| Hokaglish | |
|---|---|
| Philippine Hybrid Hokkien | |
| salamtsam-oe or "EngChiLog" | |
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | Manila (concentrated in Binondo), or elsewhere in the Philippines |
| Ethnicity | Chinese Filipinos |
Native speakers | (More than 100,000[citation needed] cited 1945 – present) |
Hokkien mixed language
| |
| Not applicable, oral contact language | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Not official, Minority language of the Philippines in Binondo, Metro Manila and abroad |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
 Area where Hokaglish is spoken | |
Hokaglish (or Philippine Hybrid Hokkien, /ˈhɒkəɡlɪʃ/), also known by locals as Sa-lam-tsam oe (mixed language, Tai-lo: sann-lām-tsham-uē, [sãlamt͡sʰamue]), is an oral contact language primarily resulting among three languages: (1) Philippine Hokkien Chinese, (2) Tagalog/Filipino and (3) Philippine English.[1] (Other languages that have relative influence include Philippine Spanish, Cantonese, and other local peripheral languages.)[2]
Typically used amongst some Filipino Chinese or Chinese Filipinos, Hokaglish is used in various corporations, academic institutions, restaurants, and religious institutions.[1] Some note that this is a result of having to maintain command of all three languages in the spheres of home, school and greater Philippine society. Although used by Chinese Filipinos in general, this form of code-switching or code-mixing is popular especially among the younger generations of Chinese Filipinos.[3]
The term Hokaglish is a portmanteau or blend of Hokkien and Taglish, itself a blend of Tagalog and English. It was first recorded in 2016.[4]
Earlier thought to be a creole,[2] it may actually be a mixed language similar to Light Warlpiri or Gurindji Kriol. It is also considered a hybrid English or X-English, making it one of the Philippine Englishes.[5]