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((short description|Book by Richard Lynn))
((Other uses|Nations and intelligence))
((Use dmy dates|date=December 2021))
((Infobox book
| name              = ''IQ and the Wealth of Nations''
| title_orig        = 
| translator        = 
| image             = IQ and the Wealth of Nations.jpg
| caption           = Cover
| author            = [[Richard Lynn]]<br>[[Tatu Vanhanen]]
| illustrator       = 
| cover_artist      = 
| country           = 
| language          = English
| series            = 
| subject           = Human intelligence, economic inequality, psychology, sociology
| genre             = 
| publisher         = [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger/Greenwood]]
| pub_date          = 28 February 2002
| english_pub_date  = 
| media_type        = Print ([[hardcover]])
| pages             = 320
| isbn              = 978-0275975104
| oclc              = 
| preceded_by       = 
| followed_by       = 
))
'''''IQ and the Wealth of Nations''''' is a 2002 book by psychologist [[Richard Lynn]] and  [[political science|political scientist]] [[Tatu Vanhanen]].<ref name="main">Lynn, R. and Vanhanen, T. (2002). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KQ4rLiAbHQQC IQ and the wealth of nations]. Westport, CT: Praeger. ((ISBN|0-275-97510-X))</ref> The authors argue that differences in national income (in the form of [[per capita]] [[gross domestic product]]) are [[correlation|correlated]] with differences in the average national [[intelligence quotient]] (IQ). They further argue that differences in average national IQs constitute one important factor, but not the only one, contributing to differences in [[national wealth]] and rates of [[economic growth]].

The book has drawn widespread criticism from other academics. Critiques have included questioning of the methodology used, the incompleteness of the data, and the conclusions drawn from the analysis.<ref name="suz.unizh.ch">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120229125855/http://www.history.ox.ac.uk/hsmt/courses_reading/undergraduate/authority_of_nature/week_8/volken.pdf The Impact of National IQ on Income and Growth: A Critique of] [[Richard Lynn]]<span zoompage-fontsize="12"> and Tatu Vanhanens Recent Book</span> by Thomas Volken</ref><ref name="nature.com">[http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v92/n4/full/6800418a.html Book Review: IQ and the Wealth of Nations] Heredity April 2004, Volume 92, Number 4, Pages 359–360. K Richardson.</ref> The 2006 book ''[[IQ and Global Inequality]]'' is a follow-up to ''IQ and the Wealth of Nations'' by the same authors.

==Outline==
The book includes the authors' calculation of average IQ scores for 60 countries, based on their analysis of published reports. It reports their observation that national IQ [[Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient|correlates]] with [[gross domestic product]] per capita at 0.82, and with the rate of economic growth from 1950 to 1990 at 0.64.

The authors believe that average IQ differences between nations are due to both [[heritability of IQ|genetic]] and [[Environment and intelligence|environmental factors]]. They also believe that low GDP can cause low IQ, just as low IQ can cause low GDP. (See [[Positive feedback]]).

The authors write that it is the ethical responsibility of rich, high-IQ nations to assist poor, low-IQ nations financially, as it is the responsibility of rich citizens to assist the poor.

==National IQ estimates==
The result claims that [[Hong Kong]] has the highest national IQ estimate with 107, followed by [[South Korea]] with 106.<ref name="main"/>

Central to the book's thesis is a tabulation of what Lynn and Vanhanen believe to be the average IQs of the world's nations.  Rather than do their own IQ studies, the authors average and adjust existing studies and use other methods to create estimates.

For 104 of the 185 nations, no studies were available. In those cases, the authors have used an estimated value by taking averages of the IQs of neighboring or comparable nations. For example, the authors arrived at a figure of 84 for El Salvador by averaging their calculations of 79 for Guatemala and 88 for Colombia. Including those estimated IQs, the correlation of IQ and GDP is 0.62.

To obtain a figure for South Africa, the authors averaged IQ studies done on different ethnic groups, resulting in a figure of 72.  The figures for Colombia, Peru, and Singapore were arrived at in a similar manner.

In some cases, the IQ of a country is estimated by averaging the IQs of countries that are not actually neighbors of the country in question. For example, [[Kyrgyzstan]]'s IQ is estimated by averaging the IQs of Iran and Turkey, neither of which is close to Kyrgyzstan—China, which is a geographic neighbor, is not counted as such by Lynn and Vanhanen. This is because ethnic background is assumed to be more important than proximity to other nations when determining national IQ.

To account for the [[Flynn effect]] (an increase in IQ scores over time), the authors adjusted the results of older studies upward by a number of points.

