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((short description|Type of congenital heart disease))
((More citations needed|talk=Distinct lack of citations for data which, as a person with HRHS, I know are facts.|date=March 2023))
((Infobox medical condition (new)
| name          = Hypoplastic right heart syndrome
| synonyms      = 
| image         = Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome.jpg
| caption       = A newborn heart with hypoplastic right heart syndrome. Note the underdeveloped left side.
| pronounce     = 
| field         = cardiology
| symptoms      = 
| complications = 
| onset         = 
| duration      = Lifetime
| types         = 
| causes        = 
| risks         = 
| diagnosis     = [[Echocardiogram|Fetal echocardiogram]]<ref name="ssmhealth.com">((Cite web|url=https://www.ssmhealth.com/cardinal-glennon/fetal-care-institute/heart/hypoplastic-right-heart-syndrome|title=Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome (HRHS): Diagnosis & Treatment &#124; SSM Health))</ref>
| differential  = 
| prevention    = 
| treatment     = [[Cardiac surgery]]<ref name="ssmhealth.com">((Cite web|url=https://www.ssmhealth.com/cardinal-glennon/fetal-care-institute/heart/hypoplastic-right-heart-syndrome|title=Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome (HRHS): Diagnosis & Treatment &#124; SSM Health))</ref>
| medication    = 
| prognosis     = 
| frequency     = 60,000 cases per year, US<ref name=":0"/>
| deaths        = 
| alt           = A post-mortem example of an infant heart and lungs, the heart has Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome
))

'''Hypoplastic right heart syndrome''' or '''HRHS''' is a [[Congenital heart disease|congenital heart defect]] in which the structures on the right side of the [[heart]], particularly the [[right ventricle]], are underdeveloped. This defect causes inadequate blood flow to the [[lung]]s, and thus a [[Blue baby syndrome|cyanotic]] infant.

==Symptoms and signs==
Common symptoms include a grayish-blue (cyanosis) coloration to the skin, lips, fingernails and other parts of the body.<ref name="chd-uk.co.uk"/><ref>((cite web |title=Hypoplastic right heart syndrome |url=https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/2922/hypoplastic-right-heart-syndrome |access-date=17 April 2018 |website=Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD)))</ref> Other pronounced symptoms can be [[Hyperventilation|rapid]] or difficult breathing, poor feeding due to lack of energy, cold hands or feet, or being inactive and drowsy. Notably, [[patent ductus arteriosus]] and [[patent foramen ovale]], normally dangerous defects, are necessary for a newborn with HRHS to survive. If either formation does close, the child will go into shock, signs of which can include cool or clammy skin, a weak or rapid pulse, and dilated pupils.<ref>[http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome/basics/symptoms/con-20031294?reDate=25042015 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome], 1998-2015. 12 April 2015.</ref>

==Causes==
It is mostly unknown what causes hypoplastic right heart syndrome in a given individual.<ref>((Cite web |title=Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome ((!)) Winchester Hospital |url=https://www.winchesterhospital.org/health-library/article?id=2013166626 |access-date=2023-04-26 |website=www.winchesterhospital.org))</ref> It is thought that a family history of similar heart defects can increase the risk, and there are some genes hypothesized to be factors.<ref name=":0" /> However, it can also manifest in a child whose family is completely lacking in congenital heart abnormalities.

==Pathogenesis==
When the right side of the heart is more underdeveloped than the left side, this is known as hypoplastic right heart syndrome. HRHS is known for the [[Pulmonary valve|pulmonary atresia valves]], the [[tricuspid valve]], [[Ventricle (heart)|right ventricle]], and the [[pulmonary artery]] all failing to form properly. HRHS also causes the right ventricle to be a fair amount smaller than the left side.<ref name="chd-uk.co.uk">[http://www.chd-uk.co.uk/types-of-chd-and-operations/hypoplastic-right-heart-syndrome-hrhs/ CHD-UK, Hypoplastic Right heart Syndrome (HRHS)] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526104720/http://www.chd-uk.co.uk/types-of-chd-and-operations/hypoplastic-right-heart-syndrome-hrhs/ |date=2019-05-26 )), 2007-2015.  25 April 2015.</ref>

