Hotan Prefecture
خوتەن ۋىلايىتى (Uyghur)
和田地区 (Chinese)
Khotan, Hetian, Gosthana
Prefecture
Hotan City
Hotan City
Hotan prefecture (red) (including Kunyu) in Xinjiang (orange)
Hotan prefecture (red) (including Kunyu) in Xinjiang (orange)
CountryPeople's Republic of China
RegionXinjiang
SeatHotan[1]
Government
 • CPC Secretary
(地委书记)		Yang Fasen
(杨发森[2])
Area
[3][a]
 • Total248,059.54 km2 (95,776.32 sq mi)
Population
 (2020 Census)[4]
 • Total2,441,231
 • Density9.8/km2 (25/sq mi)
Ethnic groups
 • Major ethnic groupsUyghur, Han Chinese[5][6][7][8]: 178 
Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)
ISO 3166 codeCN-XJ-32
GDP (Nominal)[9]2021
 - Total¥46.7 billion
$7.1 billion
 - Per Capita¥18,235
$2,827
 - GrowthIncrease 6.6%
Websitexjht.gov.cn
Hotan Prefecture
Uyghur name
Uyghurخوتەن ۋىلايىتى‎
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese和田地区
Traditional Chinese和田地區

Hotan Prefecture[10] (see also § Etymology) is located in the Tarim Basin region of southwestern Xinjiang, China, bordering the Tibet Autonomous Region to the south and Union Territory of Ladakh and Gilgit-Baltistan to the west. The vast majority of the Aksai Chin region which is disputed between China and India is administered as part of Hotan Prefecture. The seat of Hotan Prefecture is Hotan and its largest county by population is Karakax County. The vast majority of the residents of the prefecture are Muslim Uyghurs and live around oases situated between the desolate Taklamakan Desert and Kunlun Mountains.

The region was the center of the ancient Iranian Saka Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan. Later, the region was part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, followed by the Qara Khitai, Chagatai Khanate, Moghulistan and the Dzungar Khanate, which was conquered by the Qing dynasty of China. Hotan became part of Xinjiang under Qing rule.[11] In the 1930s, the Khotan Emirate declared independence from China.[citation needed] The People's Liberation Army entered Hotan in 1949.

The prefecture is known for its jade, silk and carpets.

Etymology

Hotan Prefecture is named for its seat, Hotan (or Khotan). The area was originally known as Godana in ancient Sanskrit cosmological texts.[12] The Chinese transcribed the name as 于窴, pronounced Gudana in Middle Chinese (Yutian in modern Standard Chinese); the pronunciation eventually morphed into Khotan. In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist monk and scholar Xuanzang attempted to remedy this lexical change. Xuanzang, who was well-versed in Sanskrit, proposed that the traditional name was in fact Kustana (गौस्तन) and asserted it meant "breast of the earth". However, this was likely borrowed from the Tibetan name for the region, Gosthana, which means "land of cows". It is therefore most likely that the original name of Hotan was Sanskritic in origin, a consequence of ancient Indian settlement in the area.[13][14]

The official Uyghur-Latin transliteration, and therefore English spelling, of the modern city's name is "Hotan" according to the Register of Chinese Geographic Places.[15] The Hanyu pinyin romanization Hetian has also been used on some maps.

History

The Hotan Prefecture region played a major part in the Dungan Revolt (1862–1877).[11]

Tunganistan was an independent administered region in the southern part of Xinjiang from 1934 to 1937. The territory included the oases of the southern Tarim Basin; the centre of the region was Khotan.

On December 22, 1949, PLA forces reached Hotan. In 1950, the area was redesignated as Hotan District (和闐專區).[16]

In 1959, the Chinese character name of Hotan was changed from '和阗' to the homophonous '和田'.[1][16]

In 1962, events of the Sino-Indian War occurred in parts of Aksai Chin administered as part of Hotan Prefecture.

In 1971, Hotan was changed from a district (专区) to a prefecture (地区).[16]

Between June 1991 and March 1992, there were six attacks with firearms on Han Chinese residents in Hotan Prefecture.[17]

According to a reporter for the Wen Wei Po in Ürümqi, between January and August 2005, authorities had disbanded six "illegal underground" religious schools in Hotan Prefecture and confiscated more than one hundred unauthorized religious books and periodicals as well as 972 audio and video tapes.[18][19]

In 2016, Kunyu was established within the boundaries of Hotan Prefecture.