===Scores that do not support the theory===
In several cases the actual GDP did not correspond with that predicted by IQ. In these cases, the authors argued that differences in GDP were caused by differences in natural resources and whether the nation used a [[planned economy|planned]] or [[market economy]].

One example of this was [[Economy of Qatar|Qatar]], whose IQ was estimated by Lynn and Vanhanen to be about 78, yet had a disproportionately high per capita GDP of roughly US$17,000. The authors explain Qatar's disproportionately high GDP by its high [[petroleum]] resources. Similarly, the authors think that large resources of [[diamond]]s explain the economic growth of the African nation [[Education in Botswana|Botswana]], the fastest in the world for several decades.

The authors argued that the [[People's Republic of China]]'s per capita GDP of at the time roughly US$4,500 could be explained by its use of a [[Communism in China|communist economic system]] for much of its [[Ideology of the Communist Party of China#Economics|recent history]]. The authors also predicted that communist nations whom they believe have comparatively higher IQs, including [[Economy of the People's Republic of China|China]] and [[Economy of North Korea|North Korea]], can be expected to rapidly gain GDP growth by moving from centrally planned economies to more [[capitalism in China|capitalist based economic systems]], while predicting continued poverty for sub-Saharan African nations no matter what economic systems are used.

== Reception and impact ==
[[File:IQ by Country.png|thumb|right|390px|Map depicting average IQ values as presented in the follow-up scientific study, 'Intelligence and the Wealth and Poverty of Nations']]
Several negative reviews of the book have been published in the scholarly literature. Susan Barnett and Wendy Williams wrote that "we see an edifice built on layer upon layer of arbitrary assumptions and selective [[data manipulation]]. The data on which the entire book is based are of questionable validity and are used in ways that cannot be justified." They also wrote that cross country comparisons are "virtually meaningless."<ref>((Cite journal | journal = Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books | date = August 2004 | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 389–396 | author1 = Barnett, Susan M. | author2 = Williams, Wendy | title = National Intelligence and the Emperor's New Clothes | doi = 10.1037/004367 ))</ref>

Richardson (2004) argued, citing the [[Flynn effect]] as the best evidence, that Lynn has the causal connection backwards and suggested that "the average IQ of a population is simply an index of the size of its middle class, both of which are results of industrial development". The review concludes that "This is not so much science, then, as a social crusade."<ref name="nature.com"/> A review by Michael Palairet criticized the book's methodology, particularly the imprecise estimates of GDP and the fact that IQ data were only available for 81 of the 185 countries studied. However, the review concluded that the book was "a powerful challenge to economic historians and development economists who prefer not to use IQ as an analytical input", but that it's likely those scholars will deliberately ignore this work instead of improving it.<ref>((citation|author=Palairet, M. R.|date=2004|title=Book review, IQ and the Wealth of Nations|journal=Heredity|volume=92|issue=4|pages=361–362|doi=10.1038/sj.hdy.6800427|doi-access=free))</ref>

===By economists===
In a book review for the ''[[Journal of Economic Literature]]'', Thomas Nechyba wrote that "such sweeping conclusions based on relatively weak statistical evidence and dubious presumptions seem misguided at best and quite dangerous if taken seriously. It is therefore difficult to find much to recommend in this book."<ref>((citation|title=Reviewed Work: IQ and the Wealth of Nations by Richard Lynn, Tatu Vanhanen|first=Thomas J.|last=Nechyba|journal=[[Journal of Economic Literature]]|volume=42|issue=1|date=Mar 2004|pages=220–221))</ref>

Writing in the ''[[Economic Journal]]'', Astrid Oline Ervik said that the book may be "thought provoking", but there is nothing that economists can learn from it. She criticized the book's authors for not establishing cross country comparability and reliability of IQ scores, for relying on simple bivariate correlations, for not considering or controlling for other hypotheses, and for confusing correlation with causation. Ervik stated, "The arguments put forward in the book to justify such comparisons [between the average IQ in different countries and their GDP] seem at best vague and unconvincing. At worst, passages in the book appear to be biased and unscientific...The authors fail to present convincing evidence and appear to jump to conclusions."<ref>((citation|title=Reviewed Work: IQ and the Wealth of Nations by Richard Lynn, Tatu Vanhanen|first=Astrid Oline|last=Ervik|journal=[[The Economic Journal]]|volume=113|issue=488, Features|pages=F406–F408|date=Jun 2003|jstor=3590222|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.13916))</ref>

