You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons:

This IP address has been blocked from editing Wikipedia.
This does not affect your ability to read Wikipedia pages.
Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong. Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.

The IP address or range 34.205.0.0/16 has been blocked (disabled) by ‪ST47‬ for the following reason(s):

The IP address that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a web host provider. To prevent abuse, web hosts may be blocked from editing Wikipedia.
You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host provider because it hides your IP address, much like a proxy or VPN.
We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit. For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in.
If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to request an IP block exemption.

How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a web host's IP address:
If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may appeal this block by adding the following text on your talk page: ((unblock|reason=Caught by a web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. Place any further information here. ~~~~)). You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated. Your IP address can be determined here. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the unblock ticket request system. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host.

Administrators: The IP block exemption user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and they should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a CheckUser needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at SPI Quick Checkuser Requests. Unblocking an IP or IP range with this template is highly discouraged without at least contacting the blocking administrator.

This block will expire on 05:44, 30 September 2026.

Even when blocked, you will usually still be able to edit your user talk page, as well as email administrators and other editors.

For information on how to proceed, please read the FAQ for blocked users and the guideline on block appeals. The guide to appealing blocks may also be helpful.

Other useful links: Blocking policy · Help:I have been blocked
Your IP address is in a range that has been blocked on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis. The block was made by ‪Jon Kolbert‬. The reason given is Open proxy/Webhost: See the help page if you are affected .
- Start of block: 05:38, 21 February 2024
- Expiry of block: 05:38, 21 February 2029
Your current IP address is 34.205.92.177. The blocked range is 34.205.0.0/16. Please include all above details in any queries you make. If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the No open proxies global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please post a request for review on Meta-Wiki. You could also send an email to the stewards VRT queue at stewards@wikimedia.org including all above details.

You can view and copy the source of this page:

((Short description|Christian observance in the Philippines))
((Use mdy dates|date=April 2023))
((Use Philippine English|date=October 2022))
((Copy edit|date=December 2023))
((Infobox holiday
| holiday_name  = Holy Week in the Philippines
| type          = christian
| image         = Ibaan Good Friday Procession Calvary carozza 2024-03-29.jpg
| imagesize     = 
| caption       = A [[Good Friday]] procession in [[Ibaan]], [[Batangas]]
| official_name = 
| nickname      = ((bulleted list|Semana Santa|Mahal na Araw))
| observedby    = ((PHI))
| litcolor      = 
| longtype      = Religious, Historical, Cultural
| significance  = Commemoration of the [[Passion of Jesus Christ|Passion]], [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Death]] and [[Resurrection of Jesus]]
| begins        = [[Palm Sunday]]
| ends          = [[Easter Sunday]]
| scheduling    = 
| duration      = 
| frequency     = Annual
| celebrations  = 
| observances   = [[Procession]]s, [[Church service|religious services]]
| relatedto     = 
| date          = 
))

'''[[Holy Week]]''' (((lang-fil|Mahal na Araw)); ((lang-es|Semana Santa))) is a significant religious observance in the [[Philippines]] for the [[Catholic Church in the Philippines|Catholic majority]], the ((lang|es|Iglesia Filipina Independiente)) or the [[Philippine Independent Church]], and most [[Protestantism in the Philippines|Protestant]] groups. One of the few majority Christian countries in Asia, Catholics make up 78.8 percent of the country's population,<ref name="population-update">((Cite news |last=Yraola |first=Abigail Marie P. |date=February 22, 2023 |title=Catholics make up nearly 79% of Philippine population |work=[[BusinessWorld]] |url=https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2023/02/22/506351/catholics-make-up-nearly-79-of-philippine-population/ |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230223064536/https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2023/02/22/506351/catholics-make-up-nearly-79-of-philippine-population/ |archive-date=February 23, 2023))</ref> and the Church is one of the country's dominant sociopolitical forces.<ref name=":0">((Cite journal |last=Peterson |first=William |date=Fall 2007 |title=Holy Week in the "Heart of the Philippines": Spirituality, Theatre, and Community in Marinduque's Moriones Festival |journal=[[Asian Theatre Journal]] |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=309–337 |doi=10.1353/atj.2007.0039 |jstor=27568417 |s2cid=161092074))</ref>

The solemn celebration begins on [[Friday of Sorrows]] turning to [[Palm Sunday]] and continues on through to [[Easter|Easter Sunday]].<ref>((Cite web |last=Bueza |first=Michael |date=March 22, 2016 |title=Overview: Holy Week traditions in the Philippines |url=https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/88704-holy-week-rituals-philippines |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150407023202/https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/88704-holy-week-rituals-philippines |archive-date=April 7, 2015 |access-date=April 30, 2019 |website=[[Rappler]]))</ref> Many communities observe Spanish-influenced Catholic rituals such as [[procession]]s, that have been [[syncretism|syncretised]] with elements of precolonial beliefs. This is evident in some ritual practices not sanctioned by the universal Church and the many superstitions associated with the occasion.

The days of the [[Easter Triduum]] ([[Maundy Thursday]] until [[Holy Saturday|Black Saturday]]) are considered statutory holidays. During this period, many businesses are closed or operate on shorter hours. Local terrestrial [[television]] and most [[radio]] stations usually go off the air (for annual maintenance of broadcast equipment), while others (such as stations owned by various denominations) shorten broadcasting hours and feature Lenten drama specials, religious and inspirational programming. Holy Week celebrations also receive wide news coverage of various services and rites. International cable television channels distributed to the Philippines, however, continue to broadcast their normal programming, while channels dedicated to [[horse racing]], [[cockfighting]] and similar niche programming go off-air during the Triduum.

Holy Week in the Philippines is also highly anticipated as one of the annual long weekends in the country.<ref>((Cite book |last=Sexton |first=Colleen A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC |title=Philippines in Pictures |date=January 1, 2006 |publisher=[[Twenty-First Century Books]] |isbn=978-0-8225-2677-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ffGdShrIrQAC&pg=PA46 46] |language=en |access-date=March 10, 2023))</ref> Non-Catholics or non-practicing Catholics take this opportunity to go on vacations, resulting to a peak season in most Philippine tourist destinations.<ref>((Cite book |last=Rood |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ |title=The Philippines: What Everyone Needs to Know® |date=June 15, 2019 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-092060-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JmCpDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 149] |language=en |access-date=April 8, 2023))</ref>

==Palm Sunday==
[[File:San Carlos Pangasinan Palm Sunday Procession 2024-03-24.jpg|thumb|[[Palm Sunday]] blessing of palms at the [[Minor Basilica of Saint Dominic (San Carlos)|Minor Basilica of Saint Dominic]], [[San Carlos, Pangasinan]] (2024)]]

On [[Palm Sunday]] ('''''Linggo ng Palaspás''''', '''''Domingo de Ramos''''', “Branches Sunday”), worshipers bear ornately woven palm fronds or ''palaspás'' to church for blessing by the [[priest]] before or after the day's [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]].<ref>((Cite web |last=Manto-Beltran |first=Lea |date=March 28, 2015 |title=Palm Sunday,the beginning of Christ's victory |url=https://www.manilatimes.net/palm-sundaythe-beginning-of-christs-victory/172453/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708225939/https://www.manilatimes.net/palm-sundaythe-beginning-of-christs-victory/172453/ |archive-date=July 8, 2015 |website=[[The Manila Times]]))</ref> The fronds (considered by the Church as [[sacramentals]]) are often brought home and placed on altars, doors, [[lintel]]s or windows, in the belief that these can ward off demons, and avert both fires and lightning.