In people with hypoplastic right heart syndrome, the heart is not able to adequately pump blood to the lungs. The result of this is an [[Deoxygenated blood|inadequate supply of oxygenated blood]] to be circulated to the body. The severity of underdevelopment varies for each individual. A special team of pediatric cardiologists is required to develop a treatment plan.((citation needed|date=February 2021))

===Anatomy===
A healthy heart has four chambers, each separated by [[Heart valve|valves]] that open and close to control blood flow between the chambers. When the heart beats, oxygen-poor blood enters the [[right atrium]]. The blood then flows into the [[right ventricle]], where it pumps into the [[pulmonary artery]] to travel to the lungs for oxygen. Oxygen-rich blood returns to the [[left atrium]], where it then travels into the [[left ventricle]]. The left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood into the [[aorta]] to be circulated to the rest of the body.<ref>[http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/contraction.html Heart Contraction and Blood Flow] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007044019/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hhw/contraction.html |date=2014-10-07 )). [[National Institutes of Health]].</ref>

Crucial steps in heart formation are development of the ventricles and atrium formation, as well as septation<!-- Not a typo --> and valve formation. Any disturbances of such processes may lead to various congenital heart diseases and defects that could be initiated by various genetic, epigenetic or environmental factors. The most common heart malformations from genetic or epigenetic problems are: [[Aortic stenosis|stenosis of the aorta]] and pulmonary trunk, which is a narrowing of the vessels, [[Atrial septal defect|atrial]] and/or [[ventricular septal defect]], [[tricuspid atresia]], and [[Hypoplastic left heart syndrome|hypoplastic left]] and right heart syndrome.  When an individual has hypoplastic right or left heart syndrome, it means that more than one of these problems have occurred together.((citation needed|date=February 2021))

==Diagnosis==
If a [[Congenital heart defect|cardiac anomaly]] is suspected in a routine [[Obstetric ultrasonography|ultrasound]] during pregnancy, often a [[Maternal-fetal medicine|perinatologist]] (maternal-fetal specialist) will perform a [[Fetal echocardiography|fetal echocardiogram]] (noninvasive ultrasound of the fetus heart), which may be able to confirm a diagnosis of HRHS. This can help with possible options for treatment.<ref name="ssmhealth.com">((Cite web|url=https://www.ssmhealth.com/cardinal-glennon/fetal-care-institute/heart/hypoplastic-right-heart-syndrome|title=Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome (HRHS): Diagnosis & Treatment &#124; SSM Health))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://radiologykey.com/hypoplasia-of-the-right-ventricle/|title=Hypoplasia of the Right Ventricle|first=Heidi|last=Barrett|date=January 11, 2016))</ref> If the child is born without a diagnosis, an [[Electrocardiography|ECG]] will most likely be performed after the child starts showing symptoms.

==Treatment==
There is no cure for hypoplastic right heart syndrome. A three-stage series of surgical procedures is commonly used to treat the condition. The surgeries redirect the blood flow within the heart and allows the left ventricle to do the work for the underdeveloped right side of the heart. The three surgeries are spread out over the patients first few years of life. The first procedure, usually either the [[Norwood procedure]] or the [[BT shunt|Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt]], is typically done within the first few days or weeks of life. The second procedure, called the [[Glenn procedure]], is usually performed between four and twelve months of age. The last surgery, known as the [[Fontan procedure]], is typically performed around the age of 18 months and older. The final result of these surgeries is to redirect the superior and inferior [[Venae cavae|vena cavae]] into the pulmonary artery, bypassing the right atrium. ((citation needed|date=February 2021))

