All small fishes, the Hyphessobrycon tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about 1.7–9.6 cm (0.7–3.8 in).[1] Great anatomical diversity exists in this genus.[2] They are generally of typical characin shape, but vary greatly in coloration and body form, many species having distinctive black, red, or yellow markings on their bodies and fins. These species are generally omnivorous, feeding predominantly on small crustaceans, insects, annelid worms, and zooplankton. When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.
Taxonomy
This large genus of characins includes over 150 species.[1] The systematics of Hyphessobrycon are still largely unresolved.[3] Six groups within this genus have been recognized based on color patterns alone.[4] With no phylogenetic analysis of this genus, species are placed into this genus as anatomically defined by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917.[2] By this definition, Hyphessobrycon is identified by the presence of an adipose fin, incomplete lateral line, two tooth series in the premaxilla, with the teeth of the external series continuous in a single series, teeth not strictly conical, preventral scales arranged in more than one row and lack of scales in the caudal fin.[2] The characteristic of extension of scales onto the caudal fin that differentiates this genus from Hemigrammus is not satisfactory, as it occurs in intermediate conditions.[2]
This genus is not monophyletic.[2] A monophyletic group within Hyphessobrycon has been hypothesized, termed the rosy tetra clade; this group is based upon coloration pattern and the shape of dorsal and anal fins of males.[4] Recognition of monophyletic groups among Hyphessobrycon species is complicated by the difficulty in finding characters useful for hypothesis of relationships among the species.[4] Traditional characters used to identify Hyphessobrycon are phylogenetically unreliable.[4]
Etymology
The generic name, Hyphessobrycon, is of slightly uncertain origin. The second part derives from the Greek βρύκω (to bite); the first, derives from an ostensible Greek hyphesson, which may be an error for υπελάσσων (slightly smaller).[1]
^Ota, R. R.; Carvalho, F. R.; Pavanelli, C. S. (2020). Taxonomic review of the Hyphessobrycon panamensis species-group (Characiformes: Characidae). Zootaxa. 4751(3)
^Erick Cristofore Guimarães, Pâmella Silva de Brito, Leonardo Manir Feitosa, Luis Fernando Carvalho Costa, Felipe Polivanov Ottoni (2019-06-12), "A new cryptic species of Hyphessobrycon Durbin, 1908 (Characiformes, Characidae) from the Eastern Amazon, revealed by integrative taxonomy", Zoosystematics and Evolution, 95 (2): 345–360, doi:10.3897/zse.95.34069, S2CID196659351((citation)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Fernando Cesar Paiva Dagosta, Thomaz Jefrey Seren, Anderson Ferreira and Manoela Maria Ferreira Marinho. 2022. The Emerald Green Tetra: A New restricted-range Hyphessobrycon (Characiformes: Characidae) from the upper rio Juruena, Chapada dos Parecis, Brazil. Neotrop Ichthyol. 20(1); e210119. DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0119
^Ohara, W. M.; Teixeira, T. F.; Albornoz-Garzón, J. G.; Mirande, J. M.; Lima, F. C. T. (2019). Hyphessobrycon rheophilus, a new species from rapids of the Amazon and Orinoco river basins (Characiformes: Characidae: Stethaprioninae). Zootaxa. 4712(4): 561-575., available online at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4712.4.5