Some places hold a procession into the church before the service, a common starting point being an ''ermita''/''visita'' ([[chapel of ease]]) several blocks away. The presiding priest, vested in a [[stole (vestment)|stole]] and [[cope]] of red (the prescribed [[liturgical colors#Roman Catholic Church|liturgical color]] of the day), either walks the route or, in imitation of Jesus’ triumphal entry, is led on horseback to the church. Sometimes, a statue of Christ riding a donkey (known as the ''Humenta'') is used instead.<ref>((Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WROR-w7V-pAC |title=CCP Encyclopedia of Philippine Art: Philippine theater |date=1994 |publisher=[[Cultural Center of the Philippines]] |isbn=978-971-8546-41-3 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WROR-w7V-pAC&q=palm+sunday+tapis+%22Humenta%22 46] |language=en |access-date=April 9, 2023))</ref>

Whether the priest himself or a statue is used to represent Christ, a custom is for women to cover the processional route with ''tapis'' (literally, “wraparound”), which are large, heirloom cloth skirts or aprons made exclusively for this ritual. This is to recall how excited Jerusalemites spread their cloaks before Christ as he entered the city.

Once the procession reaches the church or some other designated spot, children dressed as angels strew flowers and sing the day's processional [[antiphon]], ''[[Hosanna]] Filio David'' (“Hosanna to the Son of David”). The antiphon's text, whether the Latin original or a vernacular translation, is sung to traditional hymn tunes.

The blessing of palms and the intonation of the [[antiphon]] often occurs in the church's [[parvise]], its parking lot, or the town plaza, which usually is in front of or near the church (a common layout in most Philippine settlements).

==Holy Monday and Holy Tuesday==
[[File:Pasyon Pabasa Magdalena Laguna Philippines Apr 2011 Photo 3.jpg|thumb|''Pabasa ng Pasyon'' (Reading of the Passion of Christ) in [[Magdalena, Laguna|Magdalena]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] (2011)]]

On Holy Monday ('''''Lunes Santo''''') and Holy Tuesday ('''''Martes Santo'''''), the major procession of the Journey to Calvary takes to the streets. The main figure is the Fallen Christ accompanied by the images of the saints present during Christ's walk to Calvary. There is [[Saint Peter|St. Peter]] holding the heavenly keys, the beloved St. John, the Three Marys, [[Saint Veronica|St. Veronica]] with her white veil implanted with Christ's image, [[Mary Magdalene]] bearing small bottles of oil and perfume, and the [[Our Lady of Sorrows|Virgin of Sorrows]]. In some parts of the country where there is an abundance of wood as well as skilled craftsmen, life-size wooden images are constructed so that they are able to move their arms and heads like puppets.<ref>((Cite journal |last=Mendoza |first=Liwayway |date=September 1977 |title=Lenten Rites and Practices [The Philippines] |journal=The Drama Review |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=21–32 |doi=10.2307/1145149 |jstor=1145149))</ref> Holy Tuesday is a regular working day and is sometimes the last full one preceding half- or full-day holidays given by some private companies on Holy Wednesday.

==Holy Wednesday==
[[File:San Agustin Church - Intramuros.jpg|thumb|left|[[Stations of the Cross]] outside [[San Agustin Church (Manila)|San Agustin Church]] in Manila on Holy Wednesday (2013)]]

[[Holy Wednesday]] ('''''Miyérkules Santo''''') is officially the last working day of the week. Private companies are free to give full or partial holidays to their employees, while government offices implement a half-day suspension starting noon for their employees. This lets people return to their home provinces for the Triduum, and holidaymakers to leave for their destinations, making it one of the country's busiest travel seasons.<ref>((Cite news |last=Bajo |first=Anna Felicia |title=Palace: Half day work on March 27, 2024 in gov't offices |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/901613/palace-half-day-work-on-holy-wednesday-march-27-2023-in-gov-t-offices/story/ |work=GMA Integrated News |date=March 25, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2024))</ref>

In some parish, "[[Tenebrae]]" service usually held on Holy Wednesday that involves the gradual extinguishing of candles on a Tenebrae hearse, readings related to the [[Passion of Jesus]], and the ''strepitus'' (loud noise).<ref>((Cite news |date=March 28, 2016 |title=Tenebrae |work=[[SunStar Baguio]] |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/sunstar-baguio/20160328/281543700056804 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |via=[[PressReader]]))</ref>

In the evening, long processions depicting the Passion of Christ are held in towns throughout the provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, and in the [[Ilocandia]], as well as in [[Makati]] in Metro Manila.

Except in [[Baliwag]] and [[Pulilan]], the Passion tableaux are excluded from the Good Friday afternoon procession.

==Maundy Thursday==
[[Maundy Thursday]] ('''''Huwebes Santo''''') is the first statutory public holiday of the week and marks the beginning of the [[Paschal Triduum]]. Prior to the [[Second Vatican Council]], the Procession of the Passion of Christ was held on Maundy Thursday. This was later transferred to Holy Wednesday for Latin Rite Catholics, with the [[Philippine Independent Church]] (which separated from Rome in the early 20th century) retaining the Maundy Thursday date. Among the most famous processions of the Philippine Independent Church are those of Concepcion in [[Malabon]], and [[Santa Cruz, Laguna|Santa Cruz]] and [[Paete, Laguna|Paete]] in [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]].

The first rite of the day is the [[Chrism Mass]], in which parishioners join their priest for morning Mass in the [[cathedral]], especially in the large dioceses and archdioceses. The clergy on the day renew their priestly [[vows]]. This Mass, which is presided by the (arch)bishop of the (arch)diocese, is when the [[Chrism]], [[oil of catechumens]] and the [[Anointing of the Sick|oil for the sick]] are consecrated after the [[homily]]. Priests then bring portions of the oils to their respective parishes after the service and store these for future use. However, in such (arch)dioceses where logistics and other valid reasons hamper gathering the clergy on this day, the Chrism Mass is held earlier in the week; examples of which are the [[Archdiocese of Lipa]] and the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Malolos|Diocese of Malolos]], where the Chrism Mass is held instead on Holy Tuesday.

The main observance of the day is the last Mass before [[Easter]], the Evening [[Mass of the Lord's Supper]]. Though not mandatory, the afternoon service customarily includes a re-enactment of the [[Washing of the Feet]] of the [[Twelve Apostles]]. The service ends abruptly with a somber procession of the [[Blessed Sacrament]], which is brought to the church's [[Altar of Repose]]. Churches remain open until midnight for those who want to venerate the Blessed Sacrament, with others going to one of several priests on standby to [[Sacrament of Penance|confess their sins]].

