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((Short description|Telephone eavesdropping device))
((Use dmy dates|date=March 2016))
An '''international mobile subscriber identity-catcher''', or '''IMSI-catcher''', is a [[Telephone tapping|telephone eavesdropping]] device used for intercepting [[mobile phone]] traffic and tracking location data of mobile phone users.<ref name=":0">((Cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/police-s-new-arsenal-of-technology-to-watch-criminals-and-citizens/420760943/|title=Police's growing arsenal of technology watches criminals and citizens|work=Star Tribune|access-date=2017-04-30))</ref> Essentially a "fake" [[cell site|mobile tower]] acting between the target mobile phone and the service provider's real towers, it is considered a [[man-in-the-middle attack|man-in-the-middle]] (MITM) attack. The [[3G|3G wireless standard]] offers some risk mitigation due to mutual authentication required from both the handset and the network.<ref name=":1">((Cite web|url=http://www.ijritcc.org/download/1430372773.pdf|title=Analysis of UMTS (3G) Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol (AKA) for LTE (4G) Network|access-date=2017-04-30))</ref> However, sophisticated attacks may be able to downgrade 3G and [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] to non-LTE network services which do not require mutual authentication.<ref name=":2">((Cite arXiv|title=Practical attacks against privacy and availability in 4G/LTE mobile communication systems|eprint=1510.07563v1|last1=Shaik|first1=Altaf|last2=Borgaonkar|first2=Ravishankar|last3=Asokan|first3=N.|last4=Niemi|first4=Valtteri|last5=Seifert|first5=Jean-Pierre|class=cs.CR|year=2015))</ref>

IMSI-catchers are used in a number of countries by [[law enforcement agency|law enforcement]] and [[Intelligence agency|intelligence agencies]], but their use has raised significant civil liberty and privacy concerns and is strictly regulated in some countries such as under the German ''Strafprozessordnung'' (StPO / Code of Criminal Procedure).<ref name=":0" /><ref>((citation|title=The German Code Of Criminal Procedure|chapter-url=https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stpo/englisch_stpo.pdf|pages=43–44|year=2014|chapter=Section 100i - IMS I-Catcher))</ref> Some countries do not have encrypted phone data traffic (or very [[weak encryption]]), thus rendering an IMSI-catcher unnecessary.

==Overview==
A virtual [[base transceiver station]] (VBTS)<ref name="rspatent">((cite patent| inventor-first=Joachim | inventor-last=Frick | inventor2-first=Rainer | inventor2-last=Bott | title=Verfahren zum Identifizieren des Benutzers eines Mobiltelefons oder zum Mithören der abgehenden Gespräche (Method for identifying a mobile phone user or for eavesdropping on outgoing calls) | issue-date=2003-07-09 | number=1051053 | country=EP))</ref> is a device for identifying the [[Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity|temporary mobile subscriber identity]] (TMSI), [[international mobile subscriber identity]] (IMSI) of a nearby [[Global System for Mobile Communications|GSM]] [[mobile phone]] and [[Telephone tapping#Location data and mobile phones|intercepting]] its calls, some are even advanced enough to detect the [[International Mobile Equipment Identity|international mobile equipment identity]] (IMEI). It was patented<ref name="rspatent" /> and first commercialized by [[Rohde & Schwarz]] in 2003. The device can be viewed as simply a modified cell tower with a malicious operator, and on 4 January 2012, the [[Court of Appeal of England and Wales]] held that the patent is [[Inventive step and non-obviousness|invalid for obviousness]].<ref>[http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Civ/2012/7.html MMI Research Ltd v Cellxion Ltd & Ors &#91;2012&#93; EWCA Civ 7 (24 January 2012)], Court of Appeal judgment invalidating Rohde & Schwarz patent.</ref>

IMSI-catchers are often deployed by court order without a [[search warrant]], the lower judicial standard of a [[pen register]] and trap-and-trace order being preferred by law enforcement.<ref>((cite web|last=Farivar|first=Cyrus|date=13 April 2015|title=County prosecutor says it has no idea when stingrays were used, so man sues|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2015/04/county-prosecutor-says-it-has-no-idea-when-stingrays-were-used-so-man-sues/|access-date=12 March 2016|work=Ars Technica))</ref> They can also be used in search and rescue operation for missing persons.<ref>((cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=10 July 2015|title=Wingsuit-Flieger stürzt in den Tod|url=http://www.blick.ch/news/schweiz/zentralschweiz/am-gitschen-im-kanton-uri-wingsuit-flieger-stuerzt-in-den-tod-id3961344.html|access-date=11 July 2015|work=[[Blick]]|language=de))</ref> Police departments have been reluctant to reveal use of these programs and contracts with vendors such as [[Harris Corporation]], the maker of [[Stingray phone tracker|Stingray]] and Kingfish phone tracker devices.<ref>((Cite news|title=Police's growing arsenal of technology watches criminals and citizens|work=Star Tribune|url=http://www.startribune.com/police-s-new-arsenal-of-technology-to-watch-criminals-and-citizens/420760943/|access-date=2017-04-30))</ref>

