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((Short description|American jazz subculture))
((about|the 1940s subculture|the contemporary subculture|Hipster (contemporary subculture)))
((More citations needed|date=January 2022))
[[File:1940s-zoot-suits-hep-cats-mne.jpg|thumb|[[Thelonious Monk]], [[Howard McGhee]], [[Roy Eldridge]], and [[Teddy Hill]], in front of [[Minton's Playhouse]] in New York City, wearing [[Zoot suit|zoot suits]].]]The terms '''hipster''' or '''hepcat''', as used in the 1940s, referred to [[Fan (person)|aficionados]] of [[jump blues]] and [[jazz]], in particular [[bebop]], which became popular in the early 1940s. The hipster [[subculture]] adopted the lifestyle of the [[jazz musician]], including some or all of the following features: [[Conk]] hairstyles, loose fitting suits with loud colors, [[Glossary of jive talk|jive talk slang]], use of [[tobacco]], [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], and [[Recreational drug use|recreational drugs]], relaxed attitude, love for [[Jazz]] or [[Jump blues]] music, and styles of [[swing dancing]] especially [[Lindy hop]]. 

The [[zoot suit]] was the popular style amongst hepcats. It incorporated baggy blazer jackets with pants, bright colors, thick chalk stripes, floppy hats, and long chains. Many zoot suiters would often wear a [[fedora]] or [[pork pie hat]], color-coordinated with the suit. Occasionally they would have a long feather on the fedora or pork pie hat as decoration.

When conversing, hepcats would communicate in [[jive talk]]. Jive talk (also known as Harlem jive or simply Jive) is an [[African-American Vernacular English]] slang or vocabulary that was developed in urban African American communities. It was adopted more widely in African-American society and then later into the mainstream. This style of English dialect peaked in the 1940s.

In 1938, jazz bandleader and singer Cab Calloway published the first dictionary by an African-American. This dictionary was specified for jive talk and other phrases that were popular amongst African-American youth.

==History==
The words ''hep'' and ''[[Hip (slang)|hip]]'' are of uncertain origin, with numerous competing theories being proposed. In the early days of [[jazz]], musicians were using the ''hep'' variant to describe anybody who was "in the know" about an emerging, mostly [[African-American]] [[subculture]], which revolved around jazz. They and their fans were known as ''hepcats''. In 1938, the word ''hepster'' was used by bandleader [[Cab Calloway]] in the title of his dictionary, ''Cab Calloway's Cat-ologue: A "Hepster's" Dictionary'', which defines ''hep cat'' as "a guy who knows all the answers, understands [[Glossary of jive talk|jive]]". British author and poet [[Lemn Sissay]] remarked that "Cab Calloway was taking ownership of language for a people who, just a few generations before, had their own languages taken away."<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/news/the-hepster-dictionary-was-the-first-dictionary-written-by-an-african-american|title=The 'Hepster Dictionary' Was the First Dictionary Written By an African American|last=Blakemore|first=Erin|date=August 1, 2017|website=History|language=en))</ref>[[File:African American men in zoot suit.jpg|thumb|left|Men in zoot suits]]By the late 1930s, with the rise of [[Swing music|swing]], ''hep'' began to be used commonly in mainstream "square" culture, so by the 1940s ''[[Hip (slang)|hip]]'' rose in popularity among jazz musicians, to replace ''hep''. In 1944, pianist [[Harry Gibson]] modified ''hepcat'' to ''hipster''<ref>"At that time musicians used jive talk among themselves and many customers were picking up on it. One of these words was hep which described someone in the know. When lots of people started using hep, musicians changed to hip. I started calling people hipsters and greeted customers who dug the kind of jazz we were playing as 'all you hipsters.' Musicians at the club began calling me Harry the Hipster; so I wrote a new tune called 'Handsome Harry the Hipster.'" – Harry Gibson, "Everybody's Crazy But Me" (1986).</ref> in his short glossary "For Characters Who Don't Dig Jive Talk", published in 1944 with the album ''Boogie Woogie In Blue'', featuring the self-titled hit "Handsome Harry the Hipster".<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.hyzercreek.com/hipsterglossary.jpg|title=Hipster Glossary))</ref> The entry for ''hipsters'' defined them as "characters who like hot jazz." In 1947, Gibson sought to clarify the switch in the record "It Ain't Hep" which musically describes the difference between the two terms.
[[File:Hip cat.jpg|thumb|A hep cat]]Initially, hipsters were usually [[American middle class|middle-class]] [[European American]] youths seeking to emulate the lifestyle of the largely [[African-American]] jazz musicians they followed.<ref name="TimeJ" /> In ''The Jazz Scene'' (1959), the British historian and social theorist [[Eric Hobsbawm]] (originally writing under the pen name Francis Newton) described hipster language—i.e., "jive-talk or hipster-talk"—as "an [[argot]] or [[Cant (language)|cant]] designed to set the group apart from outsiders". This group crucially included White jazz musicians such as [[Benny Goodman]], [[Al Cohn]], [[Gerry Mulligan]], [[Stan Getz]], [[Mezz Mezzrow]], [[Barney Kessel]], [[Doc Pomus]], [[Bing Crosby]], [[Frank Sinatra]], [[Dean Martin]], [[Jerry Lewis]], [[Joey Bishop]], [[Perry Como]], [[Tony Bennett]], [[Chet Baker]], and [[Gene Krupa]] who ought to be counted as some of the "true" original hipsters as they were instrumental in turning the White American audience onto jazz and its [[underground culture]] in the 1930s and 1940s. Clarinetist [[Artie Shaw]] described singer Bing Crosby as "the first hip white person born in the United States."<ref>Marcus, James, "[https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200102/marcus The First Hip White Person]." 2001. ''[[Atlantic Monthly]]''. Retrieved 2008-03-02</ref>