In a stage 1 Norwood procedure for hypoplastic right heart, the main pulmonary artery is separated from the left and right portions of the pulmonary artery and joined with the upper portion of the aorta. The proximal pulmonary artery is  connected to the aortic arch, while the narrowed segment of the pulmonary trunk is repaired. An aortopulmonary shunt is created to connect the aorta to the main pulmonary artery to provide pulmonary blood flow to the lungs. The Glenn procedure disconnects the superior vena cava from the heart and connects it to the right pulmonary artery so deoxygenated blood from the upper body goes directly to the lungs. The Fontan procedure, done usually after the patient is two years old, disconnects the inferior vena cava from the heart and connects it directly with the other pulmonary artery so that deoxygenated blood from the lower body then is sent directly to the lungs.((citation needed|date=February 2021))

===Follow-up care===
With a series of operations or even a heart transplant, a newborn can be treated but not be cured. Young individuals who have undergone reconstructive surgery must refer to a cardiologist who is experienced in congenital heart diseases,<ref name="chop.edu">[http://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/hypoplastic-left-heart-syndrome-hlhs/about#.VSppX7PnF_sY  Reviewed by David J. Goldberg, MD, About Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)], 2013-2015. Web. 12 April 2015</ref> People who have been diagnosed with HRHS must limit the physical activity they participate in to their own lowered endurance level.<ref>[http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/CongenitalHeartDefaects/AboutCongenitalHeartDefects/Single-Ventricle-Defects_UCM_307037_Article.jsp  American Heart Association, Single Ventricle Defects], 2015. 12 April 2015.</ref>

==Prevalence==
Hypoplastic right heart syndrome is both less common and less severe than [[hypoplastic left heart syndrome]]. Within the United States it occurs in 1 in 60,000 births,<ref name=":0">((Cite journal |last=Dimopoulos |first=Aggeliki |date=Jan 20, 2017 |title=Rare Copy Number Variants in a Population Based Investigation of Hypoplastic Right Heart Syndrome |journal=Birth Defects Research |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=8–15 |doi=10.1002/bdra.23586 |pmid=28009100 |pmc=5388571 ))</ref> as opposed to HLHS, which occurs in 1 in 4,300 births.<ref name="chd-uk.co.uk"/><ref name="ssmhealth.com"/><ref name="pmid15164412">((cite journal |vauthors=Paulick J, Tennstedt C, Schwabe M, Körner H, Bommer C, Chaoui R |title=Prenatal diagnosis of an isochromosome 5p in a fetus with increased nuchal translucency thickness and pulmonary atresia with hypoplastic right heart at 14 weeks |journal=Prenat. Diagn. |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=371–4 |date=May 2004 |pmid=15164412 |doi=10.1002/pd.877|s2cid=11614779 ))</ref>
HRHS requires [[Prenatal testing|prenatal diagnosis]] since it often necessitates immediate and emergency treatment. Pregnant women whose pregnancy is complicated with this anomaly should be referred to a level 3 hospital with pediatric cardiology and pediatric cardiothoracic surgical team.((citation needed|date=October 2021))

It can be associated with [[aortic stenosis]].<ref name="pmid9476678">((cite journal |vauthors=Sharma J, Friedman D, Schiller M, Flynn P, Alonso ML |title=Aortic stenosis in hypoplastic right heart syndrome, associated with interstitial deletion of chromosome 2 |journal=Int. J. Cardiol. |volume=62 |issue=3 |pages=199–202 |date=December 1997 |pmid=9476678 |doi= 10.1016/S0167-5273(97)00255-6|doi-access=free ))</ref>

==References==
((reflist))

== External links ==
((Medical resources
|  DiseasesDB     =
|  ICD10          = ((ICD10|Q|22|6|q|20))
|  ICD9           = ((ICD9|746.8)) ([[CDC/BPA]] 746.882)
|  ICDO           =
|  OMIM           =
|  MedlinePlus    =
|  eMedicineSubj  =
|  eMedicineTopic =
|  MeshID         =
))
((Congenital heart defects))

[[Category:Congenital heart defects]]
[[Category:Syndromes]]

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