Hindu community in Canada. Among them the Hindu Canadian Network is the most prominent umbrella organization.[25][26]
Contemporary Society
According to a survey conducted by the Angus Reid Institute in 2013, 42% of the Canadians had a favorable opinion of Hinduism which increased to 49% in the 2016 survey. When asked—would it be acceptable or unacceptable to you if one of your children were to marry a Hindu—in February 2017, 54% Canadians said that it would be acceptable, as compared to 37% in September 2013.
According to another survey by the Angus Reid Institute, 32% of respondents say that the influence of Hinduism “in Canada and Canadian public life” is growing. However, the study also found that a majority of Canadians (67%) “don’t know anything/understand very little” about Hinduism, while 4% “understand very well”.[27]
Community and Impact
Hindus in Canada are able to create communities that not only follow religious practices but also provide education, counselling, support and outreach services. These communities allow many Hindus from overseas to comfortably adapt when immigrating to Canada. When Hindu institutions and worldviews are not mirrored in the migrated country, it can hinder the process of adaptation through isolation and loss of identity.[28] Racial-ethnic identity development involves identifying with and relating to a specific group and is found to be associated with particular health behaviors and mental health outcomes.[29] Hindu communities enable Hindu immigrants and their descendants to preserve their culture and identity despite their displacement and maintain physical and symbolic links with their source country; especially immigrants who have been exiled and feel uprooted from their national and cultural identity.
Dipika Damerla, is the first, and so far only, person from the Hindu community to become a provincial cabinet minister in any province.[31]
Vim Kochhar (the first Hindu appointed to the Senate),[32]Raj Sherman (the first Hindu to lead a Canadian political party),[33]
Bidhu Jha (the first Hindu elected to the Manitoba legislature).[34]
Anita Anand is the first Hindu cabinet minister in Canada. She became a cabinet minister in 2019.[35]
Attacks on Hindu Community
In 2013 a Hindu temple in Surrey had three windows smashed. A baseball bat found there after the attack had Sikh markings.[36]
In 2021, when break-in was reported at Hindu Sabha temple and Shri Jagannath temple, both in Brampton. In 2021 January saw instances being reported in other temples including Maa Chintpurni Mandir, Brampton, Hindu Heritage Centre, Mississauga, Gauri Shankar Mandir, Brampton and Hamilton Samaj Temple, Hamilton.[37]
In 2022, the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir of Toronto was defaced with anti-Hindu and anti-India graffiti. The Indian High Commission to Canada raised the objection. Chandra Arya, Napean MP, condemned the hate crime and expressed concern of rising incidents in recent times. Sonia Sidhu, Brampton South MP, condemned the incident and asserted it to be unacceptable in multicultural society.[38] Patrick Brown, Mayor of Brampton expressed his disappointment. Ruby Sahota, Brampton North MP, termed the hate crime 'disgusting' and demanded punishment for the criminals.[39]
In January, 2023 the Gauri Shankar Temple of Brampton was defaced with anti-India and anti-Hindu graffiti. Consulate General of India in Toronto condemned the hateful act of vandalism and asked the Canadian authorities to investigate into the matter.[40] Brampton Mayor Patrick Brown condemned the hate crime.[41] Chandra Arya, Napean MP, condemned the anti-Hindu attack and called authorities for taking the rising crimes against Hindus seriously.[42] The founder and priest of temple Shri Dhirendra Tripathi said "Khalistanis have caused fear among us. They have become emboldened and the community is uncertain about their next actions. Canadian authorities should take stern steps to curb their activities".[43]
In February 2023, the Ram Mandir of Mississauga was defaced with anti-India graffiti.[44] The spray paint also described Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale as a martyr.[45] The Indian Consulate General in Toronto issued a statement condemning the attack. Mr. Patrick Brown, Brampton Mayor condemned the incident stressing importance of religious freedom and assured investigation by Peel Police.[46] Canadian Minister of National Defence Anita Anand and Minister of Foreign Affairs Melanie Joly expressed solidarity with Hindu community facing repeated vandalism of their places of worship.[47] The police have not investigated the motive behind the hate-crime.[48]
In April 2023, the BAPS Swaminarayan Temple of Windsor, Ontario was vandalized with anti-Hindu graffiti.[49] The Windsor Police acknowledged the hate-motived vandalism of temple with anti-India and anti-Hindu graffiti. The Consulate General of India in Toronto condemned the hateful attack.[50] The Ministry of External Affairs of India issued a statement condemning the hate crime.[51]
In April 2023, the leader of the Conservative Party, Pierre Poilievre, condemned the growing number of Hinduphobic incidents in the country. In an interview with Prime Asia, he stated: “We have to stop Hinduphobia and nasty comments that are made about Hindus and the vandalism and other violence targeting Hindu Canadians. This is totally unacceptable.” Referring to the incidents of Hindu temples being vandalized, he proposed giving places of worship government funds for security equipment and resources.[52]
In July 2023, a pro-Khalistan poster was spotted outside the Bharat Mata Temple in Brampton targeting Indian diplomats to Canada. The temple volunteers removed the poster.[53]
In July, 2023, the sign board of Shri Bhagavad Gita Park in Brampton was vandalized with anti-India graffiti which was condemned by the City Council terming the vandalism 'an attack on a faith community'. Patrick Brown, Mayor of Brampton claimed he was outraged with the incident. Members of local Hindu community expressed their disappointment. Later, the city workers restored the sign board by removing the graffiti.[54]
In August 2023, the Lakshmi Narayan Mandir in Surrey was vandalized with anti India and pro Khalistan posters placed on its front gate and rear wall.[55]
In September 2023, Sikhs for Justice warned Indo-Canadian Hindus in a video to "leave Canada" and "go to India" in the wake of Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's statement that Indian government agents may have played a role in Hardeep Singh Nijjar's death.[56][57] The video was condemned by numerous Canadian politicians, including ministers in the federal cabinet.[58]
In September-October 2023, 6 Hindu temples were broken into in Ontario, with 3 temples broken into in a single night.[59][60] Surveillance videos show a large amount of cash being taken from the donation boxes, with an attempt to break into a safe in one of the temples.[61] The temples included the Chitpurni Temple, the Rameshwar Mandir in Caledon, the Hindu Heritage Center in Mississauga, the Hindu Mandir Durham in Pickering, the Devi Mandir in Pickering, and the Sankat Mochan Mandir in Ajax.[62][60]
^"Nijjar killing: Sikhs for Justice asks Hindus of Indian origin to leave Canada". Hindustan Times. 2023-09-20. Retrieved 2023-09-20. Sikhs for Justice (SFJ), a pro-Khalistan organisation banned in India in 2019, has threatened Hindus of Indian origin and asked them to leave Canada for supporting the country of their origin and "promoting violence" by celebrating Khalistani leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar's killing.
828,195 (2021)[1] 
