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((Short description|Roman fort in Northumberland, England))
((Coord|55.013|-2.331|display=title))
((Use British English|date=February 2023))
((Use dmy dates|date=January 2024))
((Infobox castrum
| image = File:Housesteads Roman Fort aerial.jpg
| name = Housesteads Roman Fort
| caption= 
| alt_names =Vercovicium, Borcovicium
| built_during_reign_of =
| founded =
| abandoned = c. 400 AD
| attested_by = Notitia Dignitatum
| previous_fortification =
| type =
| robust_struct_material = Stone
| robust_struct_built_during_reign_of =
| robust_struct_built = c. 124 AD
| legions = Legio II Augusta
| cohorts = Cohors I Tungrorum
| alae =
| classis =
| events =
| province = [[Britannia]]
| coordinates =
| altitude_m =
| altitude_ref =
| map = United Kingdom Northumberland
| map_alt = <!-- Alternative text for map, see WP:ALT for details -->
| map_caption =
| map_size = <!-- Width of map image, over-rides default of 250 -->
| map_relief = <!-- Any non-blank value to display relief map, if available -->
| place_name =
| location_town = Hexham
| location_county = Northumberland
| location_state =
| location_country = England
| ref:UK:OSNG = NY789687
| ref:RO:LMI =
| ref:RO:RAN =
| ref:UNESCO =
| website = [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/publications/housesteads-roman-fort/ Housesteads Roman Fort]
| notes =
))
[[File:8 Vercovicium.png|thumb|300px|Vercovicium (1964 OS map)]]
[[File:Plan Castel Housestaeds 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.png|thumb|Plan of fort]]

'''Housesteads Roman Fort''' was an [[auxilia]]ry [[castra|fort]] on [[Hadrian's Wall]],<ref>J.G. Crow, ''Housesteads Roman Fort'', London: English Heritage (1989)</ref> at Housesteads, Northumberland, England. It is dramatically positioned on the end of the mile-long crag of the [[Whin Sill]] over which the Wall runs, overlooking sparsely populated hills. It was called the "grandest station" on the Wall and is one of the best-preserved and extensively displayed forts.<ref> Alan Rushworth (15 February 2014). Housesteads Roman Fort - the Grandest Station. English Heritage Publishing. p. ix. ISBN 9781848021655.</ref> It was occupied for almost 300 years. It was located 5.3 miles west from [[Brocolitia|Carrawburgh]] fort, 6 miles east of [[Great Chesters]] fort and about two miles north east of the existing fort at [[Vindolanda]] on the [[Stanegate]] road.

The site is now owned by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] and is currently in the care of [[English Heritage]]. Finds from the fort can be seen in the site museum, in the museum at [[Cilurnum|Chesters]], and in the [[Great North Museum: Hancock]] in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]].

==Name==

The name of the fort has been given as Vercovicium, Borcovicus,<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EQZ0kAqQuIUC&pg=PA15|page=15|title=The English Castle|author=A. Hamilton Thompson|publisher=Courier Corporation|date= 10 Apr 2013 |isbn=9780486164342))</ref>  Borcovicium,<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ssCJrneSj0YC&pg=PA43|page=43|title=A History of Fortification from 3000 BC to AD 1700|author=Sidney Toy|publisher=Casemate Publishers|date= 2005|isbn=9781844153589)) (1st ed. 1955; 2nd ed. 1966)</ref> and Velurtion.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLQyAQAAMAAJ&q=Velurtion+Housesteads|title=The History of Northumberland|author=Cadwallader John Bates|publisher=Sandhill Press|date= 1996|isbn=9780946098422))</ref> An inscription found at Housesteads with the letters VER, is believed to be short for Ver(covicianorum), the letters ver being interchangeable with bor in later Latin.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xxw9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA285|page=285|title=Housesteads Roman Fort - the Grandest Station|author=Alan Rushworth|publisher=English Heritage Publishing|date= 15 Feb 2014|isbn=9781848021655))</ref><ref>((cite book|title=Handbook to the Roman Wall|url=https://archive.org/details/handbooktoroman00brucgoog|page=111|author=John Collingwood Bruce|publisher= Hindson & A. Reid|date= 1966))</ref>  

The 18th-century farmhouse of Housesteads provides the modern name.<ref name=name>((cite web|url=http://www.northofthetyne.co.uk/HWC9.html|title=Hadrian's Wall|work=northofthetyne.co.uk))</ref>

==History==
((more citations needed|section|date=February 2016))
[[File:Granary at Housesteads Roman Fort.jpg|thumb|The northern granary looking east. The pillars supported a raised floor to keep food dry and free from vermin<ref>James Crow (2004), ''Housesteads. A Fort And Garrison on Hadrian's Wall'', Stroud: Tempus, p. 56</ref>]]
[[File:Housesteads latrines.jpg|thumb|The [[latrines]], hygienically placed at the lowest corner of the fort, supplied by a water tank at rear with original lead sealing between its slabs.<ref>J. G. Crow (1989), ''Housesteads Roman Fort'', English Heritage, p.8.</ref>]]

