Icelandic

On Grábrók [is], in Vesturland
Conservation status	FAO (2007): not at risk[1]: 57  DAD-IS (2021): not at risk[2] Leadersheep: endangered maintained[3]
Country of origin	Iceland
Use	meat wool formerly milk
Traits
Wool color	variable
Horn status	usually horned; there is a polled strain
Sheep Ovis aries

The Icelandic^[a] is the Icelandic breed of domestic sheep. It belongs to the Northern European Short-tailed group of sheep, and is larger than most breeds in that group. It is thought that it was introduced to Iceland by Vikings in the late ninth or early tenth century.^[4]: 826

It is generally short-legged and stocky, slender and light-boned, and usually horned, although polled and polycerate animals can occur; there is a polled strain, the Kleifa. The fleece is double-coated and may be white or a variety of other colors; the face and legs are without wool. The sheep are highly resistant to cold, and are generally left unshorn for the winter. Icelandic ewes are highly prolific, with a lambing percentage of 175–220%. The Þoka (Thoka) gene is carried by some ewes, which may give birth to large litters of lambs. A unique strain within the population is the Leader sheep, which carries a hereditary ability or predisposition to lead other sheep safely over dangerous ground.^[4]: 827

History

It is thought that the sheep were introduced to Iceland by Vikings in the late ninth or early tenth century.^[4]: 826

Breed numbers reached a peak in 1978, when there were approximately 891 000, or about four sheep for every inhabitant of Iceland. By 2007 the total number had fallen to about 450 000.^[5] In 2018 a population of just over 432 000 was reported to DAD-IS.^[2]

Characteristics

The colors of Icelandic sheep are inherited in a similar way to those of other sheep, but they display more variety in color and pattern than most other breeds, and some variations are seen which are not seen in other sheep. Each sheep carries three genes that affect the color of the sheep, and each gene has dominant and recessive alleles.^{[citation needed]}

Use

Until the 1940s the Icelandic sheep was the predominant milk-producing animal in Iceland.^[6]: 32 In the twenty-first century this sheep is reared principally for meat, which accounts for more than 80% of the total income derived from sheep farming.^[5]

The fleece is double-coated, with a long outer coat (tog) which gives protection from snow and rain, and a fine inner coat (þel) which insulates the animal against the cold.^[4]: 827 The wool of the outer coat has a diameter of about 28–40 microns or sometimes more, and a staple length of some 150–200 mm; the inner coat has a diameter of 19–22 μm or sometimes less, with a staple length in the range 50–100 mm. The two types may be used separately, or spun into a single yarn, lopi, a soft wool which provides good insulation.^[4]: 827