In the UK, the first public body to admit using IMSI catchers was the [[Scottish Prison Service]],<ref>((Cite web|url=https://theferret.scot/imsi-catcher-trial-scottish-prison-service/|title=Prisoners outwit £1.2m mobile phone blocking trial in Scots jails|date=25 May 2016 ))</ref> though it is likely that the [[Metropolitan Police Service]] has been using IMSI catchers since 2011 or before.<ref name="thereg-20170227">((cite news|last=Corfield|first=Gareth|date=27 February 2017|title=New prison law will let mobile networks deploy IMSI catchers|newspaper=The Register|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/02/27/prison_courts_bill_imsi_catcher_wireless_interference/|access-date=27 February 2017))</ref>

Body-worn IMSI-catchers that target nearby mobile phones are being advertised to law enforcement agencies in the US.<ref>((cite web|date=1 September 2013|title=The body-worn 'IMSI catcher' for all your covert phone snooping needs|url=https://arstechnica.com/security/2013/09/the-body-worn-imsi-catcher-for-all-your-covert-phone-snooping-needs/|work=[[Ars Technica]]))</ref>

The [[GSM]] specification requires the handset to authenticate to the network, but does ''not'' require the network to authenticate to the handset. This well-known security hole is exploited by an IMSI catcher.<ref name=ct>((cite web|url=http://www.heise.de/ct/artikel/Digitale-Selbstverteidigung-mit-dem-IMSI-Catcher-Catcher-2303215.html|title=Digitale Selbstverteidigung mit dem IMSI-Catcher-Catcher|date=27 August 2014|work=[[c't]]|language=de))</ref> The IMSI catcher masquerades as a [[base station]] and logs the IMSI numbers of all the [[mobile station]]s in the area, as they attempt to attach to the IMSI-catcher.<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2013-11-27/the-spyware-that-enables-mobile-phone-snooping|title=The Spyware That Enables Mobile-Phone Snooping|date=27 November 2013|work=[[Bloomberg View]]))</ref> It allows forcing the mobile phone connected to it to use no call encryption (A5/0 mode) or to use easily breakable encryption (A5/1 or A5/2 mode), making the call data easy to intercept and convert to audio.

The [[3G|3G wireless standard]] mitigates risk and enhanced security of the protocol due to mutual authentication required from both the handset and the network and removes the false base station attack in GSM.<ref name=":1" /> Some sophisticated attacks against 3G and [[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] may be able to downgrade to non-LTE network services which then does not require mutual authentication.<ref name=":2" />

== Functionalities ==
((More citations needed|date=March 2017))

=== Identifying an IMSI ===

Every mobile phone has the requirement to optimize its reception. If there is more than one base station of the subscribed network operator accessible, it will always choose the one with the strongest signal. An IMSI-catcher masquerades as a base station and causes every mobile phone of the simulated network operator within a defined radius to log in. With the help of a special identity request, it is able to force the transmission of the IMSI.<ref name="IMSI-Catcher">((cite journal|url=https://rej.uchile.cl/index.php/RECEJ/article/view/47961|title=Intercepción de metadatos de comunicaciones por teléfonos móviles. El IMSI-Catcher y su regulación en el ordenamiento procesal penal alemán|last1=Rolón|first1=Darío Nicolás|journal=Revista de Estudios de la Justicia|date=22 December 2017|issue=27|pages=61–79|access-date=4 January 2018))</ref>

=== Tapping a mobile phone ===

The IMSI-catcher subjects the phones in its vicinity to a [[man-in-the-middle attack]], appearing to them as a preferred base station in terms of signal strength. With the help of a [[subscriber identity module|SIM]], it simultaneously logs into the GSM network as a mobile station. Since the encryption mode is chosen by the base station, the IMSI-catcher can induce the mobile station to use no encryption at all. Hence it can encrypt the plain text traffic from the mobile station and pass it to the base station.

A targeted mobile phone is sent signals where the user will not be able to tell apart the device from authentic cell service provider infrastructure.<ref name=":3">((Cite journal|last=Jeong|first=Ha-Myoung|date=2019-02-28|title=The U.S. Supreme Court's Recent Decision About historical Cell Site Location Information: Carpenter v. U.S.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.37877/itnlaw.2019.02.18.4|journal=IT & Law Review|volume=18|pages=95–120|doi=10.37877/itnlaw.2019.02.18.4|s2cid=230381898|issn=1975-8766))</ref> This means that the device will be able to retrieve data that a normal cell tower receives from mobile phones if registered.<ref name=":3" />

There is only an indirect connection from mobile station via IMSI-catcher to the GSM network. For this reason, incoming phone calls cannot generally be patched through to the mobile station by the [[GSM network]], although more modern versions of these devices have their own mobile patch-through solutions in order to provide this functionality.

