Russian film director
Ilya Khrzhanovsky |
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| Born | Ilya Andreyevich Khrzhanovsky
(1975-08-11) 11 August 1975 (age 48)
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| Nationality | Russia, Israel, Germany |
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| Occupation | Film director |
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Ilya Andreyevich Khrzhanovsky (Russian: Илья́ Андре́евич Хржановский; born 11 August 1975) is a Russian-born film director, screenwriter, film producer and member of the European Film Academy.
His father Andrei Khrzhanovsky (b. 1939) is one of the top Russian animation directors, and his mother Mariya Neyman, a philologist and script editor. He is the grandson of artist and actor Yury Khrzhanovsky [ru] (1905—1987).
In 2006 Khrzhanovsky launched the DAU project and has since been producing and directing films and other products for it.
Since 2007 Khrzhanovsky has permanently resided outside of Russia, in Germany, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.[1] In March 2014 he signed the open letter "We are with you!" issued by the Russian Film Union KinoSoyuz in support of Ukraine,[2][3][4] and since February 2022 has consistently opposed [5]
the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
From 2020 to 2023 Khrzhanovsky worked as the Artistic Director [6] of the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center.
As of March 2022, he is in Israel.[7]
DAU project
DAU is a multidisciplinary project at the intersection of cinema, art and anthropology that premiered in Paris in 2019. DAU was initially conceived as a full-length feature film about the life of a genius in troubled times loosely based on the biography of the Soviet physicist and Nobel laureate Lev Landau (nicknamed Dau).[20][21][22][23][24]
However the filming process transformed into a 'total performance' and 'total installation' [25] rather than a conventional film shoot.
In 2008 in Kharkiv, Ukraine, the largest shooting location in Europe spanning 12,000m2, named the institute, was constructed as part of the project.[26] How the location functioned and was used in the filming has suggested parallels between DAU and such projects as Synecdoche, New York and The Truman Show.[27][28][29]
The auditions for DAU involved 392,000 non-actors.[30][31] Around 200-300 non-actors lived on-set at any one time [32] and around 400 were filmed including scientists, musicians, artists, composers, religious leaders and philosophers, as well as waitresses, cleaners, secret police officers, cooks and hairdressers.[33][34][35][36] 40,000 costume units were produced and purchased during shooting.[37][38]
The architecture, costumes, objects and food created a phantasmagorical reconstruction of the Soviet era of the 1930s to 1960s.[39][40][41][42][43] The unscripted process was filmed intermittently from October 2009 to November 2011 during which no modern clothes including underwear, no modern sanitary products or any other modern objects or vocabulary were allowed on the set and period costume, make-up and hairstyles were required from everyone including the crew, regardless if shooting was occurring.[44][45][46][47][48]
With no script or takes, the characters acted and reacted in the meticulously designed circumstances, sometimes staying on set for months.[49][50][51][52]
Everyone, with the exception of Dau (conductor Teodor Currentzis), his wife (actress Radmila Schegoleva), their son (as young adult - musician Nikolai Voronov), and Krupitsa, director of the institute from 1938 to 1953 (theater director Anatoly Vasiliev), lived in the Institute under their own names. Their real biographies were adapted to Soviet realities.[53][54][55][56]
Among the employees and the guests of the Institute there were theoretical physicists, neuroscientists and biologists, including Profs. Nobel laureate David Gross, Fields Medal winner Shing-Tung Yau, Nikita Nekrasov, Dmitry Kaledin, Andrey Losev, Samson Shatashvili, Carlo Rovelli, Eric Verlinde, James H. Fallon, and media and performance contemporary artists including Marina Abramović, Carsten Höller, Boris Mikhailov, Peter Sellars, Romeo Castellucci, Alexei Blinov, Rav Steinsaltz, Peruvian shaman Guillermo Arévalo and others.[57][58][59]
The process resulted in 700 hours of 35mm film.[60][61][62][63] 13 films of various genres edited from this material were part of the premiere in Paris in 2019.[64][65] The movies were voiced by Gérard Depardieu, Willem Dafoe, Isabelle Adjani, Fanny Ardant, Isabelle Huppert, Charlotte Rampling, Hanna Schygulla, Vicky Krieps, Jella Haase, Lars Eidinger, Blixa Bargeld, Denis Lavant, and others.[66] The 'mother film' that focused on Dau's life story with the Institute being just one of the storylines yet to be released.[67][68][69]
The genre of the project is defined by critics as 'sprawling immersive-theater/film/installation',[70] 'totalitarian reality show',[71] 'not just film or theatre but also of site-specific improvisational performances' [72] and also as 'the entire culture of the 1930s-1960s'.[73]
Apart from movie products, the project has additionally manifested in other formats such as books, conferences and complex installations.