In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China, 171 Uyghur workers from Hotan Prefecture were sent to Changsha, Hunan.[20]

Geography

The vast majority of the residents live around oases situated between the desolate Taklamakan Desert and Kunlun Mountains. To the north, the prefecture borders Aksu Prefecture, to the east Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture, to the west Kashgar Prefecture, and to the south, Tibet and the areas disputed between China, India and Pakistan. Aksai Chin includes the southernmost point administered as part of Xinjiang. Most of the prefecture has a cold desert climate.

Administrative divisions

Windbreak forest in Hotan, July 1993
Melikawat

The Hotan Prefecture is divided into one county-level city and seven counties and surrounds Kunyu:[21][2]


(Outdated map: Kunyu was established within the boundaries of Hotan Prefecture in 2016)
# Name Uyghur (UEY) Uyghur Latin (ULY) Chinese (S) Hanyu Pinyin Population (2020) Area (km²) Density (/km²)
1 Hotan[10] (Hetian) خوتەن شەھىرى Hoten Shehiri 和田市 Hétián Shì 501,028 466 1074.15
2 Hotan County[10] (Hetian) خوتەن ناھىيىسى Hoten Nahiyisi 和田县 Hétián Xiàn 324,603 41,080[b] 7.90
3 Karakax County[10] (Moyu) قاراقاش ناھىيىسى Qaraqash Nahiyisi 墨玉县 Mòyù Xiàn 571,648 25,608 22.32
4 Pishan County[10] (Guma) گۇما ناھىيىسى Guma Nahiyisi 皮山县 Píshān Xiàn 281,573 39,463 7.14
5 Lop County (Luopu) لوپ ناھىيىسى Lop Nahiyisi 洛浦县 Luòpǔ Xiàn 286,900 14,114 20.33
6 Qira County (Chira, Cele) چىرا ناھىيىسى Chira Nahiyisi 策勒县 Cèlè Xiàn 157,792 31,592 4.99
7 Keriya County (Yutian[10]) كېرىيە ناھىيىسى Kériye Nahiyisi 于田县 Yútián Xiàn 257,038 39,033 6.59
8 Niya County (Minfeng[10]) نىيە ناھىيىسى Niye Nahiyisi 民丰县 Mínfēng Xiàn 42,649 56,703 0.75
Musicians at Hotan Sunday Market

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
20001,681,310—    
20102,014,362+1.82%
20152,324,287+2.90%
[5][22]

According to the analysis of Adrian Zenz, the population growth of Hotan declined significantly between 2015 and 2018.[23]

As of 2015, 2,248,113 (96.7%) of the 2,324,287 residents of the prefecture were Uyghur, 71,233 were Han Chinese (3.1%) and 4,941 were from other ethnic groups.[22]

In 2014, according to a local government employee in the township of Langru in Hotan County, "Islamic beliefs are very strong" in the prefecture.[7]

As of the 2000s, the population of Hotan Prefecture was more than 95% Uyghur.[5][6][7][8]: 178 

As of 1999, 96.9% of the population of Hotan (Hetian) Prefecture was Uyghur and 3.1% of the population was Han Chinese.[24]

Residents of Hotan Prefecture commonly speak Uyghur and often do not speak Mandarin Chinese.[8]: 181 [25][26][27]: 241 [better source needed]

Notable persons

Historical maps

Historical English-language maps including modern-day Hotan Prefecture area:

Notes

  1. ^ includes areas in Aksai Chin
  2. ^ includes areas in Aksai Chin
  3. ^ From map: "DELINEATION OF INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES MUST NOT BE CONSIDERED AUTHORITATIVE".
  4. ^ From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."
  5. ^ From map: "The representation of international boundaries is not necessarily authoritative"
  6. ^ From map: "The representation of boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."
  7. ^ From map: "The representation of boundaries is not necessarily authoritative."