Hipsters were more interested in [[bebop]] and "hot" jazz than they were in swing, which by the late 1940s was becoming old-fashioned and watered down by "[[Square (slang)|squares]]" like [[Lawrence Welk]], [[Guy Lombardo]] and Robert Coates. In the 1940s, White youth began to frequent Black communities for their [[African-American culture|music and dance]]. These first youths diverged from the mainstream due to their new [[philosophies]] of racial diversity and their exploratory sexual nature and drug habits. The drug of choice was marijuana, and many hipster [[Glossary of jive talk|slang terms]] were dedicated to the substance.[[File:Hep cats.jpg|thumb|right|Hep cats]]The hipster subculture rapidly expanded, and after [[World War II]], a burgeoning literary scene grew up around it.<ref name="TimeJ" /> In 1957, the American writer and adventurer [[Jack Kerouac]] described hipsters as "rising and roaming America, bumming and hitchhiking everywhere [as] characters of a special spirituality".<ref>[http://archive.tc/kerouac/beat.html Kerouac, Jack. "About the Beat Generation", (1957), published as "Aftermath: The Philosophy of the Beat Generation" in ''Esquire'', March 1958] ((webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081107052429/http://archive.tc/kerouac/beat.html |date=November 7, 2008 ))</ref> Toward the beginning of his poem ''[[Howl (poem)|Howl]]'', the Jewish-American [[Beatnik]] poet [[Allen Ginsberg]] mentioned "angelheaded hipsters burning for the ancient heavenly connection to the starry dynamo in the machinery of night". In his 1957 essay ''[[The White Negro]]'', the American novelist and journalist [[Norman Mailer]] characterized hipsters as American [[Existentialism|existentialists]], living a life surrounded by [[death]]—annihilated by the [[atomic war]] or strangled by [[Conformism|social conformity]]—and electing instead to "divorce [themselves] from society, to exist without roots, to set out on that uncharted journey into the rebellious imperatives of the self".<ref name="TimeJ">((cite news | title=Hipsters | author=Dan Fletcher | url=http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1913220,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090730232530/http://www.time.com/time/arts/article/0,8599,1913220,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 30, 2009 | publisher=time.com | date=July 29, 2009 | access-date=November 1, 2009))</ref>

==Racial role reversal==
The new philosophy of racial role reversal was transcribed by many popular hipster authors of the time. [[Norman Mailer]]'s 1957 pamphlet, entitled ''[[The White Negro]]'',<ref>((cite web|title=Norman Mailer, "The White Negro," Fall 1957, reprinted in Dissent, Winter 2008|url=http://www.learntoquestion.com/resources/database/archives/003327.html|access-date=2010-09-02|archive-date=2020-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205200318/http://www.learntoquestion.com/resources/database/archives/003327.html|url-status=dead))</ref> has become the paradigmatic example of hipster ideology. Mailer described the hipsters as individuals "with a middle-class background (who) attempt to put down their whiteness and adopt what they believe is the carefree, spontaneous, cool lifestyle of Negro hipsters: their manner of speaking and language, their use of milder narcotics, their appreciation of jazz and the blues, and their supposed concern with the good orgasm."<ref>((cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/gtmarx/www/whitenegro.html | author = Marx, Gary T. | author-link = Gary_T._Marx |title=The White Negro and the Negro White / In Phylon. Summer 1967, vol. 28, no. 2, pp.168-177 ))</ref> In a nod to Mailer's discussion of hipsterism, the [[United States]]' [[Cold War]] deployments of [[African-American culture]] and [[Lists of African Americans|personalities]] for the purposes of [[public diplomacy]] has been discussed as "hipster diplomacy".<ref>Roberts, B. R., ''Artistic Ambassadors: Literary and International Representation of the New Negro Era'' ([[Charlottesville, Virginia|Charlottesville]]: [[University of Virginia Press]], 2013), [https://books.google.com/books?id=pZET9DY05LUC&pg=PT145 pp. 145–148].</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aftermath of World War II]]
* [[Beatnik]]
* [[Bohemianism]]
* [[Cannabis culture]]
* [[Cultural appropriation]]
* [[Etymology of hippie]]
* [[Hipster (contemporary subculture)]]
* ''[[How to Speak Hip]]''
* [[Wigger]]

==References==
((reflist|35em))

==Further reading==
*((cite book
|last=Ford
|first=Phil
|title=Dig: Sound and Music in Hip Culture
|year=2013
|publisher=Oxford
|isbn=9780199939916
))
*((cite book
|last=Jezer
|first=Marty
|author-link=Marty Jezer
|title=The Dark Ages: Life in the United States 1945–1960
|year=1999
|publisher=South End Press
|isbn=0896081281
))
*((cite book
|last=Tirro
|first=Frank
|title=Jazz: A History
|url=https://archive.org/details/jazzhistory00tirr
|url-access=registration
|year=1977
|publisher=Norton
|isbn=0393961877
))

==External links==
* [http://karakorak.blogspot.com/2010/11/portrait-of-hipster-by-anatole-broyard.html "A Portrait of the Hipster"] by [[Anatole Broyard]], a critical dissection of the hipster phenomenon from 1948.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101122064132/http://dissentmagazine.org/online.php?id=26 "The White Negro]" by [[Norman Mailer]] from 1957.

((Authority control))
[[Category:1940s neologisms]]
[[Category:Fashion aesthetics]]
[[Category:History of subcultures]]
[[Category:Jazz culture]]
[[Category:Subcultures]]
[[Category:Stereotypes]]
[[Category:Youth culture in the United States]]

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