=== Passive IMSI detection ===
The difference between a passive IMSI-catcher and an active IMSI-catcher is that an active IMSI-catcher intercepts the data in transfer such as spoke, text, mail, and web traffic between the endpoint and cell tower.

Active IMSI-catchers generally also intercept all conversations and data traffic within a large range and are therefore also called rogue cell towers. It sends a signal with a plethora of commands to the endpoints, which respond by establishing a connection and routes all conversations and data traffic between the endpoints and the actual cell tower for as long as the attacker wishes.

A passive IMSI-catcher on the other hand only detects the [[International mobile subscriber identity|IMSI]], [[Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity|TMSI]] or [[International Mobile Equipment Identity|IMEI]] of an endpoint. Once the IMSI, TMSI or IMEI address is detected, the endpoint is immediately released. The passive IMSI-catcher sends out a signal with only one specific command to the endpoints, which respond to it and share the identifiers of the endpoint with the passive IMSI-catcher. The vendors of passive IMSI-catchers take privacy more into account.

== Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) ==
False base station attacks are prevented by a combination of key freshness and integrity protection of signaling data, not by authenticating the serving network.<ref>Chris Mitchell, Paulo Pagliusi: Is Entity Authentication Necessary?, in Security Protocols, Springer LNCS 2845, pages 20-29, 2004</ref>

To provide a high network coverage, the [[UMTS]] standard allows for inter-operation with GSM. Therefore, not only UMTS but also GSM base stations are connected to the UMTS service network. This fallback is a security disadvantage and allows a new possibility of a man-in-the-middle attack.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.cs.stevens.edu/~swetzel/publications/mim.pdf |first1=Ulrike |last1=Meyer |first2=Susanne |last2=Wetzel|author2-link= Susanne Wetzel |title=A Man-in-the-Middle Attack on UMTS. ACM workshop on Wireless security, 2004 |date=1 October 2004 |access-date=12 March 2016))</ref>

== Tell-tales and difficulties ==
((More citations needed|date=March 2017))

The assignment of an IMSI catcher has a number of difficulties:

# It must be ensured that the mobile phone of the observed person is in standby mode and the correct network operator is found out. Otherwise, for the mobile station, there is no need to log into the simulated base station.
# Depending on the signal strength of the IMSI-catcher, numerous IMSIs can be located. The problem is to find out the right one.
# All mobile phones in the area covered by the catcher have no access to the network. Incoming and outgoing calls cannot be patched through for these subscribers. Only the observed person has an indirect connection.
# There are some disclosing factors. In most cases, the operation cannot be recognized immediately by the subscriber. But there are a few mobile phones that show a small symbol on the display, e.g. an exclamation point, if encryption is not used. This "Ciphering Indication Feature" can be suppressed by the network provider, however, by setting the OFM bit in EF<sub>AD</sub> on the SIM card. Since the network access is handled with the SIM/USIM of the IMSI-catcher, the receiver cannot see the number of the calling party. Of course, this also implies that the tapped calls are not listed in the itemized bill.
# The assignment near the base station can be difficult, due to the high signal level of the original base station.
# As most mobile phones prefer the faster modes of communication such as 4G or 3G, downgrading to 2G can require blocking frequency ranges for 4G and 3G.<ref>((cite journal |title= The effectiveness of a homemade IMSI catcher build with YateBTS and a BladeRF|url=http://www.delaat.net/rp/2015-2016/p86/report.pdf |access-date=July 7, 2017 |journal= Kenneth van Rijsbergen|pages=8–9))</ref>

== Detection and counter-measures ==
((More citations needed|date=March 2017))

Some preliminary research has been done in trying to detect and frustrate IMSI-catchers. One such project is through the [[OsmocomBB|Osmocom]] open source mobile station software. This is a special type of mobile phone firmware that can be used to detect and fingerprint certain network characteristics of IMSI-catchers, and warn the user that there is such a device operating in their area. But this firmware/software-based detection is strongly limited to a select few, outdated GSM mobile phones (i.e. Motorola) that are no longer available on the open market. The main problem is the closed-source nature of the major mobile phone producers.

