Hualong Cave
Hualongdong
LocationDongzhi County, Anhui, People's Republic of China
Coordinates30°03′48″N 116°33′55″E / 30.0634°N 116.5654°E / 30.0634; 116.5654
Depth3.1–4.8 m
Length93 m

Hualong Cave (simplified Chinese: 华龙洞; traditional Chinese: 華龍洞; pinyin: huálóng dòng; lit. 'flowery/elegant dragon cave') is a cave in Pangwang village in Dongzhi County, Anhui Province, China, and situated on the southern bank of Yangtze.[1] It is located on the side of Meiyuan Hill. Palaeontological interest started in 2004 when a farmer accidentally found bones that were later identified as mammalian fossils.[2] Excavations started in 2006 by paleontologists from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.[3] It has yielded many stone tools and over 30 human fossils, and animal bones including those of Ailuropoda, Arctonyx, Bubalus, Sinomegaceros, Stegodon, giant tapir, and giant pandas. The most notable fossils are those of the Hualongdong people,[4] including Homo erectus (dubbed Dongzhi Man) described in 2014,[5] and that of a 300,000-year-old archaic human discovered in 2019.[6]

Stone tool

Hualong Cave shows the lifestyle of humans in the Paleolithic Age. Bone tools were used for cutting animals but not for hunting. More than 100 stone tools have been discovered. These stone tools were made from siliceous rocks. Scrapers were the most abundant tools.[7]

Animal fossil

More than 40 species of mammalian fossils have been discovered from Hualong Cave. The majority of them are even-toed ungulates. Only few rodents can be identified. Important specimens include Ailuropoda, Arctonyx, Bubalus, Sinomegaceros, stegodon, giant tapir, and giant pandas. The occurrence of Sinomegaceros in the cave is remarked as the most southern in China.[3]

Human fossil

Main article: Hualongdong people

Dongzhi Man

Popularized as Dongzhi Man, a human fossil described in 2014 from Hualong Cave is considered as among the most well-preserved Homo erectus specimens.[5] It was discovered in 2006 along with stone artifacts and animal fossils during the first excavation. It consisted of two skull fragments and one separated (lower molar) teeth. The skull fragments were believed to be from the same individual.[8] It is different from other fossils of the same species including Peking Man found in China. The teeth surfaces (enamel-dentine junctions) are much simpler and the cusps are sharper.[9]

Other Fossils

Recent human family tree

Neanderthals

Homo antecessor

Jinniushan

Dongzhi man

Dali

Xiahe

Harbin

Modern humans

According to Ni et al. 2021[10] (note, Xiahe and Denisovans are most closely related to Neanderthals according to nDNA and ancient protein analyses by Chen et al. 2019.[11])

In 2019 a discovery of 16 human fossils was announced which were estimated to be about 300,000 (275,000–331,000) years old.[2] The fossil assemblage included 8 cranial elements, seven isolated teeth, three femoral diaphyseal pieces, and major portions of an adolescent skull (designated HLD 6, HLD for Hualongdong).

References

  1. ^ Dong, Wei (2016). "Biochronological framework of Homo erectus horizons in China". Quaternary International. 400: 47–57. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.09.019.
  2. ^ a b "Chinese researchers discover 300,000-year-old ancient human fossils". Chinadaily.com.cn. Xinhua. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  3. ^ a b Tong, H; Wu, X; Dong, Z; et al. (2018). "Ānhuī Dōngzhì Huálóng Dòng gǔ rénlèi yízhǐ bǔrǔ dòngwù huàshí de chūbù yánjiū" 安徽东至华龙洞古人类遗址哺乳动物化石的初步研究 [Preliminary report on the mammalian fossils from the ancient human site of Hualong Cave in Dongzhi, Anhui]. Rénlèixué xuébào / Acta Anthropologica Sinica (in Chinese). 37 (2): 284–305. doi:10.16359/j.cnki.cn11-1963/q.2017.0070.
  4. ^ Lewis, Dyani (2023-09-18). "A new human species? Mystery surrounds 300,000-year-old fossil". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-023-02924-8.
  5. ^ a b "Well-Preserved Homo Erectus Skull Discovered in China". Archaeology. 20 November 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  6. ^ "300,000-Year-Old Fossils Discovered in China". Archaeology. 24 May 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  7. ^ Anhui Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and Research Center for Chinese Frontier Archaeology of Jilin University (2013). "The Hualong Cave upper Paleolithic site in Dongzhi County, Anhui". Chinese Archaeology. 13 (1): 55–60. doi:10.1515/char-2013-0007.
  8. ^ Gong, X; Zheng, L; Xing, S; et al. (2014). "Ānhuī Dōngzhì Huálóng Dòng chūtǔ de rénlèi huàshí" 安徽东至华龙洞出土的人类化石 [Human fossils found from Hualong cave, Dongzhi county, Anhui Province]. Rénlèixué xuébào / Acta Anthropologica Sinica (in Chinese). 33 (4): 428–436.
  9. ^ Xing, Song; Martinón-Torres, María; Bermúdez de Castro, José María (2018). "The fossil teeth of the Peking Man". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 2066. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20432-y. PMC 5794973. PMID 29391445.
  10. ^ Ni, X.; Ji, Q.; Wu, W.; et al. (2021). "Massive cranium from Harbin in northeastern China establishes a new Middle Pleistocene human lineage". Innovation. 2 (3): 100130. Bibcode:2021Innov...200130N. doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2021.100130. ISSN 2666-6758. PMC 8454562. PMID 34557770. S2CID 236784246.
  11. ^ Chen, F.; Welker, F.; Shen, C.-C.; et al. (2019). "A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau" (PDF). Nature. 569 (7756): 409–412. Bibcode:2019Natur.569..409C. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1139-x. PMID 31043746. S2CID 141503768.
Categories