CIE standard illuminant D65 (sometimes written D₆₅^[1][2]) is a commonly used standard illuminant defined by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE).^[3] It is part of the D series of illuminants that try to portray standard illumination conditions at open-air in different parts of the world.

D65 corresponds roughly to the average midday light in Western Europe / Northern Europe (comprising both direct sunlight and the light diffused by a clear sky), hence it is also called a daylight illuminant. As any standard illuminant is represented as a table of averaged spectrophotometric data, any light source which statistically has the same relative spectral power distribution (SPD) can be considered a D65 light source. There are no actual D65 light sources, only simulators. The quality of a simulator can be assessed with the CIE metamerism index.^[4][5]

The CIE positions D65 as the standard daylight illuminant:

[D65] is intended to represent average daylight and has a correlated colour temperature of approximately 6500 K. CIE standard illuminant D65 should be used in all colorimetric calculations requiring representative daylight, unless there are specific reasons for using a different illuminant. Variations in the relative spectral power distribution of daylight are known to occur, particularly in the ultraviolet spectral region, as a function of season, time of day, and geographic location.

— ISO 10526:1999/CIE S005/E-1998, CIE Standard Illuminants for Colorimetry^[6]

History

The CIE introduced three standard illuminants in 1931:

• A: Incandescent bulb simulator
• B: Daylight simulator (direct)
• C: Daylight simulator (shade)

B and C were derived from A by using liquid filters. The approximation to real light this provided was found lacking, so in 1967 the CIE accepted a proposal by Judd, MacAdam, and Wyszecki for a new series of daylight simulators, bearing the initial D.^[7][8][9]

Definition

D65 is a tabulated SPD in increments of 5 nm from 300 nm to 830 nm, using linear interpolation on the original data binned at 10 nm.^[10][11] The CIE recommends using linear interpolation of the component SPDs, S₀, S₁, and S₂ if the application requires greater precision, but there is a proposal to use spline interpolation instead.^[12]

Using the standard 2° observer, the CIE 1931 color space chromaticity coordinates of D65 are^[13]

$${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31272\\y&=0.32903\end{aligned))}$$

and the XYZ tristimulus values (normalized to Y = 100), are

$${\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&95.047\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000))\\Z&={}&108.883\end{alignedat))}$$

For the supplementary 10° observer,^{[citation needed]}

$${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=0.31382\\y&=0.33100\end{aligned))}$$

$${\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}X&={}&94.811\\Y&={}&100{\phantom {.000))\\Z&={}&107.304\end{alignedat))}$$

Since D65 represents white light, its coordinates are also a white point, corresponding to a correlated color temperature of 6504 K. Rec. 709, used in HDTV systems, truncates the CIE 1931 coordinates to x=0.3127, y=0.329.

Color temperature

The name D₆₅ suggests that the correlated color temperature (CCT) should be 6500 K, while in truth it is closer to 6504 K. This discrepancy is due to the scientific community's 1968 revision of the constants in Planck's law after the definition of the illuminant.^[3] This shifted the Planckian locus, affecting all CCTs, which are calculated by finding the nearest point on the locus to the white point. The same discrepancy applies to all illuminants in the D series—D₅₀, D₅₅, D₆₅, D₇₅—and can be "rectified" by multiplying the nominal color temperature by ${\displaystyle {\frac {c_{2)){1.4380))}$; for example ${\displaystyle 6500\ {\text{K))\times {\frac {1.438776877\dots }{1.4380))=6503.51\ {\text{K))}$ for D₆₅.