One of the most important Holy Week traditions in the Philippines is the ''[[Visita Iglesia]]'' (Spanish for "church visit", also known as the Seven Churches Visitation), a [[Holy Week]] practice of visiting and praying in at least seven churches.<ref name="PhilStar2015">((Cite news |last=Vila |first=Alixandra Caole |date=April 2, 2015 |title=IN PHOTOS: A look at churches where Filipinos spend Visita Iglesia |publisher=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=http://www.philstar.com/travel-and-tourism/2015/04/02/1440184/photos-look-churches-where-pinoys-spend-visita-iglesia |access-date=April 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805073801/http://www.philstar.com/travel-and-tourism/2015/04/02/1440184/photos-look-churches-where-pinoys-spend-visita-iglesia |archive-date=August 5, 2015))</ref> Throughout the day, worshipers pray the [[Stations of the Cross]] inside or outside the church, while at night, the faithful pay obeisance and perform supplications to the Blessed Sacrament within the Altar of Repose.<ref name="GMA2015">((Cite news |last=Bartolome |first=Jessica |date=April 1, 2015 |title=MAP: Doing the Visita Iglesia in Metro Manila |agency=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/463006/map-doing-the-visita-iglesia-in-metro-manila/story/ |access-date=April 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316144634/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/463006/map-doing-the-visita-iglesia-in-metro-manila/story/ |archive-date=March 16, 2018))</ref>

In [[Antipolo]], the ''Alay Lakad'' penitential walk is held from Maundy Thursday to [[Good Friday]], where devotees walk for ((convert|17|km|sp=us)) along [[Sumulong Highway]], with some even walking barefoot, to the [[Antipolo Cathedral]].<ref name="hermoso1">((Cite news|title=Tens of thousands expected to join this year’s Alay Lakad to Antipolo |first=Christina |last=Hermoso |work=Manila Bulletin |date=March 26, 2024 |url=https://mb.com.ph/2024/3/26/tens-of-thousands-expected-to-join-this-year-s-alay-lakad-to-antipolo |access-date=March 29, 2024))</ref> This is not to be confused with the May Pilgrimage Season procession from [[Quiapo Church]] of the same name.<ref>((Cite news|title=FAST FACTS: Antipolo’s Alay Lakad, the city’s tradition every Holy Thursday |first=Lorenz |last=Pasion |work=Rappler |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/antipolo-city-alay-lakad-tradition-holy-thursday/ |date=March 31, 2023 |access-date=March 29, 2024))</ref> Upon reaching the cathedral, devotees offer a short prayer or make a wish before donating some coins or paper bills in front of the altar.<ref name="hermoso1" /> In 2024, 7.4 million devotees visited the cathedral during the penitential walk.<ref>((Cite news|title=Milyun-milyon bumisita sa Antipolo Cathedral matapos ang 'alay lakad' |first=Job |last=Manahan |work=ABS-CBN News |date=March 29, 2024 |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/2024/3/28/milyun-milyon-bumisita-sa-antipolo-cathedral-matapos-ang-alay-lakad-712 |access-date=March 29, 2024 |lang=fil))</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Manila Archbishop Jose Cardinal Advincula officiates the Chrism Mass at the Manila Cathedral on Maundy Thursday (April 6, 2023).jpg|[[Chrism Mass]] at the [[Manila Cathedral]], officiated by Manila Archbishop [[Jose Advincula]] (2023)
File:Catholic tradition of washing of feet on Maundy Thursday, April 6, 2023, in Quezon City.jpg|[[Washing of the Feet]] during the [[Mass of the Lord's Supper]] in [[Novaliches]] (2023)
File:Ibaan Last Supper Consecration 2024-03-28.jpg|[[Consecration]] of the [[Sacramental bread|Host]] during the Mass of the Lord's Supper in [[Ibaan]], [[Batangas]] (2024)
File:Catholics venerate the Blessed Sacrament at SVD Quezon City 2022-04-14.jpg|Pilgrims pray before the [[Altar of Repose]] at the [[Christ the King Mission Seminary|Shrine of Jesus the Divine Word]] in Quezon City (2022).
</gallery>

==Good Friday==
[[File:GoodFridayprocessionsinBaliuagjf2064 10.JPG|thumb|left|One of the 118 carrozas of the grand procession in [[Baliwag]]]]

[[Good Friday]] ('''''Biyernes Santo''''') is the second [[Public holiday in the Philippines|public holiday]] of the week, and considered the most solemn day of the year. It is observed with street [[procession]]s, the [[Way of the Cross]], sermons and prayers meditating on Jesus' [[Sayings of Jesus on the cross|Seven Last Words]] (“''Siete Palabras''”) and the staging of ''[[Passion play|Senákulo]]'', which in some places has already begun on Palm Sunday. The [[Good Friday processions in Baliwag|Baliwag Good Friday procession]] is the longest Lenten procession in the Philippines.<ref>((Cite web |date=March 30, 2018 |title=Longest, Most Attended Good Friday Processions in the Philippines |url=https://www.propertyasia.ph/newsroom/2018/03/30/longest-attended-good-friday-processions-philippines/ |website=PropertyAsia.ph Newsroom))</ref> Baliwag currently has 118 statues and scenes portraying the life of Christ.<ref>((Cite news |last=Orejas |first=Tonette |date=March 29, 2018 |title=Good Friday processions grow longer through years of devotion |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978898/good-friday-processions-grow-longer-through-years-of-devotion |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329001358/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/978898/good-friday-processions-grow-longer-through-years-of-devotion |archive-date=March 29, 2018))</ref> This activity is well-attended by both local and foreign tourists, and follows the main liturgical service of the day.

Mass is not celebrated on this day. Instead, people gather in churches in the afternoon for the Veneration of Cross service and the [[Mass of the Presanctified]]. Nationwide, the veneration service begins silently in unlit churches at 3:00 PM [[Philippine Standard Time|PST]] ([[GMT+8]]), remembering the “[[Crucifixion darkness#Biblical accounts|ninth hour]]” that was the instant Christ died according to the Gospels. The Mass of the Presanctified is said at the altar, which has been stripped of linens and decorations, and the priests omit the [[Anaphora (liturgy)|Anaphora]] as the [[sacramental bread]] was already consecrated on Maundy Thursday.

