Ichthyotoxins are compounds which are either toxic to fish, or are toxins produced by fish. The former include the algae-produced euglenophycin and prymnesins, which can cause large-scale fish deaths. The latter includes ostracitoxin, produced by boxfish.[1] Many toxin-producing algal species can be found both in marine and fresh water environments when the algae are in bloom. Ichthyotoxic poisoning in humans can cause symptoms ranging in severity dependent on how much toxin was consumed. The symptoms of an ichthyotoxin poisoning from fish venoms can include headache, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, and drop in blood pressure.[2]

Examples

See also: Venomous fish

The eggs of gar and the roe and eggs of several other fish species contain toxins.[3] Toxin-producing algae include Prymnesium parvum.[1]

Anti-cancer research

Euglonophycin

It was discovered that euglonophycin, a euglenoid ichthyotoxin derived from Euglena sanguinea, displays anticancer activity.[4] By sharing a similar chemical structure to solenopsin, an angiogenic inhibitor and alkaloid toxin derived from fire ant venom, euglonophycin has been studied for potential application in natural products and drug development for cancer therapy.[5] Based on experimental studies, anti-cancer activity by euglonophycin was demonstrated in leukemia, neuroblastoma, and colorectal cancer cell lines.[6][7] Specifically, in colorectal cancer cells, euglenophycin exposure exhibited cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-migratory, and anti-inflammatory activity.[7]  It was determined that autophagic regulation and G1 cell cycle arrest contributes to euglenophycin's ability to inhibit colorectal cancer cell proliferation, prevent metastasis, and suppress tumour inflammation.[7]  

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Andersen N (2012). "Ichthyotoxic algae and their effects on fish" (PDF).
  2. ^ Jawad LA (2018). Dangerous fishes of the Eastern and Southern Arabian Peninsula. Cham: Springer. ISBN 9783319579269.
  3. ^ Ostrand KG, Thies ML, Hall DD, Carpenter M (1996). "Gar ichthyotoxin: Its effect on natural predators and the toxin's evolutionary function". The Southwestern Naturalist. 41 (4): 375–377. JSTOR 30055193.
  4. ^ Zimba PV, Moeller PD, Beauchesne K, Lane HE, Triemer RE (January 2010). "Identification of euglenophycin--a toxin found in certain euglenoids". Toxicon. 55 (1): 100–4. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.004. PMID 19615398.
  5. ^ Kulczycka A, Łukomska-Kowalczyk M, Zakryś B, Milanowski R (2018-06-01). "PCR identification of toxic euglenid species Euglena sanguinea". Journal of Applied Phycology. 30 (3): 1759–1763. doi:10.1007/s10811-017-1376-z. PMC 5982438. PMID 29899599.
  6. ^ Wahome PG, Beauchesne KR, Pedone AC, Cavanagh J, Melander C, Zimba P, Moeller PD (December 2014). "Augmenting anti-cancer natural products with a small molecule adjuvant". Marine Drugs. 13 (1): 65–75. doi:10.3390/md13010065. PMC 4306925. PMID 25548974.
  7. ^ a b c Cabang AB, De Mukhopadhyay K, Meyers S, Morris J, Zimba PV, Wargovich MJ (November 2017). "Therapeutic effects of the euglenoid ichthyotoxin, euglenophycin, in colon cancer". Oncotarget. 8 (61): 104347–104358. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.22238. PMC 5732811. PMID 29262645.

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