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b 夏征农; 陈至立, eds. (September 2009). 辞海：第六版彩图本 [Cihai (Sixth Edition in Color)] (in Chinese (China)). Shanghai: Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House. p. 0866. ISBN 978-7-5326-2859-9. 和田 1市名。{...}和田地区行署驻此。{...}清设和阗直隶州，1913年改和阗县，1959年改和田县。
  2. ^ a b 行政区划 [Administrative Divisions]. Hotan Prefecture People's Government. 19 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2020. 和田地区辖和田市、和田县、皮山县、墨玉县、洛浦县、策勒县、于田县、民丰县7县1市，91个乡镇，13个街道办事处，98个社区，1384个行政村，还有生产建设兵团十四师及所属奴尔牧场、47团场、皮山农场及224团场。历任中共和田地委书记22位，专员14位，现任地委书记杨发森、行署专员艾则孜•木沙。
  3. ^ "《和田地区土地利用总体规划（2010-2020年）》". 和田地区国土资源局. ((cite web)): Missing or empty |url= (help)
  4. ^ 国务院第七次全国人口普查领导小组办公室 (July 2022). 王萍萍 (ed.). 中国人口普查分县资料—2020. 中国统计出版社. ISBN 978-7-5037-9772-9.
  5. ^ a b c 和田地区历史沿革 [Hotan Prefecture Historical Evolution]. XZQH.org (in Simplified Chinese). 1 December 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2020. 2000年第五次人口普查，和田地区常住总人口1681310人。{...}2000年末，和田地区常住总人口168.15万，其中非农业人口23.67万人，占总人口的14.08%；维吾尔族162.56万人，占总人口的96.67%。{...}2003年，和田地区总面积248945.29平方千米，{...}2010年第六次人口普查，和田地区常住总人口2014362人，
  6. ^ a b 1997年和田地区行政区划. XZQH.org (in Simplified Chinese). 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 30 October 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2020. 维吾尔族占96.9％，汉族占2.9％。
  7. ^ a b c Richard Finney, Jelil Kashgari and Erkin Tarim (17 December 2014). "Uyghurs Face Seizure of Land, Personal Property Under Tough New Rules". Translated by Eset Sulaiman. Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 18 January 2020. Government employees at the local level frequently regret the difficulties caused by these requirements, an employee at Langru's Economy Management Office told RFA, adding, "But we have no choice, since these are the rules of our county." Hotan prefecture, in which the county lies, "is a very special region in the [Xinjiang] Autonomous Region," he said. "Most of our population here are Uyghurs, and their Islamic beliefs are very strong."
  8. ^ a b c Colin Legerton; Jacob Rawson (2009). Invisible China: A Journey Through Ethnic Borderlands. Chicago Review Press. pp. 178, 181. ISBN 978-1-55652-814-9 – via Internet Archive. While much of Xinjiang is being overpopulated by Han migration from eastern China that has more than quadrupled the desert region's population in a mere half-century, Hotan has been protected from the influx by its remote location at the southern base of the Taklimakan. It remains more than 95 percent Uyghur.{...}Even after eight years in the city, he spoke only Uyghur. His few Han clients were forced to communicate in their limited Uyghur, he explained, as he himself had never learned Chinese. In Hotan, there was no need for it.
  9. ^ "2021年和田地区国民经济和社会发展统计公报" (in Chinese). 19 April 2022. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g The official spelling is "Hotan" according to 中国地名录. Beijing: SinoMaps Press (中国地图出版社). 1997. p. 304. ISBN 7-5031-1718-4.
  11. ^ a b "Hotan". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
  12. ^ Higgins, Benjamin (November 1962). "The Philippines. Public Policy and National Economic Development. By Frank Golay. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1961. Xviii, 455. Map, Tables, Index, Bibliographic Essay". The Journal of Asian Studies. 22 (1): 114–116. doi:10.2307/2049929. JSTOR 2049929.
  13. ^ Wang, Bangwei; Sen, Tansen (2011). India and China: Interactions through Buddhism and Diplomacy: A Collection of Essays by Professor Prabodh Chandra Bagchi. Anthem Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780857288219.
  14. ^ Puri, Baij Nath (1987), Buddhism in Central Asia, Motilal Banarsidass, p. 52, ISBN 978-81-208-0372-5
  15. ^ (中国地名录, published in Beijing, SinoMaps Press 中国地图出版社 1997; ISBN 7-5031-1718-4; p. 312.)
  16. ^ a b c 历史沿革 (in Simplified Chinese). Hotan Prefecture People's Government. 19 January 2019. Retrieved 22 January 2020. 1949年12月22日中国人民解放军十五团抵达和阗 ，和阗解放。1950年改称和阗专区，1959年改和阗为和田，1971年改专区为地区，1979年建立和田行政公署。