[[File:Trio on crosses.jpg|thumb|[[San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites]] in [[San Fernando, Pampanga]]]] 
[[File:Self-flagellants make their way to Santo Domingo Church in Quezon City on Good Friday (April 7, 2023).jpg|thumb|[[Self-flagellant]]s at [[Santo Domingo Church (Quezon City)|Santo Domingo Church]] in Quezon City]]
In some places (most famously in the province of [[Pampanga]], where the day is known as ''Maleldo''), processions include devotees who [[self-flagellation|flagellate]] and sometimes even [[San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites|have themselves nailed to crosses]], most notably [[Ruben Enaje]]. While frowned upon by the Church, devotees consider these to be personal expressions of penance, whether in fulfilment of a vow or in thanksgiving for a prayer granted. The San Fernando local government says these reenactments are regarded as a part of Pampanga's and the city's cultural heritage. Reenactments of Christ's crucifixion in the village began in 1958 but the first actual crucifixion took place four years later in 1962.<ref>((Cite web |date=April 14, 2017 |title=IN PHOTOS: Crucifixions in San Pedro Cutud |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/166948-crucifixions-san-pedro-cutud-pampanga-good-friday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416025636/https://www.rappler.com/nation/166948-crucifixions-san-pedro-cutud-pampanga-good-friday |archive-date=April 16, 2017 |website=[[Rappler]]))</ref>

Other penitents, called ''magdarame'', carry wooden crosses, crawl on the rough and hot pavement, and slash their backs before whipping themselves to draw blood. This is done to ask for forgiveness of sins, to fulfill vows (panata), or to express gratitude for favours granted.<ref>((Cite book |last=Tso |first=Anna Wing-bo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TSDDwAAQBAJ |title=Digital Humanities and New Ways of Teaching |date=January 10, 2019 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-981-13-1277-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6TSDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 37] |language=en |access-date=April 8, 2023))</ref>

The ''pabasa'', or continuous chanting of the ''[[Pasyon|Pasyón]]'' (the Filipino [[epic (genre)|epic]] narrative of Christ's life, [[Passion (Christianity)|Passion]], [[Death of Jesus|Death]], and [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]]), usually concludes on this day before 3:00 PM. Television and radio stations airing their special Lenten programming also broadcast their own special ''Siete Palabras'' programs<ref>((Cite news |last=Lao |first=Levine Andro |date=April 13, 2014 |title='Pasyon' chanters, lay preachers featured in 'Siete Palabras,' longest-running Lenten TV program |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/157057/pasyon-chanters-lay-preachers-featured-in-siete-palabras-longest-running-lenten-tv-program/ |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415152504/https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/157057/pasyon-chanters-lay-preachers-featured-in-siete-palabras-longest-running-lenten-tv-program/ |archive-date=April 15, 2014))</ref> from large churches in Manila, usually beginning at noon so as to end before the veneration service.

===''Santo Entierro''===
[[File:Ibaan Good Friday Santo Entierro 2024-03-29.jpg|thumb|left|A priest vested in a black [[chasuble]] [[Religious use of incense|incenses]] the ''Santo Entierro'' (Holy Burial) in [[Batangas]].]]

The usual highlight of Good Friday is the ''Santo Entierro'' ("[[Burial of Jesus|Holy Burial]]"), which is both the name of the rite itself and of the statue of the dead Christ that is its focus.<ref name=":2">((Cite web |last=Erram |first=Morexette Marie |date=March 23, 2023 |title=What is Santo Entierro? |url=https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/494693/what-is-santo-entierro |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=CDN Digital))</ref> Comparable to the [[Eastern Orthodox]] and [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Eastern Catholic]] practice of processing the ''[[Epitaphios (liturgical)|epitaphios]]'', the sculpted image of the ''Santo Entierro.'' Left bare or covered to the neck in a [[shroud]] of red, white, black, or gold'','' the image is laid in an ornate, flower-decked ''calandra'' or [[bier]] that is brought around in a funeral procession.<ref name=":2" /> The [[retinue]] is normally composed of images of saints connected to the Passion narrative, such as [[Saint Peter|Peter]], [[Mary Magdalene]], and [[Saint John the Evangelist|John the Evangelist]]. Tradition dictates that regardless of the number of images used in the procession, that of the Virgin Mary, dressed in black and gold as the mourning ''[[Our Lady of Sorrows|Mater Dolorosa]]'', is always last and alone as a mark of importance.

Some places accord the ''Santo Entierro'' traditional, pre-Christian funeral rites such as washing the corpse, [[lying in state|laying the body in state]], or seating it in a funerary chair. In [[Pakil, Laguna|Pakil]], [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] the ''Santo Entierro'' is smoked over burning [[lansones]] peelings: during the procession, the shoulder-borne ''calandra'' makes several stops, and each time is placed on rests above the burning peelings. At each stop, a band plays a hymn and afterwards a crier turns towards the bier and shouts clearly, melodically, and loudly three times in [[Philippine Spanish|Spanish]], "''¡Señor! ¡Misericordia, Señor!''" ("Lord! Mercy, Lord!"), which the congregation repeats in a melodic low voice.<ref>((Cite web |date=May 5, 2009 |title=The Miraculous Crucifix of Pakil |url=http://tantumdicverbo.blogspot.com/2009/05/miraculous-crucifix-of-pakil.html |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=Ecce Ego, Quia Vocasti Me))</ref>

In [[Alimodian, Iloilo|Alimodian]], [[Iloilo]] the ''Santo Entierro'' is interred – not by the altar as is customary elsewhere – but at the church doors for the people to venerate, usually by kissing the icon's feet. There is also a large crucifix before the altar for people to venerate and kiss. Later that night, young girls in costume and bearing lit tapers, walk barefoot in a second procession with the ''Mater Dolorosa'' in an around the town plaza. The maidens meditate and mourn, representing Christ's female disciples accompanying the Virgin Mary.

During Maundy Thursday and Good Friday, a gathering of men in [[Tanay, Rizal|Tanay]] and [[Taytay, Rizal|Taytay]], Rizal province, assemble around the parish church, engaging in feasting and contemplation throughout the night in anticipation of the Santo Entierro statue for the Subok Festival.<ref name=":3">((Cite web |date=April 18, 2011 |title=The unique and varied observance of Holy Week in the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/04/18/the-unique-and-varied-observance-of-holy-week-in-the-philippines/ |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=The Official Gazette))</ref> Various items such as handkerchiefs, bronze medals, and small papers inscribed with Latin phrases are placed within the robe, beneath the feet, and in the hands of the deceased Christ figure. As the Santo Entierro is paraded, these men form a circle by holding hands around the revered statue. Following the procession, these objects are retrieved and regarded as talismans, which the men experiment with by testing their efficacy using various lethal weapons among themselves.<ref name=":3" />

Among the country's famous and elaborate ''calandras'' are those of Agoo, Bacolor, Baliwag, Guagua, Molo, Iloilo, Paete, San Pablo, Sasmuan, Silay, and Vigan. Some are centuries old and were commissioned from the famous ''talleres'' (studios) of the ''santeros'' (saint-maker) Asunción and Máximo Vicente.<ref>((Cite web |date=April 8, 2019 |title=The favorite santero of Manila's moneyed set in the early 1900s |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/04/08/19/this-santero-dominated-the-manila-art-scene-back-in-the-early-1900s |access-date=November 27, 2023 |website=ANCX))</ref> The image itself, meanwhile, is displayed the rest of the year in the church that owns it, or in the house of the family that cares for it.