Books
Transcribed conversations of characters recorded during the shooting as well as off shooting were available at the Paris premiere.[74][75]
Thames & Hudson prepared the publication of DAU Document,[76] collecting stills from all footage, on-set photographs shot with Soviet-era Leica cameras (selected from 1.5 million images) and results of the scientific experiments carried out in the film. Essays exploring themes such as the nature of community, power, love, altered states of consciousness and violence intersperse the visual chronological account. The final section catalogues the 80,000 items of period clothing and props as well as the characters who populate the project, where frames from all the footage are presented in chronological order.[77]
In 2018 Comme des Garçons collaborated with DAU project to release an album of photographs as part of their annual initiative of publishing the work of artists and photographers.[78]
In 2018 The DAU Rooms at Le Châtelet special edition was released as 'a gift to the city of Paris' containing the works of Bakst, Larionov and Natalia Goncharova next to the fragments of DAU installations with forewords by the Mayor of Paris Anne Hidalgo, artistic director of the Châtelet Theater Ruth Mackenzie and others.[79][80]
Conferences
In 2017 a series of conferences started in London to explore the wide range of cultural, social, and political issues raised in DAU.[81][82] The participants included historians, scientists, political figures, diplomats, such as professors Teodor Shanin, Alexander Etkind, Robert Service, James Fallon, the first president of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk, the first state secretary of Russia Gennady Burbulis, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Belarus Stanislav Shushkevich, UK Ambassador to USSR Sir Roderick Braithwaite, West German Ambassador to USSR Andreas Meyer-Landrut, the former Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the United Kingdom, Sir Michael David Jackson, former publicity director at Sinn Féin Danny Morrison and others.[83][84][85] The conferences took place in London School of Economics and Political Science,[86][87] House of Commons, House of Lords, London Royal Society.[88]
They continued in Paris at the premiere of the project in 2019.[89]
In 2019, at premiere of the project in Paris, conferences continued with the participation of writer Jonathan Littell, futurologist Real Miller, professor of physics and string theorist Nikita Nekrasov, writer and social critic Evgeny Morozov, photographer Reza Deghati, biophysicist prof. Sonia Contera, writer Alexander Etkind, and others.[90]
Complex Installations
The institute. Complex installations have been an integral part of the project since the Institute functioned during the shooting, creating immersive experiences for visitors and residents.[91][92][93]
Berlin. An installation supposed to take place at the planned Berlin premiere of the project in 2018 was cancelled by the city authorities referring to safety and technical issues.[94][95] The concept was to rebuild a part of the Berlin wall to create 'a closed-off mini-state, complete with visa checks for visitors'.[96] On this closed territory visitors were to immerse into performances and concerts of artists including Romeo Castellucci, Carsten Höller, Massive Attack and in particular a performance by Marina Abramović and Teodor Currentzis who planned to wash people referring to the procedure in concentration camps where prisoners were taken to gaz cameras, being told that they were going to take shower.[97] The event was supposed to end with a ritual destruction of The Wall with each participant to be offered to carry a piece of the wall with them.[98]
The premiere of the project in Paris also took a form of installation in Théâtre du Châtelet and Théâtre de la Ville that both hosted Serguey Diaghilev's Russian Seasons a century earlier,[99] as well as in Centre Pompidou, that also provided contemporary art works by Soviet and Russian artists from its collection Kollektsia! to be used as a part of an installation in the theatres.[100] Round-the-clock screenings of the films were accompanied by performances, concerts, installations and conferences; visitors could also visit a canteen, bars, a Soviet shop and have one-to-one sessions with 'active listeners'.[101][102][103]
Dau.Digital
Khrzhanovsky claims the movies are just trailers of what he calls the main product Dau.Digital,[104] an interactive online platform presenting all 700 hours of rushes where a user is navigated by the tags and can structure their own narrative.[105][106] This format was also presented to the visitors of the Paris premiere.[107]
Babyn Yar
In 2019 Khrzhanovsky accepted the offer made by the supervisory board of the Babyn Yar Holocaust Memorial Center (BYHMC) to take up the position of the project's Artistic Director.[108][109] The funding of the Memorial Center is carried out on the principle of equal participation of Ukrainian and international donors. As of 2020 the organisation has six donors: three citizens of Ukraine, two citizens with citizenship of the Russian Federation and Israel and one citizen of the USA.[110]
In September 2020 on the 79th anniversary of the tragedy in Babyn Yar in the presence of Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, BYHMC unveiled an audiovisual outdoor memorial installation.[111][112]
In January 2021 BYHMC presented the creative concept of the memorial that resulted from the work of an international group of authors consisting of architects, historians, museum curators, artists and Holocaust researchers recognised in Ukraine and internationally.[113] Khrzhanovsky leads the general framework of the project.[114]
On 14 May 2021, The Day of Remembrance of Ukrainians who rescued Jews during WWII, the memorial unveiled a pop-up synagoge. The inauguration was attended by the Head of the Presidential Office of Ukraine Andrii Yermak, the Prime Minister of Ukraine Denys Shmygal, Ukraine's Chief Rabbi Moche Reuven Azmann and other state officials, diplomats, religious leaders and cultural and social activists.[115][116][117] In October 2021 the project received the international Dezeen architectural award becoming a public vote winner for Cultural Building of the Year.[118][119]
In July 2021 Ilya Khrzhanovsky with the participation of Marina Abramović presented the final concept of BYHMC and the plans for its development at the All Ukrainian forum 'Ukraine 30 - Humanitarian Policy' with Volodymir Zelenskyy announcing the project's timeframe.[120]
On 6 October 2021 in the presence of the presidents of Ukraine, Israel and Germany The Crystal Wall of Crying interactive installation by Marina Abramović, commissioned by BYHMC, was unveiled.[121][122][123] The ceremony was accompanied by the Dmitri Shostakovich's Symphony No.13 performed for the first time in Babyn Yar by the German Symphony Orchestra and was linked to the 80th anniversary of the tragedy.[124]
The projects of BYHMC have also been awarded with Webby Awards,[125] international prizes in human rights,[126] in Jewish journalism [127] and others.
