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((Short description|City in Morocco))
((About||the town in the Anti-Atlas|Ifrane Atlas-Saghir|the town in Libya|Yafran))
((More citations needed|date=January 2023))
((Infobox settlement
<!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->
<!-------- Basic info------>
|name           = Ifrane
|other_name     =  
|native_name    = ((unbulleted list
    |((native name|ar|إفران))
    |((native name|ber|ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ)) 
))
|nickname       = 
|settlement_type =
|motto          =
<!-------- images and maps------->
|image_skyline          = ((Photomontage
| photo1a = Ifrane_Snow.jpg 
| photo2a = Neige ifrane.jpg
| photo2b = Aranas.jpg
| photo3a = Barbary macaque in cedar.JPG
| size = 275
| spacing = 2
| color = transparent
| border = 0
))
|imagesize      = 300px
|image_caption  = Ifrane in winter (Clockwise from top: Chalet-style apartments; a road through the forest; a [[barbary macaque]] in the forest; the campus of [[Al Akhawayn University]])
|image_flag     = Flag of Ifrane province.svg
|flag_size      =
|image_seal     = 
|seal_size      =
|image_shield   = 
|shield_size    =
|image_map      = Openstreetmap of Ifrane_Morocco.PNG
|mapsize        = 300px
|map_caption    = Openstreetmap of Ifrane
|pushpin_map            = Morocco#Africa
|pushpin_label_position =bottom
|pushpin_mapsize     = 300
|pushpin_relief      = y
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Morocco
| subdivision_type         = Country
| subdivision_name         = Morocco
| subdivision_type1        = [[Regions of Morocco|Region]]
| subdivision_name1        = [[Fès-Meknès]]
|<!-------- Politics ------>
|government_footnotes=
|government_type          = <!--Don't put anything here it's a city article-->
|leader_title        = Mayor
|leader_name         = Abdeslam Lahrar
|leader_title1       =<!--for places with, say, both mayor and a city manager -->
|leader_name1        =
|established_title   =  <!-- Settled -->
|established_date    = 
<!-------- Area --------->
|area_magnitude      = 
|area_footnotes      =
|area_total_km2      = <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion-->
|area_land_km2       =
<!-------- Population---->
|population_est=
|pop_est_as_of=
|population_as_of    =2014
|population_footnotes=<ref name=census2014/>
|population_total    = 14659 
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|population_metro    =
|population_density_metro_km2 =
|population_density_metro_sq_mi =
<!-------- General information ---->
|timezone                       = [[Central European Time|CET]]
|utc_offset                     = +1
|coordinates         = ((coord|33|32|N|5|07|W|region:MA|display=inline))
|elevation_footnotes = <ref name=HKO/>
|elevation_m   = 1665
|elevation_ft  = 5,460
<!-------- Area/postal codes & others-->
|postal_code_type =<!--enter ZIP code, Postcode, Postal code...-->
|postal_code   = 53000
|area_code     =
|blank_name    =
|blank_info    =
|website       = 
|footnotes     = 
))
'''Ifrane''' (((lang-ar|إفران)); [[Berber languages]]: ⵉⴼⵔⴰⵏ) is a city in the [[Middle Atlas]] region of northern [[Morocco]] (population 14,659 as of November 2014).<ref name=census2014>((cite web |url=http://rgph2014.hcp.ma/file/166326/ |title=POPULATION LÉGALE DES RÉGIONS, PROVINCES, PRÉFECTURES, MUNICIPALITÉS, ARRONDISSEMENTS ET COMMUNES DU ROYAUME D'APRÈS LES RÉSULTATS DU RGPH 2014 |language=ar, fr |publisher=[[Haut Commissariat au Plan|High Commission for Planning]] |date=8 April 2015 |access-date=29 September 2017))</ref> The capital of [[Ifrane Province]] in the region of [[Fès-Meknès]], Ifrane is located at an elevation of ((convert|1665|m|abbr=on)).<ref name="HKO">
  "Climatological Information for Ifrane, Morocco",
  Hong Kong Observatory, 2003, web:
  [http://www.hko.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/africa/<!--
  -->mor_al/infrane_e.htm HKO-Ifrane].</ref> In the regional Tamazight language, "ifran" means ''caves''.

