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((refimprove|date=March 2014))

The '''Hivites''' (((lang-he|((Script/Hebrew|חִוִּים)))) ''Ḥiwwîm'') were one group of descendants of [[Canaan (son of Ham)|Canaan]], son of [[Ham (son of Noah)|Ham]], according to the [[Sons of Noah|Table of Nations]] in ((bibleverse||Genesis|10|HE)) (10:17). A variety of proposals have been made, but beyond the references in the Bible to Hivites in the land of Canaan, no consensus has been reached about their precise historical identity.<ref name="RezetkoLim2007" />

==Etymology==
E. C. Hostetter has proposed that the name comes from "tent-dweller," as a cognate to the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] word ''hawwah'' (((script/Hebrew|חַוָּה))), which means ''tent-camp'', although this proposal is rejected by John Day.<ref name="RezetkoLim2007">((cite book|editor1=Robert Rezetko|editor2=Timothy Henry Lim |editor3= W. Brian Aucker| first= John |last= Day |chapter= Gibeon and the Gibeonites in the Old Testament|title=Reflection and Refraction: Studies in Biblical Historiography in Honour of A. Graeme Auld|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfV9WXqhkWYC&pg=PA116|year=2007|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-14512-5| page= 116| via= Google Books))</ref>

No name resembling ''Hivite'' has been found in Egyptian or Mesopotamian inscriptions, though the ''Hiyawa'' in a [[Luvian]]-Phoenician bilingual has been linked to the Biblical ''Hiwwi.''<ref>((cite book| first= Trevor |last= Bryce| title= The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History| publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2012 | page= 65| isbn= 9780199218721))</ref>

==Location==

The Hivites, according to the [[Book of Joshua]], lived in the hilly region of [[Lebanon]] from Lebo Hamath (((bibleverse||Judges|3:3|HE))) to [[Mount Hermon]] (((bibleverse||Joshua|11:3|HE))). Hivites are also mentioned further south in the [[Masoretic Text]] of the Hebrew Bible, which assigns to Hivites the towns of [[Gibeon (ancient city)|Gibeon]], Kephirah, Beeroth, and Kiriath-Jearim (((bibleverse||Joshua|9:17|HE))). However, the [[Septuagint]] reads these four towns as inhabited by [[Horites]], suggesting that the name Hivite may have entered the Masoretic Text via a spelling error.<ref name="north56" />

The Masoretic Text of ((bibleverse||Joshua|11:3|HE)) described the Hivites as being "under Hermon in the land of Mizpeh." However, the Septuagint reads "Hittites" in place of "Hivites," suggesting that one text or the other has suffered an error.<ref name="north56" /> 

Similarly in ((bibleverse|2|Samuel|24:7|HE)) according to the Masoretic Text, Hivites are mentioned immediately after "the stronghold of [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]]," where the Septuagint once again reads "Hittites."<ref name="north56" />

== Biblical mentions ==

Within the Hebrew Bible, Hivites are often listed among the inhabitants of [[Canaan]], promised to the descendants of Abraham.<ref>Genesis 10:15; Exodus 3:8, 3:17, 13:5, 23:23, 33:2, 34:11; Numbers 13:29; Deuteronomy 7:1, 20:17; Joshua 3:10, 9:1, 11:3, 12:8 24:11; Judges 3:5; 1 Kings 9:20; 1 Chronicles 1:13; 2 Chronicles 8:7; Ezra 9:1.</ref> ((bibleverse||Genesis|36:2|HE)), in the [[Masoretic Text]], mentions that one of [[Esau]]'s wives was "[[Oholibamah]] the daughter of Anah, the daughter of [[Zibeon]] the Hivite" who is also described as "of the daughters of [[Canaan]]". However, textual evidence from the Septuagint and Genesis 36:20 suggest that Zibeon was originally referred to not as a Hivite, but a Horite.<ref name="north56">North, Robert. "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/42610140 The Hivites]." Biblica 54, no. 1 (1973): 56.</ref>

The [[Book of Joshua]] claims that Hivites were one of seven groups living in the land of Canaan when the [[Israelites]] under [[Joshua]] commenced their conquest of the land (((bibleverse||Joshua|3:10|HE))). These seven nations were to be exterminated: [[Biblical Hittites|Hittites]], [[Girgashites]], [[Amorites]], Canaanites, [[Perizzites]], Hivites and [[Jebusites]].<ref>((bibleverse||Exodus|34:11|HE)), ((bibleverse-nb||Exodus|23:23|HE)), ((bibleverse||Deuteronomy|7:1-3|HE)) (((bibleverse||Exodus|3:8|HE))</ref> In ((bibleverse||Joshua|9|HE)), Joshua enslaved the Hivites of [[Gibeon (ancient city)|Gibeon]] to be wood gatherers and water carriers for the Temple of [[YHWH]] (see [[Nethinim]]).

The Bible records that [[David]]'s [[census]] included Hivite cities.<ref>((bibleverse|2|Samuel|24:1-7|HE))</ref> During the reign of [[Solomon]], they are described as part of the slave labor for his many building projects.<ref>((bibleverse|1|Kings|9:20-21|HE)), ((bibleverse|2|Chronicles|8:7-8|HE))</ref> It is not clear if, when or how they ceased to be a separate group before the Israelite kingdoms came to an end.

== See also ==
* [[Mizpah in Gilead (Joshua)]], where the Hivites were said to live

==References==
((reflist))

==Further reading==
((EB1911 Poster|Hivites))
*Barker, Burdick, Stek, Wessel, Youngblood (Eds.). (1995). ''The New International Version Study Bible.'' (10th Ann ed). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
*Bright, John. (2000). ''A History of Israel.'' (4th ed.). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.
*DeVaux, Roland. (1997). ''Ancient Israel.'' (John McHugh, Trans.) Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
*Freedman, David Noel (Ed.).  (2000). ''Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible.'' (pp.&nbsp;597) Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
*Wood, Millard, Packer, Wiseman, Marshall (Eds.). (1996). ''New Bible Dictionary'' (3rd ed.) (pp.&nbsp;477). Downers Grove, IL: Intervarsity Press.

[[Category:Hebrew Bible nations]]
[[Category:Gibeon (ancient city)]]
[[Category:Book of Genesis]]
[[Category:Book of Joshua]]
[[Category:Book of Judges]]
[[Category:Books of Samuel]]

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