===Popular culture===
Several traditional taboos are customarily observed on Good Friday, such as the avoidance of excessive noisemaking, and in older times, bathing (except for health reasons).<ref name="SpotPH-Supersititions">((Cite news |last=Regalado |first=Pia |date=April 6, 2023 |title=From Skipping Baths to Avoiding Injuries: The Origins of Filipino Holy Week Beliefs |work=[[Spot.PH]] |url=https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/culture/104344/holy-week-beliefs-superstitions-explainer-a4832-20230405-lfrm |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408075427/https://www.spot.ph/newsfeatures/culture/104344/holy-week-beliefs-superstitions-explainer-a4832-20230405-lfrm |archive-date=April 8, 2023))</ref><ref>((Cite news |date=April 3, 2007 |title=Priests to Pinoys: Please bathe on Good Friday |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/36921/priests-to-pinoys-please-bathe-on-good-friday/story/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402033737/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/36921/priests-to-pinoys-please-bathe-on-good-friday/story/ |archive-date=April 2, 2021))</ref> The prohibitions usually begin after 3:00 PM PST. Children, in particular, were traditionally discouraged from outdoor play, with elders cautioning that since “God is dead”, evil spirits are freely roaming the earth to harm humans.

The ritual mourning and generally sombre mood of the day gave rise to the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] [[idiom]] “''Mukhâ kang Biyernes Santo''” (“You’ve a face like Good Friday.”) The phrase refers to a sad person's demeanor resembling that of the suffering Christ.

== Black Saturday ==
[[File:Saint James the Greater Church Plaridel Easter 06.jpg|thumb|Catholic devotees with candles during the [[Easter Vigil]] at [[Santiago Apostol Church (Plaridel)|Santiago Apostol Church]], [[Plaridel, Bulacan]]]]
Black Saturday or [[Holy Saturday]] ('''''Sábado de Gloria''''') is the third and final [[Public holiday in the Philippines|public holiday]] of the week. The day is legally and colloquially termed in [[Philippine English|English]] as “Black” given the color's role in mourning. The term ''Sábado de Gloria'' ([[Spanish language in the Philippines|Spanish]] for ''Gloria'' Saturday) refers to the return of the ''[[Gloria in Excelsis Deo]]'' during the [[Easter Vigil]] held on this day. The hymn is absent throughout [[Lent]] except on solemnities and Maundy Thursday.

The ritual mourning for the “dead” Christ continues, albeit with less intensity. Traditional taboos from the previous day, such as merrymaking<ref name="PressReader-MB-GoodFriday">((Cite news |last=Hermoso |first=Christina I. |date=April 19, 2019 |title=Good Friday rites to commemorate Christ's passion, crucifixion, and death |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-bulletin/20190419/281479277812449 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |via=[[PressReader]]))</ref> and the consumption of meat, are carried over and sometimes broken at noon. This includes swimming in a river or the sea, as superstition warns against bathing on Good Friday afternoon. Most commercial establishments operate on shorter hours, with smaller enterprises in many areas remaining closed until Easter Sunday or [[Easter Monday]], but some return to normal in major urban areas. Television and radio stations broadcast on shorter hours with special programming, or remain off-air.

==Easter Sunday==
[[File:A child dressed as an angel removes the black veil from the head of the image of the Virgin Mary during the "Salubong" at dawn on Easter Sunday (April 9, 2023) at Santo Domingo Church in Quezon City.jpg|thumb|left|The ''Salubong'' at [[Santo Domingo Church (Quezon City)|Santo Domingo Church]] in Quezon City]]
[[Easter]] ('''''Linggo ng Pagkabuhay''''' or '''''Pasko ng Pagkabuhay''''') is marked with joyous celebrations, the first being the pre-dawn rite called ''Salubong'' in [[Filipino language|Filipino]] and ''Sugat'' in [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] and [[Hiligaynon language|Hiligaynon]] (both calques of the rite's Spanish name ''Encuentro'', "meeting").<ref>((Cite web |last=Fortunado-Sanchez |first=Esmeralda |date=April 13, 2017 |title=Salubong welcomes Risen Christ Easter morning in the Philippines |url=https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/philippines-devotees-welcome-risen-christ-easter |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501043450/https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/philippines-devotees-welcome-risen-christ-easter |archive-date=May 1, 2019 |website=Catholics & Cultures))</ref> The rite is customarily performed in the early hours of Easter before the first Mass. In some parishes, the rite is held earlier at midnight immediately after the long [[Easter Vigil]] proper, retaining the same format.

[[File:Easter Outdoor Dawn Mass Ibaan Batangas 2023-04-09.jpg|thumb|Some churches, like [[Ibaan Church]], hold the first Easter Sunday Mass at dawn before the traditional ''Salubong''.]]
[[File:Ibaan Salubong Pagdagit 2024-03-31.jpg|thumb|The ''Pagdagit'' in [[Ibaan]], [[Batangas]], similar to the ''Salubong'', held at sunrise after the first Mass]]
The ritual is meant to depict the apocryphal reunion of Christ and his Mother, the Virgin Mary, after the Resurrection. Statues of both are borne in two separate processions that converge at a designated area called a ''Galilea'' (“Galilee”),<ref name="PhilStar-Salubong">((Cite news |last1=Delos Santos |first1=Felix |last2=Felipe |first2=Cecille Suerte |date=March 31, 2002 |title='Salubong' marks Easter Sunday |work=[[The Philippine Star]] |url=https://www.philstar.com/news-commentary/2002/03/31/155502/145salubong146-marks-easter-sunday |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408073945/https://www.philstar.com/news-commentary/2002/03/31/155502/145salubong146-marks-easter-sunday |archive-date=April 8, 2023))</ref> which is often an open space with a purpose-built scaffold (permanent or otherwise) near the church. Depending on the size and wealth of the congregation, the processions include statues of any or all the [[Myrrhbearers]], particularly the [[Three Marys]] ([[Mary, mother of James]], [[Mary Magdalene]], and [[Salome (disciple)|Mary Salome]]), along with [[Peter the Apostle|Peter]] and [[John the Evangelist]]. By custom, the two processions are sex-segregated, with male worshipers following the Risen Christ, twelve men dressed as the Apostles, and icons of male saints, while female congregants accompany icons of the Virgin Mary and female saints. Those in the procession hold lit tapers, and often recite the [[rosary]] as a brass band plays hymns and joyful music.

The icon of the Virgin Mary, still called the ''Mater Dolorosa'', is clothed or draped in a black [[veil]] ([[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]: ''lambóng'') to show her bereavement.<ref name="PhilStar-Salubong" /> An “[[angel]]” (often a small girl in costume) stands at or is suspended in mid-air from the ''Galilea''. From this lofty perch, the angel chants the ''[[Regina Coeli]]'' in Latin or in the [[languages of the Philippines|vernacular]],<ref name="Viray-UPD">((Cite journal |last=Viray |first=Bryan Levina |title=Greeting the Virgin Mary: The Dancerly Attitudes of the Bati in Salubong |url=https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/jescl/article/viewFile/6892/5979 |journal=Narrativizing Dancing Bodies |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Diliman]] |pages=100–101 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904064654/https://journals.upd.edu.ph/index.php/jescl/article/viewFile/6892/5979 |archive-date=September 4, 2020 |access-date=April 8, 2023))</ref> sometimes accompanied by similarly dressed schoolchildren representing the [[Hierarchy of angels|angelic choirs]].