  17. ^ Justin V. Hastings (December 2011). "Charting the Course of Uyghur Unrest". The China Quarterly (208): 901. JSTOR 41447781. (Sourced to the Xinjiang Public Security Gazette (新疆通志·公安志), pages 84)
  18. ^ [2005-08-31] 新疆破獲東突分裂組織. Wen Wei Po (in Traditional Chinese). 31 August 2005. Archived from the original on 7 November 2005 – via Internet Archive. 據悉，今年以來，該地區已查獲地下非法教經點6個，查收非法宗教書刊100餘本、音像製品972盒和帶有違法的各類物品1,874件。
  19. ^ "Uighur Separatists Arrested in Xinjiang's Hetian Prefecture". Congressional-Executive Commission on China. 7 September 2005. Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2020. The article also reports that since January, Hetian authorities have disbanded six "illegal underground" religious schools and confiscated unauthorized religious books, periodicals, and audio and video tapes.
  20. ^ Mamatjan Juma; Alim Seytoff; Joshua Lipes (27 February 2020). "Xinjiang Authorities Sending Uyghurs to Work in China's Factories, Despite Coronavirus Risks". Radio Free Asia. Translated by Mamatjan Juma; Alim Seytoff. Archived from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Recent reports by the official Xinjiang Daily and Chinanews.com said that from Feb. 22-23, "400 youths were transferred to the provinces of Hunan, Zhejiang, and Jiangxi." Of those, 114 from Awat (in Chinese, Awati) county, in the XUAR's Aksu (Akesu) prefecture, were sent to Jiangxi's Jiujiang city on Feb. 23, 100 from Aksu city were sent to Jiujiang on Feb. 22, and 171 from Hotan (Hetian) prefecture were sent to Changsha city in Hunan province, the reports said, without providing a date for the last transfer.
  21. ^ 2018年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：和田地区 [2018 Statistical Area Numbers and Rural-Urban Area Numbers: Hotan Prefecture] (in Simplified Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2020. 统计用区划代码 名称 653201000000 和田市 653221000000 和田县 653222000000 墨玉县 653223000000 皮山县 653224000000 洛浦县 653225000000 策勒县 653226000000 于田县 653227000000 民丰县
  22. ^ a b 3-7 各地、州、市、县(市)分民族人口数 (in Simplified Chinese). Statistic Bureau of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. Archived from the original on 2017-10-11. Retrieved 2017-09-03.
  23. ^ Adrian Zenz (24 November 2019). "China Didn't Want Us to Know. Now Its Own Files Are Doing the Talking". New York Times. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 24 December 2019. Official statistics show that the combined net population growth rates of Hotan and Kashgar, two of the largest Uighur regions, dropped by about 84 percent between 2015 and 2018.
  24. ^ Morris Rossabi, ed. (2004). Governing China's Multiethnic Frontiers (PDF). University of Washington Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-295-98390-6. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2020-05-04.
  25. ^ Peter Neville-Hadley (1997). China the Silk Routes. Cadogan Guides. Globe Pequot Press. p. 304. ISBN 1-86011-052-5 – via Internet Archive. Travelling east from Khotan{...}Many Uighurs speak no Chinese at all, and most hotels are even less likely to have English speakers than those elsewhere in China.
  26. ^ David Eimer (2014). The Emperor Far Away: Travels at the Edge of China. Bloomsbury USA. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-62040-363-1 – via Internet Archive. Far fewer people understood Mandarin in Hotan than anywhere else I'd been in Xinjiang. It made getting around difficult, as not only did the taxi drivers fail to understand what I was saying, but they couldn't read an address either. Most ignored or didn't know the Chinese names given to the streets anyway.
  27. ^ 王炜, ed. (2004). Xin jiang 新疆 [Xinjiang] (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: Encyclopedia of China Publishing House. pp. 235, 241. ISBN 7-5000-6883-2 – via Internet Archive. 和田地区{...}安全 因为与当地人语言交流可能有障碍，注意礼貌和当地习俗是非常必要，以免发生不必要的争执。

External links

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37°07′N 79°55′E / 37.11°N 79.91°E / 37.11; 79.91

County-level divisions of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
Prefecture-level divisions of China
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