The modern town of Ifrane was established by the French administration in 1928 during the [[French Morocco|protectorate era]] for their administration due to its [[Alpine climate]]. Ifrane was conceived as a "[[hill station]]" or colonial type of settlement. It is a [[resort]] town set high up in the mountains so that Europeans could find relief from the summer heat of the interior plains of Morocco. Ifrane is also a popular altitude training destination.<ref>Egan, E. Notes from higher grounds: an altitude training guide for endurance athletes, Kukimbia Huru Publishing</ref>

The first permanent settlement of the area dates to the 16th century, when the [[Sharif]] Sîdî 'Abd al-Salâm established his community in the [[Tizguit Valley]], seven km downstream from the present town. Ifrane is a colonial "hill station", and a "[[garden city movement|garden city]]". It is also an "imperial city", a mountain resort, a provincial administrative center, and a college town.

==History==
((Unreferenced section|date=January 2023))
The first permanent settlement of the area dates to the 16th century, when a sharîf by the name of Sîdî ‘Abd al-Salâm established his community in the [[Tizguit Valley]], seven km downstream from the present town. In the Local [[Amazigh]] language, Ifran means "caves". Sîdî ‘Abd al-Salâm’s village, called Zaouiat Sidi Abdeslam (or simply the zâwiyah), consisted at first of cave dwellings hollowed out of the limestone valley wall. Only in the last fifty years or so have its inhabitants built houses aboveground. The caves which now lie under these houses are still used as mangers for animals and for storage.

By the mid-17th century Sîdî ‘Abd al-Salâm’s zâwiyah was well enough established to
receive an extensive iqtâ’, or land grant, from the ‘Alâwî sultan Mûlây Rashîd b. Muhammad.
The iqtâ’ extended from upstream of present Ifrane down the Tizguit valley all the way to El Hajeb escarpment. Late in the 19th century agro-pastoral groups of the Amazigh Senhadja Beni M’guild and Zenata the Ait Seghrouchen, crossing the Middle Atlas from the upper Moulouya Plain, started grazing their herds of sheep and goats on the surrounding plateau. The livelihood of the zâwiyah was based on irrigated agriculture on the valley floor, livestock grazing and forest resources.

The agricultural plots were held as private property (mulk) but the grazing land was under collective tribal jurisdiction (j’maa). The tribally organized populations of the Ifrane-Azrou area submitted to colonial rule after a period of resistance (1913–1917). Resistance continued higher in the mountains (Timahdit, Jebel Fazzaz) until 1922.

===Modern history===
[[File:Ifrane.jpg|thumb|right|Ifrane]]
[[File:Aranas.jpg|thumb|right|Al Akhawayn University]]
The modern town of Ifrane was established by the French administration in 1929 on land expropriated from the inhabitants of the [[zâwiya]]. The town was to be a "[[hill station]]", a cool place for colonial families to spend the hot summer months, and it was initially planned according to the [[Garden city movement|"garden city" model]] of urban design then in vogue. The plan called for chalet-type summer homes in the Alpine style, laid out among gardens and curving tree-lined streets. A royal palace was also built for Sultan Muhammad b. Yûsuf. The town's first public buildings consisted of a post office and a church. Moreover, a penitentiary was built which served as a POW camp during World War II.

As elsewhere in Morocco, a [[shanty town]] called Timdiqîn soon grew up next to the colonial establishment. It housed the Moroccan population (maids, gardeners, etc.) that serviced the French vacationers. Timdiqîn was separated from the colonial garden city by a deep ravine. After independence, the French properties in the original garden city were slowly bought up by Moroccans. The town was enlarged and endowed with a mosque, a municipal market and [[public housing]] estates. Furthermore, the shanty neighborhood of Timdiqîn was rebuilt with proper civic amenities.