The high point is when the principal angel dramatically removes the veil from the Virgin's icon, signalling the abrupt end to her grieving and the period of mourning.<ref name="PhilStar-Salubong" /> The veil may simply be pulled off the statue, or tied to balloons or doves that are released into the dawn sky. The sorrowing Virgin is ritually transformed into ''Nuestra Señora de Alegria'' ("[[Our Lady of Joy]]"); in celebratory veneration, the angels throw flower petals at the icons of the Christ and the Virgin as confetti rains down. The moment is punctuated by [[Church bell|bell]]s pealing, brass bands playing, and [[fireworks]]. The reunited congregation then gathers inside the church for the first Mass of Easter.

==Notable observances and pilgrimage sites==

=== Minglanilla, Cebu===
The traditional "sugat" or the meeting of the risen Christ with the Blessed Virgin Mary signals the start of the new liturgical calendar. The Minglanilla Sugat is a yearly spectacle of ''"little angels”'' (played by children) descending from the sky held at dawn of Easter Sunday. Sugat, the religious activity mainly based on the biblical narration of Jesus's resurrection, in later years became attached to the cultural ''"Kabanhawan Festival,”'' thus ''"Sugat-Kabanhawan Festival.”''<ref>((cite news |last1=Fuentes |first1=Kaiser Jan |title=Minglanilla's 'Sugat' draws 26,000 spectators |url=https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1958173/cebu/local-news/minglanillas-sugat-draws-26000-spectators |access-date=16 July 2023 |work=[[SunStar]] |date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410223449/https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/1958173/cebu/local-news/minglanillas-sugat-draws-26000-spectators |archive-date=10 April 2023 |language=en))</ref>

===Tondo, Manila===
''Caridad'' or ''Pakaridad'' is a way of giving or sharing food (especially [[ginataan]] or [[suman (food)|suman]]) to the neighbors or to the local church or chapel to be given to the crowds of people who attend the Good Friday procession.<ref>((Cite news |last=Fenix |first=Mickey |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Why do Filipinos eat processed fish, not fresh, during Lent? |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/379668/why-do-filipinos-eat-processed-fish-not-fresh-during-lent/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225191917/https://lifestyle.inquirer.net/379668/why-do-filipinos-eat-processed-fish-not-fresh-during-lent/ |archive-date=February 25, 2021))</ref> A complimentary drink of water is also given by local residents living along the processional route.

===Black Nazarene===
The [[Black Nazarene]] icon, brought from Mexico during the [[Manila-Acapulco Galleon|Galleon Trade]] era, is enshrined in [[Quiapo Church]], and is considered miraculous by devotees. It is brought out for procession every Good Friday – one of three such occasions when this is done; the other being every [[Feast of the Black Nazarene|January 9]] and [[New Year's Eve]]. The statue is borne on the shoulders of male devotees in a slow, difficult procession around the narrow streets of the district, a score of men struggle to keep the image moving on. Thousands more try to muscle their way to touch the icon as well as the long ropes in which the wheeled carriage carrying the image is pulled. The procession lasts the whole morning.<ref>((Cite news |last=Orellana |first=Faye |date=April 19, 2019 |title=Black Nazarene procession: A story of faith and struggle |language=en |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1108540/black-nazarene-procession-a-story-of-faith-and-struggle |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419095307/https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1108540/black-nazarene-procession-a-story-of-faith-and-struggle |archive-date=April 19, 2019))</ref><ref>((Cite news |last=Rita |first=Joviland |date=April 7, 2023 |title=20,000 devotees joined Nazareno motorcade on Good Friday, says Quiapo Church |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/866275/20-000-devotees-joined-nazareno-motorcade-on-good-friday-says-quiapo-church/story/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407052405/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/866275/20-000-devotees-joined-nazareno-motorcade-on-good-friday-says-quiapo-church/story/ |archive-date=April 7, 2023))</ref>

===Amulet hunting===
It is a folk belief that ''[[anting-anting]]'' (traditional amulets) are especially potent if collected, made, or imbued with power on Good Friday.<ref name="GMA-AntingAnting">((Cite news |last=Viernes |first=Franchesca |date=April 13, 2022 |title=Why is anting-anting believed to be more potent during Holy Week? |language=en |work=[[GMA News Online]] |url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/828506/why-is-anting-anting-believed-to-be-more-potent-during-holy-week/story/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413153537/https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/828506/why-is-anting-anting-believed-to-be-more-potent-during-holy-week/story/ |archive-date=April 13, 2022))</ref> In [[Sipalay, Negros Occidental]] many ''[[albularyo]]'' (witch doctors) search for anting-anting in unexplored caves. There is a particular type of ''anting-anting'' for every need: for passing exams, childbirth, protection from danger, love, good business, or invincibility. Holy Week also attracts folk healers who gather and showcase their amulets' power in the middle of the plaza. ''Antingeros'' (talisman aficionados) go to [[Mount Banahaw|Mt. Banahaw]] (believed to be a sacred mountain) on Good Friday to empower it there themselves. Believers of ''anting-anting'' claim that the best time to recharge the spiritual energy of their talisman is during the night of Good Friday.<ref>((Cite web |last=Dantes |first=Angelica Louise |date=April 1, 2015 |title=Understanding anting-anting and why it is a 'hot item' during Holy Week |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/business-ideas/Understanding-anting-anting-and-why-it-is-a-hot-item-during-Holy-Week |website=Entrepreneur Philippines |access-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051437/https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/business-ideas/Understanding-anting-anting-and-why-it-is-a-hot-item-during-Holy-Week |url-status=dead ))</ref> Different groups also identify their own special places for 'recharging' their amulets: cemeteries, mountain tops, churches, etc. Recharging of ''anting-anting'' is usually done through repeatedly chanting Latin incantations (copies of which may also be bought) while holding the talisman.

===Procession of Statues===
On Holy Wednesday, a procession is held with [[Paete]]'s 53 images of Christ's life and death. The procession goes through the town's narrow streets en route to the church.<ref name="MB-HolyWednesdayProcessions">((Cite news |last=Garcia |first=Patrick |date=March 27, 2018 |title=Solemn processions set this Holy Wednesday |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |url=https://mb.com.ph/2018/03/27/solemn-processions-set-this-holy-wednesday/ |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230411143036/https://mb.com.ph/2018/03/27/solemn-processions-set-this-holy-wednesday/ |archive-date=April 11, 2023))</ref> It stops three times to give way to the ''Salubong'' (meeting) which depicts three scenes of Jesus' passion and in which Paete's "moving saints" take part. These are: the meeting of Christ and Mary, held at the church patio; the wiping of Jesus' face by Veronica, which takes place at Plaza Edesan; and finally, the encounter between Mary and Veronica where the latter shows the miraculous imprints of Christ's face on her cloth. This is held at the town plaza.