[[Edward M. Miller|Edward Miller]], an economist who has published many controversial papers on [[race and intelligence]], gave the book positive reviews in two different [[white nationalist]] publications, the ''[[Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies]]'' and ''[[The Occidental Quarterly]]''.<ref>((cite journal | last1 = Miller | first1 = E | year = 2002 | title = Differential Intelligence and National Income. A review of IQ and the Wealth of Nations | journal = Journal of Social, Political, and Economic Studies | volume = 27 | pages = 413–524 [522] ))</ref><ref>[[Edward M. Miller]], [http://www.toqonline.com/archives/v2n4/TOQv2n4Miller.pdf IQ and the Wealth of Nations] (book review), [[The Occidental Quarterly]].</ref>

===Criticism of data sets===
Academic reviews of the book generally criticized both its methodology and conclusions.

The methods of the study were criticized by [[Richard E. Nisbett]] for relying on small and haphazard samples and for ignoring data that did not support the conclusions.<ref name="Nisbett, Richard 2009. pp. 215">Nisbett, Richard. 2009. Intelligence and how to get it. pp. 215.</ref>

[[University of Reading]] geographer Stephen Morse also criticized the book (as well as ''IQ and the Wealth of Nations''), arguing that the authors' hypothesis rests on "serious flaws". Morse also argued: "The central dilemma of the Lynn and Vanhanen case rests with their assumption that national IQ data are primarily (not wholly) a function of innate ability, which in turn is at least partly generated by genes. There are many assumptions of cause–effect in here, and some of them involve substantial leaps of faith."<ref>((Cite journal |last=Morse |first=Stephen |date=September 2008 |title=The geography of tyranny and despair: development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality |journal=Geographical Journal |language=en |volume=174 |issue=3 |pages=195–206 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-4959.2008.00296.x |issn=0016-7398|url=http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/351102/1/The%20geography%20of%20tyranny%20and%20dispair%20~%20The%20Geographical%20Journal.pdf |doi-access=free ))</ref>

In the 2010 paper "A systematic literature review of the average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans", also published in ''Intelligence'', [[Jelte M. Wicherts]] and colleagues stated:

((blockquote|1="For instance, Lynn and Vanhanen (2006) accorded a national IQ of 69 to Nigeria on the basis of three samples (Fahrmeier, 1975; Ferron, 1965; Wober, 1969), but they did not consider other relevant published studies that indicated that average IQ in Nigeria is considerably higher than 70 (Maqsud, 1980a, b; Nenty & Dinero, 1981; Okunrotifa, 1976). As Lynn rightly remarked during the 2006 conference of the [[International Society for Intelligence Research]] (ISIR), performing a literature review involves making a lot of choices. Nonetheless, an important drawback of Lynn (and Vanhanen)'s reviews of the literature is that they are [[systematic review|unsystematic]]."<ref name="Africans, Intelligence 2009">((cite journal | last1 = Wicherts | first1 = J. M. |display-authors=etal | year = 2009 | title = A systematic literature review of the average IQ of Sub-Saharan Africans | doi = 10.1016/j.intell.2009.05.002 | journal = Intelligence | volume =  38| pages =  1–20))</ref>))

Lynn and [[Gerhard Meisenberg]] replied that "critical evaluation of the studies presented by WDM shows that many of these are based on unrepresentative elite samples" and that a further literature review, including taking into account results in mathematics, science, and reading, gave  "an IQ of 68 as the best reading of the IQ in sub-Saharan Africa".<ref>((cite journal | last1 = Lynn | first1 = Richard | last2 = Meisenberg | first2 = Gerhard | year = 2010 | title = The average IQ of sub-Saharan Africans: Comments on Wicherts, Dolan, and van der Maas | doi = 10.1016/j.intell.2009.09.009 | journal = Intelligence | volume = 38 | issue = 1| pages = 21–29 ))</ref> Wicherts and colleagues in yet another reply stated: "In light of all the available IQ data of over 37,000 African testtakers, only the use of unsystematic methods to exclude the vast majority of data could result in a mean IQ close to 70. On the basis of sound methods, the average IQ remains close to 80. Although this mean IQ is clearly lower than 100, we view it as unsurprising in light of the potential of the [[Flynn effect]] in Africa (Wicherts, Borsboom, & Dolan, 2010) and common psychometric problems associated with the use of western IQ tests among Africans."<ref>((cite journal | last1 = Wicherts | first1 = Jelte M. | last2 = Dolan | first2 = Conor V. | last3 = van der Maas | first3 = Han L.J. | year = 2010 | title = The dangers of unsystematic selection methods and the representativeness of 46 samples of African test-takers | journal = Intelligence | volume = 38 | issue = 1| pages = 30–37 | doi=10.1016/j.intell.2009.11.003))</ref>