In 1979 Ifrane became the seat of the administrative province of the same name and some government services were established. In 1995 [[Al Akhawayn University]], an English-language, American-curriculum public university opened and this has helped re-launch Ifrane as a desirable destination for domestic tourism. Consequently, Ifrane continues to develop as both a summer and winter resort. Old [[chalet]]s in the center of town are being demolished and replaced with condominium complexes, while vacation centers and gated housing estates are springing up on the outskirts.

The Middle Atlas Mountains consist mostly of a series of [[limestone]] plateaux. Not far from Ifrane in the Middle Atlas is [[Cèdre Gouraud Forest]]. These plateaux receive considerable precipitation—averaging about 1,100/1,200 ml/year in Ifrane—and are naturally wooded, with scrub oak forests alternating with cedar. The Middle Atlas lies in the center of Morocco and constitutes its natural water tower, as many of the country's most important river systems: the [[Moulouya]], the [[Sebou River|Sebou]], the [[Bou Regreg]], and the [[Oum Er-Rbia River|Oum Rabia]] originate in it. Historically, however, despite its centrality, the Middle Atlas has been an "empty quarter". Though the area was regularly crossed by traders, and though the alpine summer pasture
was used by herders, the harsh climate and relatively poor soils long impeded permanent
human settlement. Today the Middle Atlas is still one of the least densely populated parts
of Morocco, even when compared to other mountainous regions such as the [[High Atlas]] and the [[Rif]].

A small fort overlooking Oued Tizguit (now part of the palace precinct) had already been built during the period of military conquest in order to secure the [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]] to [[Khenifra]] road across the mountains. The gently rolling landscape, with fresh springs and [[wildflower]]s, was judged to have potential as a summer resort for colon families from the Saïss Plain, [[Meknes]] and Fez. Fifty hectares of agricultural land upstream from the zâwiyah, in an area originally designated as Tourthit, or "garden", was expropriated for the project.

Ifrane was conceived as a "hill station" or colonial type of settlement. It is a resort town set high up in the mountains so that Europeans can find relief from the summer heat of tropical colonies. The British were the first to develop this type of resort in India, the best known of which is [[Simla]] in the [[Himalayas]] which served as their "summer capital". The French built similar hill stations in [[French Indochina|Indochina]], such as [[Da Lat]], established in 1921. Ifrane was not the only hill station to be built in Morocco. The French also built one in neighboring [[Imouzzer Marmoucha]], as well as at [[Oukaïmeden]] in the High Atlas. Hill stations share some common characteristics. As they are intended for [[expatriate]] European families, and they are often designed in such a way as to remind their foreign inhabitants of their distant homelands. The architectural style adopted is imported from the mother country in order that the place look like "Little England" or "douce France". This is the case in Ifrane where various mountain styles such as [[Baserri|"maison basque"]] [[Jura (department)|"Jura"]] and "[[Savoy]]" were used. Moreover, trees and flowering plants were also imported from the European home country. This too was intended to heighten the appearance and feeling of home. In Ifrane, [[lilac]] trees, [[plane-tree]]s (platanes), [[chestnut]] and [[horse-chestnut]] trees (marronniers and châtaigniers) and [[linden tree|lime trees]] (tilleuls) were all imported for this purpose.

== "Garden City"==
[[File:Ifrane lion.jpg|thumb|right|Sculpture of a lion in a park of the city]]
Ifrane was planned according to the "[[Garden city movement|garden city]]" model of [[urban design]], fashionable in Western [[Europe between the two world wars]].<ref>Robin Gauldie, ''Morocco''</ref> The concept of the garden city was developed in Britain as a model of social reform to solve the problems of 19th century industrial cities. By the 1920s however it had lost its social purpose to become an urban design type. Garden cities required low density housing consisting of fully detached or semi-detached single family homes surrounded by gardens.