In [[San Pablo, Laguna|San Pablo]], the Good Friday procession consists of huge, century-old statues bedecked in fresh flowers.<ref>((Cite news |last=Taningco |first=Ruben E. |date=March 12, 2018 |title=San Pablo City plaza temporary closed to traffic on Good Friday |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1028334 |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408072411/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1028334 |archive-date=April 8, 2023))</ref><ref>((Cite news |last=Sepe |first=Fernando Jr. |date=April 2, 2013 |title=SLIDESHOW: Carrozas del Sol |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/04/02/13/slideshow-carrozas-del-sol |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230408072716/https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/04/02/13/slideshow-carrozas-del-sol |archive-date=April 8, 2023))</ref> In the old times, the famous processions were that of Saint Bartholomew of Malabon, Binan, Laguna, Pateros and Tuguegarao. Unfortunately, the Holy Week Images from Cagayan were destroyed by the war and similarly the Tres Caidas of Binan. In the seventies, the Holy Week Procession of Malabon consisted of 30 silver carrozas. The highlight was the Tres Caidas either from Talleres Maximo or Asuncion. It today does no longer join the procession of Good Friday. The most famous procession in Manila during the inter war period was of Santa Cruz. Almost all images were obliterated during the aerial-bombardment of Manila in 1945. Today, Makati has a major Holy Wednesday procession aside from the usual Good Friday one, both of which have some of the oldest images and is held in the city proper.

===Passion plays===
====Senákulo====
[[File:Passionplayjf1974 04.JPG|thumb|Senákulo in [[Bulacan]]]]

Many towns have their own versions of the ''Senákulo'', using traditional scripts that are decades or centuries old.<ref>((Cite web |date=April 4, 2017 |title=Senakulo: Holy Week street plays in the Philippines reenact Jesus' life, Passion |url=https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/philippines-holy-week-street-plays-reenact-jesus-life-passion#footnote1_no8nh1w |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809060444/https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/philippines-holy-week-street-plays-reenact-jesus-life-passion |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=Catholics & Cultures |language=en))</ref> A version is held at the [[Cultural Center of the Philippines]], sponsored by the [[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Department of Tourism]]; popular film and televisions stars often join the cast of the play.<ref>((Cite news |date=March 19, 2013 |title=Senakulo play at CCP this week |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/03/19/13/senakulo-play-ccp-week |access-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230409072006/https://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/03/19/13/senakulo-play-ccp-week |archive-date=April 9, 2023))</ref> In [[Taguig]], they popularize the modern version of ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' reshown at the Fort Santiago Amphitheater for the benefit of Manila residents. In [[Mexico, Pampanga]] and [[Dinalupihan, Bataan]], the actor portraying Jesus has been actually nailed to the cross to simulate Christ's passion.

====''Pagtaltal sa Guimaras''====
Ang Pagtaltal is a holy Lenten presentation staged on the hillside of [[Jordan, Guimaras]] every Good Friday, patterned to [[Oberammergau]] in Southern Bavaria, Germany.<ref name=":1">((Cite web |last=Guia |first=Jhaypee |date=June 30, 2012 |title=Ang Pagtaltal: Guimaras' Lenten Presentation |url=https://www.vigattintourism.com/tourism/articles/Ang-Pagtaltal-Guimaras-Lenten-Presentation |website=Vigattin Tourism))</ref> ''Pagtaltal'' means to remove. Thus, the drama ends with the removal or bringing down the body of Jesus Christ from the cross and is laid in the arms of the Blessed Virgin Mary, a familiar scene known as the ''[[Pieta]]'' moment, recalling the period when Christ's body was removed from that very cross where he died.<ref>((Cite web |last=Piccio |first=Belle |date=April 15, 2014 |title=Pagtaltal sa Guimaras |url=https://www.choosephilippines.com/go/history-and-culture/1296/pagtaltal-sa-guimaras |website=ChoosePhilippines))</ref><ref>((Cite news |last=Lena |first=Perla |date=March 22, 2018 |title=Security preps in place for Guimaras' 'Pagtaltal sa Balaan Bukid' |work=[[Philippine News Agency]] |url=https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1029716 |access-date=April 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827164049/https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1029716 |archive-date=August 27, 2018))</ref>

Backed up by a strong Christian community, Jordan has registered its first festival in ''Pagtaltal sa Jordan, Guimaras'', a Good Friday spectacle. This saga of the sufferings of Christ is enacted with intense spirituality, religious realism, theatrical color, and mass appeal that outclass other presentation of similar flavor. The ever increasing throng of spectators, both local and foreign, who brave the summer heat to witness ''Pagtaltal'' is a proof of its popularity.<ref name=":1" />

===Moriones Festival===
[[File:The Moriones Walk.jpg|thumb|The Moriones Walk]]

The [[Moriones Festival]] in the island province of [[Marinduque]] commemorates the story of the [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] [[centurion]], [[Saint Longinus|Longinus]] (Tagalog: ''San Longhino'') and his legendary conversion at the foot of the [[True Cross|cross]].<ref>((Cite book |last=Erven |first=Eugene van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6mEAgAAQBAJ |title=Community Theatre: Global Perspectives |date=September 11, 2002 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-65636-3 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=A6mEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31–32] |language=en |access-date=April 9, 2023))</ref>

The Moriones Festival is a synthesis of Catholicism and folk mysticism.<ref>((Cite web |title=11 Best Festivals to Join in the Philippines ((!)) Guide to t... |url=https://guidetothephilippines.ph/articles/history-culture/best-festivals-philippines |access-date=March 29, 2022 |website=Guide to the Philippines |language=en))</ref> The townsfolk of [[Boac, Marinduque|Boac]], [[Gasan, Marinduque|Gasan]] and [[Mogpog, Marinduque|Mogpog]] are dressed in masks and helmets (''moriones''), depicting Roman soldiers. The rest of the locals portray St. Longinus and hide among the houses while the others search for him. Unlike most of the country, Marinduque observes Holy Week in a much more joyous manner.<ref name=":0" />

===''Salubong''===
====''Saboy''====
The ''Saboy'' is a traditional dance performed by girls on Easter Sunday in [[Las Piñas]], [[Metro Manila]].<ref>((Cite news |last=Bernardo |first=Jaehwa |date=April 11, 2020 |title=Coronavirus lockdown halts Easter traditions |work=[[ABS-CBN News]] |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/04/11/20/coronavirus-lockdown-halts-easter-traditions |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411113430/https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/04/11/20/coronavirus-lockdown-halts-easter-traditions |archive-date=April 11, 2020))</ref> The dance is divided into two parts, the "mourning" section and the "joyful" version.

The first dancer is the ''Salubong'' [[Angel]], who often has large wings and bears a black veil. Second are the Hosanna Angels dressed in white, who usually hold baskets with rose petals and comprise a majority of the dancers.

Third are the ''Tres Marías'' (English: [[Three Marys]]), three older girls dressed in pink and also bearing baskets. Last are the blue-clad ''Kapitana'' (Captainess) and ''Tinyentera'' (Female [[Lieutenant]]); the ''Kapitana'' can be distinguished by the large banner she waves, while the ''Tinyentera'' swings a [[thurible]].