In 2021 Khrzhanovsky produced Sergei Loznitsa's documentary Babi Yar. Context.[128] The movie won the Golden Eye award at Cannes Festival,[129] and was awarded at Jerusalem Film Festival,[130] at the 57th Chicago International Film Festival,[131] at
BFI London Film Festival,[132] at 31st Message to Man International Film Festival,[133] and was shortlisted by European Film Awards as best documentary.[134]
In September 2023 Khrzhanovsky made a public statement [135] that he had left the post of artistic director of the Memorial Center, telling that "the war has changed and will continue to change many things in the perception and building of the culture of memory in Ukraine"; "in the current context the stage of his activities is completed" and he "does not consider it right to work in Ukraine, not physically living there or sharing all the troubles and dangers with Ukrainian society".[136] The statement was commented on social media by Natan Shcharansky, the head of the supervisory board of BYHMC Charitable Foundation, is a former political prisoner in the Soviet Union, human rights activist, who in particular mentioned "it is difficult to overestimate your contribution to this most important project for the Jewish people and for Ukraine" [137]
Social and Political Attitudes
In March 2014 Khrzhanovsky signed the open letter "We are with you!" from the Russian Film Union KinoSoyuz in support of Ukraine,[138][139][140] as the reaction to Russian invasion of Crimean Peninsula and since February 2022 has consistently opposed [141] the Russian invasion of Ukraine.
On 24 February 2022 Khrzhanovsky became one of the first signatories of the appeal of directors, writers, journalists, artists, scientists and publishers demanding to 'end this war'.[142][143] Subsequently, hundreds of Russian citizens have joined the appeal. Initially posted on the Facebook page of Mikhail Zygar; after 4 March 2022 when the 'fake news law' entered into force, the text was removed from this page as well as from some other online media.
Also on 24 February 2022 Khrzhanovsky joined the appeal of leading Russian cinematographers issued by The Union of Cinematographers and Professional Cinematographic Organisations and Associations of Russia.[144]
On 3 March 2022, commenting during a live broadcast on TV Rain channel about a Russian missile strike that hit Babyn Yar, Khrzhanovskiy said 'the whole of Ukraine has turned into Babi Yar'.[145]
The interview that Volodymir Zelenskyy gave to the opposition Russian journalists on 27 March 2022 [146] was arranged on Khrzhanovskiy's initiative.[147][148]
Criticism
Since the Paris premiere of DAU in 2019 Khrzhanovsky's methods have been criticized, in particular from the point of view of engaging and working with non-actors.[149]
In April 2020 a draft presentation of the creative concept of BYHMC was leaked to the press that presented it as a final creative solution.[150][151] This provoked a scandal; some public figures called for dismissal of Khrzhanovskiy, referring to the assumptions made about DAU project.[152][153] The Head of Scientific Council Karel Berkhoff and the CEO Yana Bariniva left the project as a mark of protest against the approach reflected in the concept.[154][155] In response, the Memorial Center issued a statement saying: 'All accusations addressed now to Ilya Khrzanovsky are made based on emotions and subjective thoughts built upon speculations and assumptions' and called the media and public to 'be objective and balanced'.[156]
On 27 May 2020 The Jerusalem Post published an article by Khrzhanovskiy saying: 'This interpretation has no connection whatsoever to the artistic spirit that I am striving to embody in the project'. He also stressed that he stayed fully committed to the frame of historical narrative that had been elaborated by scholars and pointed at the difference between methods he had used when working on the DAU arthouse project and those appropriate for dealing with the memory of Babyn Yar tragedy.[157]