Some criticisms have focused on the limited number of studies upon which the book is based. The IQ figures are based on 3 different studies for 17 nations, two studies for 30 nations, and one study for 34 nations. There were actual tests for IQ in the case of 81 countries out of the 185 countries studied. For 104 nations there were no IQ studies at all and IQ was estimated based on the average IQ of surrounding nations.<ref name="suz.unizh.ch"/> The limited number of participants in some studies as well as outdated data has also been criticized. A test of 108 9- to 15-year-olds in Barbados, of 50 13- to 16-year-olds in Colombia, of 104 5- to 17-year-olds in Ecuador, of 129 6- to 12-year-olds in Egypt, and of 48 10- to 14-year-olds in Equatorial Guinea, all were taken as measures of national IQ.<ref name="nature.com"/>

[[Denny Borsboom]] argued that mainstream contemporary test analysis does not reflect substantial recent developments in the field and "bears an uncanny resemblance to the psychometric state of the art as it existed in the 1950s". For example, he argued that ''IQ and the Wealth of Nations'', in order to show that the tests are unbiased, uses outdated methodology((spaced ndash)) if anything, indicative that test bias exists.<ref>((cite journal | last1 = Borsboom | first1 = Denny | year = 2006 | title = The attack of the psychometricians | url = http://users.fmg.uva.nl/dborsboom/BorsboomPM2006.pdf | journal = Psychometrika | volume = 71 | issue = 3 | pages = 425–440 | doi = 10.1007/s11336-006-1447-6 | pmid = 19946599 | pmc = 2779444 | url-status = bot: unknown | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100215043343/http://users.fmg.uva.nl/dborsboom/BorsboomPM2006.pdf | archive-date = 2010-02-15 ))</ref> Girma Berhanu, in an essay review of the book, concentrated on the discussion of Ethiopian Jews. The review criticized the principal assertion of the authors that differences in intelligence, attributed to genetics, account for the gap between rich and poor countries. Berhanu criticized the book as being based in a "racist, sexist, and antihuman" research tradition and alleged that "the low standards of scholarship evident in the book render it largely irrelevant for modern science".<ref>((Cite journal|journal=Education Review|year=2007|first=Girma|last=Bernahu|title=Black Intellectual Genocide: An Essay Review of ''IQ and the Wealth of Nations''|url=http://edrev.asu.edu/index.php/ER/article/view/1373/44|pages=1–28| issn=1094-5296))</ref>

===Impact on psychology===
In 2006, Lynn and Vanhanen followed ''IQ and the Wealth of Nations'' with their book ''[[IQ and Global Inequality]]'', which contained additional data and analyses, but the same general conclusions as the earlier book. Discussing both books, [[Earl B. Hunt|Earl Hunt]] writes that although Lynn and Vanhanen's methodology and conclusions are questionable, they deserve credit for raising important questions about international IQ comparisons. Hunt writes that Lynn and Vanhanen are correct that national IQs correlate strongly with measures of social well-being, but they are unjustified in their rejection of the idea that national IQs could change as a result of improved education.<ref name="Hunt">Hunt, E. ''Human Intelligence''. Cambridge University Press, 2011, page 426-445.</ref>

On July 27, 2020, the European Human Behavior and Evolution Association issued a formal statement opposing the utilization of Lynn's national IQ dataset, as well as all updated forms of it, citing various criticisms of its methodology and data collection. They concluded that "any conclusions drawn from analyses which 
use these data are therefore unsound, and no reliable evolutionary work should be using these data."<ref>((cite web|title=EHBEA Statement on National IQ Datasets|website=European Human Behaviour and Evolution Association|date=27 July 2020|url=https://ehbea2020.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/EHBEA_IQ_statement.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810182007/https://ehbea2020.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/EHBEA_IQ_statement.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2020|url-status=dead))</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of the race and intelligence controversy]]
*[[Economic inequality]]
*''[[IQ and Global Inequality]]''
*''[[The Bell Curve]]''
*''[[The Wealth and Poverty of Nations]]''

==References==
((Reflist|2))

((DEFAULTSORT:Iq And The Wealth Of Nations))
[[Category:2002 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about human intelligence]]
[[Category:Books about wealth distribution]]
[[Category:Books by Richard Lynn]]
[[Category:Books by Tatu Vanhanen]]
[[Category:Intelligence quotient]]
[[Category:Race and intelligence controversy]]

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