Hyper IgM syndrome type 2
Immunoglobulin M
Types	Hyper-IgM syndrome type 1,2,3,4 and 5[1][2][3][4][5]
Diagnostic method	MRI, Chest radiography and genetic testing[6]
Treatment	Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation[7]

Hyper IgM syndrome type 2 is a rare disease. Unlike other hyper-IgM syndromes, type 2 patients identified thus far did not present with a history of opportunistic infections. One would expect opportunistic infections in any immunodeficiency syndrome. The responsible genetic lesion is in the AICDA gene found at 12p13.^[8]

Hyper IgM syndromes

Hyper IgM syndromes is a group of primary immune deficiency disorders characterized by defective CD40 signaling; via B cells affecting class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation. Immunoglobulin (Ig) class switch recombination deficiencies are characterized by elevated serum IgM levels and a considerable deficiency in Immunoglobulins G (IgG), A (IgA) and E (IgE). As a consequence, people with HIGM have an increased susceptibility to infections.^[9][7][10]

Signs and symptoms

Hyper IgM syndrome can have the following syndromes:^[6][11]

• Infection/Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), which is common in infants with hyper IgM syndrome, is a serious illness.^[9] PCP is one of the most frequent and severe opportunistic infections in people with weakened immune systems.
• Hepatitis (hepatitis C)
• Chronic diarrhea
• Hypothyroidism
• Neutropenia
• Arthritis
• Encephalopathy (degenerative)

Cause

Different genetic defects cause HIgM syndrome, the vast majority are inherited as an X-linked recessive genetic trait and most with the condition are male.^{[7][1][2][3][12][4]}

IgM is the form of antibody that all B cells produce initially before they undergo class switching. Healthy B cells efficiently switch to other types of antibodies as needed to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. In people with hyper IgM syndromes, the B cells keep making IgM antibodies because can not switch to a different antibody. This results in an overproduction of IgM antibodies and an underproduction of IgA, IgG, and IgE.^[13][7]

Pathophysiology

CD40 is a costimulatory receptor on B cells that, when bound to CD40 ligand (CD40L), sends a signal to the B-cell receptor.^[14] When there is a defect in CD40, this leads to defective T-cell interaction with B cells. Consequently, humoral immune response is affected. Patients are more susceptible to infection.^[6]

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of hyper IgM syndrome can be done via the following methods and tests:^[6]

• MRI
• Chest radiography
• Pulmonary function test
• Lymph node test
• Laboratory test (to measure CD40)

Treatment

In terms of treatment for hyper IgM syndrome, there is the use of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Additionally, anti-microbial therapy, use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, immunosuppressants, as well as other treatments, may be needed.^[7]