Hydrangea macrophylla is a species of flowering plant in the familyHydrangeaceae, native to China. It is a deciduousshrub growing to 2 m (7 ft) tall by 2.5 m (8 ft) broad with large heads of pink or blue flowers in summer and autumn.[2] Common names include bigleaf hydrangea, French hydrangea, lacecap hydrangea, mophead hydrangea, and hortensia. It is widely cultivated in many parts of the world in many climates. It is not to be confused with H. aspera 'Macrophylla'.
Description
Close-up on a flower showing coloured sepals around the five petals.
The term macrophylla means large- or long-leaved.[3] The opposite leaves can grow to 15 cm (6 in) in length. They are simple, membranous, orbicular to elliptic and acuminate. They are generally serrated.
The inflorescence of Hydrangea macrophylla is a corymb, with all flowers placed in a plane or hemisphere, or even a whole sphere in cultivated forms. Two distinct types of flowers can be identified: central, non-ornamental, pentamerous ones, and peripheral, ornamental, tetramerous ones. The latter have sterile pistils with fertile stamen. The four sepals of decorative flowers have colors ranging from pale pink to red fuchsia purple to blue. The non-decorative flowers have five small greenish sepals and five small petals. Flowering begins in early summer and lasts until early winter. The fruit is a subglobose capsule.
Distribution and habitat
Hydrangea macrophylla is native to East Asia. It is cultivated in many classical Chinese gardens built during the Ming and Qing dynasties. It is reported from seaside habitats as well as mountains in Japan, from Honshu southwards.[4] This species has naturalized in China, Korea, Siberia, New Zealand and the Americas.[5] It is an invasive species in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos.[6]
Colors and soil acidity
Hydrangea macrophylla blooms can be blue, red, pink, light purple, or dark purple. The color is affected by soil pH.[7][8] An acidic soil (pH below 7) will usually produce flower color closer to blue, whereas an alkaline soil (pH above 7) will produce flowers more pink.[citation needed]This is caused by a color change of the flower pigments in the presence of aluminium ions which can be taken up into hyperaccumulating plants. Scientist do not understand why this happens, whether it is due to predation or to attract pollinators.
Landscaping
In climates where Hydrangea macrophylla flowers, place in a mixed shrub border or at the back of a flower bed. Its rich foliage and large size make it a wonderful background for white or light colored flowers, even tall growing perennials and annuals. In warm climates H. macrophylla is good for adding a splash of early summer color to shady areas and woodland gardens. Minimal pruning is recommended for most prolific flowering. Flowers are easily air dried and are long lasting.
While Hydrangea macrophylla is not considered a particularly difficult plant to grow, it may fail to flower. This may be due to cold winter damage to the flower buds, not getting enough sunlight, too much nitrogen fertilizer, or pruning at the wrong time of year.
H. macrophylla forms flower buds in late summer. As a result, pruning in late summer, fall or winter could remove potential flowers.[9]
The various colors, such as red, mauve, purple, violet and blue, in H. macrophylla are developed from one simple anthocyanin, delphinidin 3-glucoside (myrtillin), which forms complexes with metal ions called metalloanthocyanins.[15][16]
Hydrangine is another name for the coumarin umbelliferone, and may be responsible for the possible toxicity of the plant.
Possible uses
Bud and leaves
Amacha is a Japanese beverage made from fermented leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii.
Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium is a drug made from the fermented and dried leaves of H. macrophylla var. thunbergii with possible antiallergic and antimicrobial properties.[18] It also has a hepatoprotective activity by suppression of D-galactosamine-induced liver injury in vitro and in vivo.[19]
Hydrangea macrophylla is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.[20]
Leaf extracts of Hydrangea macrophylla are being investigated as a possible source of new chemical compounds with antimalarial activity.[21][22]Hydrangeic acid from the leaves is being investigated as a possible anti-diabetic drug as it significantly lowered blood glucose, triglyceride, and free fatty acid levels in laboratory animals.[14]
Cultivars
The two main types of H. macrophylla cultivars are called "mophead" and "lacecap".[23]
^Matsuda, H; Wang, Q; Matsuhira, K; Nakamura, S; Yuan, D; Yoshikawa, M (2008). "Inhibitory effects of thunberginols A and B isolated from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium on mRNA expression of cytokines and on activation of activator protein-1 in RBL-2H3 cells". Phytomedicine. 15 (3): 177–84. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2007.09.010. PMID17950587.
^ abZhang, Hailong; Matsuda, Hisashi; Yamashita, Chihiro; Nakamura, Seikou; Yoshikawa, Masayuki (2009). "Hydrangeic acid from the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla var. thunbergii as a new type of anti-diabetic compound". European Journal of Pharmacology. 606 (1–3): 255–61. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.005. PMID19374876.
^Hayashi, K.; Abe, Y. (1953). "Studien über Anthocyane. XXIII. Papierchromatographische Übersicht der Anthocyane im Pflanzenreich". Miscellaneous Reports of the Research Institute for Natural Resources. 29: 1–8.
^Gorham, John (1977). "Lunularic acid and related compounds in liverworts, algae and Hydrangea". Phytochemistry. 16 (2): 249–253. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)86795-3.
^Kamei K.; Matsuoka H.; Furuhata S.I.; Fujisaki R.I.; Kawakami T.; Mogi S.; Yoshihara H.; Aoki N.; Ishii A.; et al. (2000). "Anti-malarial activity of leaf-extract of Hydrangea macrophylla, a common Japanese plant". Acta Medica Okayama. 54 (5): 227–232. PMID11061572.
^Yarnell E, Abascal K (Oct 2004). "Botanical treatment and prevention of malaria: Part 2 - Selected botanicals". Alternative and Complementary Therapies. 10 (5): 277–84. doi:10.1089/act.2004.10.277.
Yuan, Qi, H., Yang, S., Chu, Z., Zhang, G., & Liu, C. (2023). Role of delphinidin-3-glucoside in the sepal blue color change among Hydrangea macrophylla cultivars. Scientia Horticulturae, 313, 111902–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2023.111902