====''Sayaw ng Pagbatì''====
((more citations needed|section=yes|date=March 2024))
[[File:Sayaw ng Pagbati in Ibaan Batangas 2023-04-09.jpg|thumb|''Sayaw ng Pagbati'' in [[Ibaan]], [[Batangas]]]]

The ''Sayaw ng Pagbati'' ("Dance at the Greeting" or Welcome dance) or ''Bati-bati'' for short<ref name="ParanaqueGovPH-Salubong">((Cite news |title=Salubong/Easter Vigil & Pasko ng Pagkabuhay/Feast of the Resurrection (Easter Sunday) |work=Parañaque City Government |url=https://paranaquecity.gov.ph/?p=318 |url-status=live |access-date=April 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719032434/https://paranaquecity.gov.ph/?p=318 |archive-date=July 19, 2022))</ref> is an Easter ritual dancing that shows up to what pious length the local faithful are prepared to take just to tell the world that "Christ is risen". This varies from town to town, with the most prominent versions found in [[Angono, Rizal]] and [[Ibaan, Batangas]], as well as in [[Parañaque]] in [[Metro Manila]].<ref name="researchgate" />

In [[Parañaque]], the ''Sayaw ng Pagbatì'' ("Dance at the Greeting"), performed in different renditions, is the official city cultural dance. On Easter Sunday morning right after Mass and the ''Salubong'' (Encounter) between the images of the Risen Christ and the [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Blessed Mother]], beribboned girls from the various [[barangay]]s of Parañaque clad in white gowns file in front of [[Parañaque Cathedral|St. Andrew Cathedral]] in La Huerta village for a street dance showdown.<ref>((Cite web |last=Dalogdog |first=Michael |date=April 1, 2018 |title='Sayaw ng Pagbati' |url=https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/sayaw-ng-pagbati/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180405203526/https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/sayaw-ng-pagbati/ |archive-date=April 5, 2018 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=CBCP News |publisher=[[Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines]]))</ref> Taking their cue from the marching bands or from a recording, they will dance for hours till noon to the tune of joyful music as they wave their wands in the air.

In the province of [[Batangas]], this version performed in the municipality of [[Ibaan]] consists of a lady who acts as the ''Kapitana'', similar to ''Saboy'', but accompanied with two male escorts.<ref name="researchgate">((Cite journal |last=Tamayo |first=Jose Antonio Lorenzo L. |date=March 31, 2023 |title=Sayaw ng Bati: A Perspective on Transculturation of the Spanish Colonial Heritage in the Southern Tagalog Region of the Philippines |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/369659199 |journal=Különleges Bánásmód - Interdiszciplináris folyóirat |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=174 |doi=10.18458/KB.2023.1.173 |access-date=April 9, 2023 |via=[[ResearchGate]]|doi-access=free ))</ref> In nearby [[Rosario, Batangas|Rosario]], ''Pagbati'' is traditionally composed of three young ladies dancing to the tune of a local brass band.<ref>((cite web |title=Pagbati in Rosario |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2003/04/20/203090/pagbati-rosario |website=Philstar.com |publisher=Philstar Global |date=20 April 2003))</ref> They are dressed in white on the actual Easter Sunday dance early in the morning, and clad in a more colorful dress on the Black Saturday rehearsal dance held in the evening. It is accompanied by waving a flag with grace, making sure it would not fall or roll up.

In the municipality of [[Angono, Rizal]], the traditional Salubong rites consists of a ''Kapitana'' and ''Tenyenta'' who perform a religious dance to the tune of ''Bati''. The ''Tenyenta'' is the first to perform the dnce to the tune of [[Gavotte]]. After that, the ''Kapitana'' recited the traditional poem offered to the Virgin Mary, called ''Dicho'', consisting of 31 stanzas and 124 verses. After that, the ''Kapitana'' performs the dance to the tune of ''valse'' ([[waltz]]).((cn|date=March 2024))

In the municipality of [[Taytay, Rizal]], there is a revived traditional Easter greeting dance consisting of ''Kapitana'' and her four councilors or assistants (''konsehala''). The Taytay Municipal Mayor Allan Martine de Leon brought back this tradition in March 2023. The ''Kapitana at Mga Konsehala'' represents the five barangays in the municipality: Dolores, San Isidro, Santa Ana, San Juan, and Muzon.((cn|date=March 2024))

In the municipality of [[Cainta, Rizal]], the rites consist of a ''Kapitana'' who performs the dance to the tune of ''Marcha'' and ''Modanza''. The four captainesses (''Kapitana Apatan'') represents the barangays of Cainta: San Roque, San Andres, San Juan, and Barrio Dayap (Consisting of Barangay Sto. Domingo, Barangay Sta. Rosa, and Barangay Sto. Niño).((cn|date=March 2024))

==See also==
((portal|Christianity|Philippines))
* [[Binignit]]
* [[Black Nazarene]]
* [[Good Friday processions in Baliwag]]
* [[Paete, Laguna#Holy Week in Paete|Holy Week in Paete]]
* [[Hispanic influence on Filipino culture]]
* ''[[Pasyon]]''

==External links==
((Commons category))
* ((Cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/04/18/the-unique-and-varied-observance-of-holy-week-in-the-philippines/|title=The unique and varied observance of Holy Week in the Philippines|website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines|date=April 18, 2011))
* ((Cite news|title=Good Friday traditions, solemn rites held today |url=http://ph.news.yahoo.com/good-friday-traditions-solemn-rites-held-today-082220048.html |work=Manila Bulletin |date=21 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227193222/http://ph.news.yahoo.com/good-friday-traditions-solemn-rites-held-today-082220048.html |archive-date=February 27, 2014 |via=Yahoo News))
* ((Cite news|title=Holy Wednesday Focuses On Judas’ Betrayal Of Jesus |first=Christina I. |last=Hermoso |url=http://www.mb.com.ph/article.php?aid=5223&sid=1&subid=1 |date=March 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416095035/http://www.mb.com.ph/article.php?aid=5223&sid=1&subid=1 |archive-date=April 16, 2013 |work=Manial Bulletin))
* ((Cite news|url=http://www.breakingnews.ph/158541/tourists-witness-good-friday-procession-baliwag |title=Tourists witness Good Friday procession in Baliwag))
* ((Cite web|url=https://cbcpnews.net/visitaiglesia/ |title=Online Visita Iglesia |website=[[Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines|CBCP News]]))

==References==
((Reflist))

((Catholic Church in the Philippines))
((Easter))

[[Category:Holy Week in the Philippines| ]]
[[Category:Holy Week processions|Philippines]]
[[Category:Christian festivals in the Philippines]]

Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page (help):

Holy Week in the Philippines (edit)
Template:Ambox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Bulleted list (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Template:Catholic Church in the Philippines (edit)
Template:Citation needed (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite book (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite journal (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite news (view source) (protected)
Template:Cite web (view source) (protected)
Template:Cn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Commons category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Copy edit (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Egypt (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Estonia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Indonesia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Ireland (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Kazakhstan (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Malaysia (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Nigeria (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Peru (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Philippines (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Soviet Union (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Venezuela (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Wales (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Easter (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:If then show (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Infobox holiday (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Infobox holiday/date (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-es (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Lang-fil (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:PHI (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:PHL (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Plainlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Sister project (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Use Philippine English (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Template:Use mdy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Convert (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Convert/text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:CountryData (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:CountryData/cacheE (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Module:CountryData/summary (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Exponential search (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Flag (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Flagg (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Hatnote/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal-inline (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/aliases (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/c (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data/scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Holy Week in the Philippines.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week_in_the_Philippines"