The application Android IMSI-Catcher Detector (AIMSICD) is being developed to detect and circumvent IMSI-catchers by StingRay and [[silent SMS]].<ref>((cite web | url=https://github.com/CellularPrivacy/Android-IMSI-Catcher-Detector/wiki/Development-Status | title=Android IMSI-Catcher Detector (AIMSICD) Wiki, Development status| website=[[GitHub]]|date=9 December 2015| access-date=10 October 2016)) In alpha stage in October 2016.</ref> Technology for a stationary network of IMSI-catcher detectors has also been developed.<ref name=ct/> Several apps listed on the [[Google Play|Google Play Store]] as IMSI catcher detector apps include SnoopSnitch, Cell Spy Catcher, and GSM Spy Finder and have between 100,000 and 500,000 app downloads each. However, these apps have limitations in that they do not have access to phone's underlying hardware and may offer only minimal protection.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/neeb5g/stingray-detection-apps-might-not-be-all-that-good-research-suggests|title=IMSI Catcher Detection Apps Might Not Be All That Good, Research Suggests|website=Motherboard|date=14 August 2017 |language=en-us|access-date=2017-08-14))</ref>
<!--
== Products ==
((columns-list|
* Septier Communication
** Guardian
* Meganet
** VME Interceptor
* NeoSoft
** NS-17-1
** NS-17-2
* Shoghi Communications
** SCL-5020
** SCL-5020SE
* Proximus LLC
** MicroNet (GSM)
** MicroNet-U (UMTS)
* Cyttek Consulting
** Next Generation Phone catcher (NGPC)
*Harris Corporation
** [[Stingray phone tracker]]<ref>[https://www.wired.com/2014/06/feds-seize-stingray-documents/ U.S. Marshals Seize Cops’ Spying Records to Keep Them From the ACLU]</ref>
))
-->

== See also ==
* [[Telephone tapping]]
* [[Stingray phone tracker]]
* [[Mobile phone jammer]]

== External  links ==
* Chris Paget's presentation ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQSu9cBaojc Practical Cellphone Spying]'' at [[DEF CON| DEF CON 18]]
* [http://www.verrimus.com/mobile-phone-interception/ Verrimus - Mobile Phone Intercept Detection]

== Footnotes ==
((reflist|2))

((reflist|group=Criminal LAw))

==Further reading==
* ((cite news |first1= Ashkan |last1= Soltani |first2= Craig |last2= Timberg |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/researchers-try-to-pull-back-curtain-on-surveillance-efforts-in-washington/2014/09/17/f8c1f590-3e81-11e4-b03f-de718edeb92f_story.html |title= Tech Firm Tries to Pull Back Curtain on Surveillance Efforts in Washington |newspaper= Washington Post |date= Sep 17, 2014 ))
* ((cite news|last1=Barrett|first1=Devlin|title=Americans' Cellphones Targeted in Secret U.S. Spy Program|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/americans-cellphones-targeted-in-secret-u-s-spy-program-1415917533|access-date=Nov 14, 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=Nov 13, 2014))
* ((cite news |first1= Ashkan |last1= Soltani |first2= Craig |last2= Timberg |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/researchers-try-to-pull-back-curtain-on-surveillance-efforts-in-washington/2014/09/17/f8c1f590-3e81-11e4-b03f-de718edeb92f_story.html |title= Tech Firm Tries to Pull Back Curtain on Surveillance Efforts in Washington |newspaper= Washington Post |date= Sep 17, 2014 ))
* ((cite web |url=https://www.eff.org/wp/gotta-catch-em-all-understanding-how-imsi-catchers-exploit-cell-networks |title=Gotta Catch 'Em All: Understanding How IMSI-Catchers Exploit Cell Networks |author=Yomna N |date=Jun 28, 2019 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation))

== External links ==
* [http://www.slideshare.net/iazza/dcm-final-23052013fullycensored Mobile Phone Networks: a tale of tracking, spoofing and owning mobile phones]
* [http://www.emsec.rub.de/teaching/seminars/seminar_ss07 IMSI-catcher Seminar paper and presentation]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130913032451/http://www.septier.com/368.html Mini IMSI and IMEI catcher]
* [http://bb.osmocom.org/ The OsmocomBB project]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131212173955/http://www.proximus.com.ua/MicroNet_GSM_daul_band_catcher.html MicroNet: Proximus LLC GSM IMSI and IMEI dual band catcher]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131212173858/http://www.proximus.com.ua/Micronet-U_UMTS_catcher.html MicroNet-U: Proximus LLC UMTS catcher]
* [http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/iazza/mobile-cell-networksintrusiondetectionsystemiparanoidlucabongiorni iParanoid: IMSI Catcher Intrusion Detection System presentation]
* [http://folk.uio.no/josang/papers/JMD2015-JIW.htm Vulnerability by Design in Mobile Network Security]

((DEFAULTSORT:Imsi-Catcher))
[[Category:Surveillance]]
[[Category:Mobile security]]
[[Category:Telephone tapping]]
[[Category:Telephony equipment]]
[[Category:Law enforcement equipment]]

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