[[Hadrian's Wall]] was begun in AD 122 and included no forts but smaller milecastles but before it was finished there was a change of plan to include forts. [[Milecastle 36#Turret 36b|Turret 36B]] on the site was therefore demolished to make way for the fort built in stone around AD 124 with its northern wall overlying the original Broad Wall foundation.<ref>((Cite web|title=Housesteads (Vercovicivm) Roman Fort|url=https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/housesteads-roman-fort/#17-the-garrison-units-at-housesteads|publisher=Roman-Britain.co.uk))</ref> The fort was repaired and rebuilt several times. A major rebuilding in the late 3rd/early 4th century included interval towers on the walls, a huge ''[[horreum]]'' (warehouse) and new barracks.

A substantial civil settlement ([[Vicus (Rome)|vicus]]) existed to the south, outside the fort, and some of the stone foundations can still be seen, including the so-called "Murder House", where two skeletons were found beneath an apparently newly-laid floor when excavated.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Norton |first1=Mary E. |title=Roman Britain Today |journal=The Classical Outlook |date=1970 |volume=47 |issue=9 |pages=98–101 |jstor=43936348 |issn=0009-8361))</ref> The vicus was abandoned in about 270 before the rebuilding of the fort.

It is unusual for Britain in that it had no running water supply and was dependent upon rainwater collection for which purpose there is a series of large stone-lined cisterns around the periphery of the defences). It also has one of the best-preserved stone [[latrine]]s in [[Roman Britain]].

==Garrison==

In the 2nd century AD, the garrison consisted of an unknown double-sized auxiliary infantry [[Cohort (military unit)|cohort]] and a detachment of [[legionaries]] from ''[[Legio II Augusta]]''.<ref>((Cite web|title=Housesteads (Vercovicivm) Roman Fort|url=https://www.roman-britain.co.uk/places/housesteads-roman-fort/#17-the-garrison-units-at-housesteads|publisher=Roman-Britain.co.uk))</ref> From 205/208<ref>RIB 1631b</ref> it comprised ''Cohors I Tungrorum'' (nominally 1000 strong) augmented by the ''numerus Hnaudifridi'' and the ''[[Cuneus Frisionum]]'', a Frisian cavalry unit, ''cuneus'' referring to a wedge formation. The Tungrians were still there in the 4th century, according to the ''[[Notitia Dignitatum]]''. By 409 AD the Romans had withdrawn.<ref>Thomas Brown (2006) ''Celtic Roots'', Trafford Publishing ((ISBN|1-55212-585-8))</ref>

==Housesteads farm==
((more citations needed|section|date=February 2016))
Housesteads is a former farm whose ruins remain built up against the south gate of the Roman fort. The farm was purchased by the amateur historian [[John Clayton (town clerk)|John Clayton]] in 1838, to add to his collection of Roman Wall farms. The Roman site was cleared of later buildings by Clayton, and the present farmhouse built about 1860. John Maurice Clayton attempted to auction the fort in 1929. It did not reach its reserve and was donated to the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]] in 1930. The farm was later owned by the Trevelyans who gave the land for the site museum.

==See also==
* [[History of Northumberland]]

==References==
((reflist|30em))

;Sources
* Crow, J. ''Housesteads Roman Fort and its Environs'', Univ. of Newcastle 1994
* Crow, J. ''Housesteads'', London: Batsford (1995) (second edition, Stroud: Tempus 2004)

==Further reading==
* ((cite book | last=Birley | first=Eric | title=Housesteads Roman Fort | year=1952 | publisher=English Heritage | location=London))
* Dodds, Glen Lyndon, (2002) ''Historic Sites of Northumberland & Newcastle upon Tyne'' pp 96–103
* ((cite web | last=Hickey | first=Julia | title=Carlisle and the Border Reivers | work = TimeTravel-Britain.com | url=http://www.timetravel-britain.com/06/Oct/reivers.shtml | access-date = 8 February 2006))
* Gibson papers, [[Northumberland Record Office]] (NRO)
* [[John Hodgson (antiquary)|John Hodgson]], ''History of Northumberland'' vol III part II page 288
* Rivet, A. L. F. ''The Place-Names of Roman Britain'', London: Batsford (1979)

==External links==
((commons category))
* [https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/hadrians-wall-and-housesteads-fort Hadrian's Wall and Housesteads Fort – National Trust]
* [https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/housesteads-roman-fort-hadrians-wall/ History and visitor information: English Heritage]

((Hadrian's Wall forts))
((Roman visitor sites in the UK))
((Locations of Bastle houses in the United Kingdom))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Roman fortifications in England]]
[[Category:Roman sites in Northumberland]]
[[Category:Forts of Hadrian's Wall]]
[[Category:History of Northumberland]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Northumberland]]
[[Category:National Trust properties in Northumberland]]
[[Category:Museums in Northumberland]]
[[Category:Museums of ancient Rome in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Archaeological museums in England]]

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