In order to break with industrial-era grid plans, garden cities were always laid out with curving tree-lined streets. In fact, most garden cities were affluent suburbs, not true cities in their own right. They catered to the tastes of the [[upper middle class]]es who could afford to own a private automobile and property in the suburbs. They gave the illusion of county life, with village-type architecture, curvy streets and many trees, to people who in reality worked in big cities. Ifrane's initial garden city plan was designed in 1928 in Rabat by the Services Techniques of the Bureau de Contrôle des Municipalités, a division of the Direction des Affairs Politiques.

The 1928 plan – for the neighborhood known as Hay Riad today – had typical garden city features: curvy streets named for flora (Rue des lilas, Rue des tilleuls, etc.), and chalet-style houses. Houses could occupy only 40% of plots; the rest had to be planted as a garden. Moreover, large parts of the center of the town consisted of public gardens. Some of the original architecture can still be seen, especially in the neighborhood around the town hall and the Perce Neige Hotel. The summer homes built by the colons were designed by many of the same architects who built the European parts of Casablanca and Rabat. Whereas the European architecture in these big cities was innovative and intentionally modern, Ifrane's houses were built in traditional European styles and resembled those in the suburbs of contemporaneous French cities.

Ifrane's first public buildings were a post office and a Roman Catholic church. The church, consecrated in 1939, was designed by [[Paul Tournon]] (1881–1964), a recipient of the prestigious Prix de Rome who had also designed the Sacré Cœur Church in Casablanca. The resort function of the new town was consolidated with the building of a number of hotels. Ifrane's first flagship hotel was the Balima, which was demolished in the 1980s. The other main hotel was the Grand Hôtel, which has recently been refurbished. A royal palace was also built for Sultan Muhammad b.Yûsuf.

Ifrane is thus an "imperial" city in that it houses a palace and benefits from royal patronage. One final institution of Ifrane's early years worthy of mention is the penitentiary which no longer exists, and the site, across from the Police Academy and the new police Commissariat, has been redeveloped as a summer camp for the Ministry of Justice. The penitentiary served as a Prisoner of War camp during World War II. The popular story of the origin of Ifrane's lion sculpture involves an Italian inmate of this prison sculpting the lion out of an outcrop of limestone; however, this is not true as the lion dates from at least 1936 thus predating World War II.<ref>((cite web|url=http://ifranelionhistory.bloxode.com/|title=bloxode.com))</ref>

The garden city hill station high in the Middle Atlas was always going to be an illusion of suburban middle-class France. Provisions were made for the housing and infrastructure of colonial home-owners, but not for the Moroccan maids, gardeners or guards who worked for them. Finding no housing in the official allotments, these people had to build their own houses some distance away, across a ravine north of the town. As elsewhere in Morocco at the time, a shantytown thus grew up next to the colonial town. This is the origin of Timdiqin (officially called Hay Atlas).

==Climate==
Located in the [[Atlas Mountains]], and affected by the cold [[Canary current]], Ifrane has a continental-influenced [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Csa]]) with short, somewhat dry, warm summers and long, cool, damp winters. The nights can be severely cold in winter.

Because of its elevation, the town experiences [[snow]] during the winter months and a cooler climate during the summer (not as hot as in the nearby regions which lie at a lower altitude).<ref name="wmo.asu.edu">((cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/africa-lowest-temperature |title=Africa: Lowest Temperature &#124; ASU World Meteorological Organization |access-date=2015-10-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925014334/http://wmo.asu.edu/africa-lowest-temperature |archive-date=2015-09-25 ))</ref>

Owing to the city's elevation and proximity to the north [[Atlantic Ocean]], rainfall is very heavy whenever frontal systems affect the region. Precipitation patterns follow the classic Mediterranean range, from October to April. The city also receives high snowfall starting as early as October and lasting well into spring season. The annual average temperature does not exceed ((convert|11|C|)).

Ifrane holds the record for the lowest temperature ever observed in Africa: ((convert|-23.9|C|F)) on February 11, 1935.<ref name="wmo.asu.edu"/>

((Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Ifrane, Morocco (1991–2020 normals)
|single line = Y
|metric first = Y
|Jan high C = 9.4
|Feb high C = 10.6
|Mar high C = 13.1
|Apr high C = 15.4
|May high C = 19.6
|Jun high C = 25.2
|Jul high C = 30.3
|Aug high C = 30.3
|Sep high C = 24.6
|Oct high C = 19.3
|Nov high C = 13.0
|Dec high C = 10.6
|year high C = 18.4
|Jan mean C = 4.2
|Feb mean C = 5.2
|Mar mean C = 7.6
|Apr mean C = 9.8
|May mean C = 13.6
|Jun mean C = 18.3
|Jul mean C = 22.8
|Aug mean C = 22.8
|Sep mean C = 18.1
|Oct mean C = 13.6
|Nov mean C = 7.9
|Dec mean C = 5.5
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -1.0
|Feb low C = -0.2
|Mar low C = 2.2
|Apr low C = 4.1
|May low C = 7.5
|Jun low C = 11.3
|Jul low C = 15.2
|Aug low C = 15.3
|Sep low C = 11.5
|Oct low C = 7.8
|Nov low C = 2.7
|Dec low C = 0.4
|year low C = 
|Jan record high C = 21.6
|Feb record high C = 21.3
|Mar record high C = 24.2
|Apr record high C = 26.3
|May record high C = 32.0
|Jun record high C = 35.2
|Jul record high C = 36.4
|Aug record high C = 37.7
|Sep record high C = 34.4
|Oct record high C = 29.4
|Nov record high C = 23.3
|Dec record high C = 21.9
|Jan record low C = -14.4
|Feb record low C = -23.9
|Mar record low C = -9.8
|Apr record low C = -5.6
|May record low C = -5.8
|Jun record low C = 0.0
|Jul record low C = 4.5
|Aug record low C = 4.4
|Sep record low C = 0.7
|Oct record low C = -3.8
|Nov record low C = -10.4
|Dec record low C = -14.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 125.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 113.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 115.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 94.1
|May precipitation mm = 52.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 20.4
|Jul precipitation mm = 11.7
|Aug precipitation mm = 17.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 40.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 90.6
|Nov precipitation mm = 137.0
|Dec precipitation mm = 142.9
|year precipitation mm = 
|Jan precipitation days = 7.8
|Feb precipitation days = 7.8
|Mar precipitation days = 8.5
|Apr precipitation days = 7.3
|May precipitation days = 5.8
|Jun precipitation days = 2.9
|Jul precipitation days = 2.3
|Aug precipitation days = 3.0
|Sep precipitation days = 4.7
|Oct precipitation days = 5.9
|Nov precipitation days = 7.9
|Dec precipitation days = 8.1
|year precipitation days = 72.0
|unit precipitation days = 1 mm
|Jan sun = 180.6
|Feb sun = 169.1
|Mar sun = 214.4
|Apr sun = 211.2
|May sun = 263.1
|Jun sun = 302.3
|Jul sun = 340.8
|Aug sun = 317.0
|Sep sun = 258.1
|Oct sun = 227.3
|Nov sun = 175.8
|Dec sun = 172.8
|year sun = 2832.5
|source 1 = NOAA (sun 1961–1990)<ref>((cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Morocco/CSV/IFRANE_60160.csv
| title = Ifrane Climate Normals 1991–2020
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = August 18, 2023))</ref><ref>((cite web
| url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG__I/FM/60160.TXT
| title = Ifrane Climate Normals 1961–1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| access-date = March 16, 2015))</ref>
))

==Flora and fauna==
Ifrane's biodiversity is unique. Its fauna and flora contain rare yet mostly endangered species. Animals to be found in the vicinity include the [[threatened]] [[Barbary macaque]].<ref>C. Michael Hogan, 2008)</ref> Among the local tree species are the native [[Atlas cedar]], scrub oak and the introduced [[London plane]].

=== Fauna ===

==== Mammalian species ====
* The [[Barbary macaque]] (''Macaca sylvanus''), an endangered monkey species that lives in its wild state in the forests of the Middle Atlas, including the forests surrounding Ifrane. Barbary macaques can be seen in the outskirts or the farther areas of the town of Ifrane when there is no more food in the woods, or simply because they have become familiar with humans.
* The [[golden jackal]] (''Canis aureus''), referred to as ‘ich’ab’ in Tamazight, the same term used for ‘wolf’
* The [[caracal]] (''Caracal caracal''), which is hard to spot, and survives thanks to its extreme discretion.
* The [[common genet]] (''Genetta genetta'')<ref name=":0">((Cite web |date=December 25, 2006 |title=Inventaire de la Biodiversité |url=http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/fol117596/synthese_invent_biodiv_pnifrane_2007.pdf/download/en/1/synthese_invent_biodiv_pnifrane_2007.pdf?action=view |website=Clearing House Mechanism on Biodiversity of Morocco))</ref>

==== Bird species ====
* The Atlas Coal Tit (''[[Parus ater Atlas]]''), an endemic passerine bird native to the Atlas mountains range.
* The [[African crimson-winged finch]] (''Rhodopechys alienus'')
* The [[Egyptian vulture|white scavenger vulture]] (''Neophron percnopterus'')<ref name=":0" />
Ifrane is also well known for its pisciculture (fish farming) stations. Ras el Ma forest has a trout-breeding station in which trout can be seen in their breeding basins. Moreover, Ifrane has a varied range of insects and amphibians.

=== Flora ===
Ifrane's plant and tree species include the following:<ref name=":0" /> 
* The Atlas cedar (''Cedrus Atlantica'')
* The [[Quercus rotundifolia|holm oak]] (''Quercus rotundifolia'')
* The [[Quercus faginea|Portuguese oak]] (''Quercus faginea'')
* The [[Pinus pinaster|maritime pine]] (''Pinus pinaster'' ssp. Hamiltoni var. maghrebiana)
* The [[Juniperus thurifera|Spanish juniper]] (''Juniperus thurifera'')
* The [[Cistus laurifolius|laurel-leaf cistus]] (''Cistus laurifolius'')
* ''[[Genista quadrifolia]]''
* ''[[Artemisia mesatlantica]]''

==Notable people==
* [[Mostafa Smaili]], middle-distance runner

==Notes==
((Reflist))

==References==
* ''Inventaire de la Biodiversité''. (2016). ''Clearing House Mechanism on Biodiversity of Morocco''. Retrieved from [http://ma.chm-cbd.net/manag_cons/esp_prot/stat_nat/parc_nat/fol117596/synthese_invent_biodiv_pnifrane_2007.pdf/download/en/1/synthese_invent_biodiv_pnifrane_2007.pdf?action=view http://ma.chm]
* Robin Gauldie, ''Morocco'', New Holland Publishers  ((ISBN|978-1-84773-095-4)). 128 pages
* C. Michael Hogan, (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120419033431/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=31757&lang=us ''Barbary Macaque: Macaca sylvanus'', Globaltwitcher.com, ed. Nicklas Stromberg]

== External links ==
((Wikivoyage|Ifrane))
((Commons category-inline))
* [http://lexicorient.com/morocco/ifrane.htm Lexicorient] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515174937/http://lexicorient.com/morocco/ifrane.htm |date=2008-05-15 ))
* [http://www.aui.ma/ Al Akhawayn University]

((coord|33|32|N|5|07|W|region:MA-IFR_type:city(13000)|display=title))
((Fès-Meknès))

((Authority control))

[[Category:Populated places in Ifrane Province]]
[[Category:Ski areas and resorts in Morocco]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in North Africa]]
[[Category:Provincial capitals in Morocco]]

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