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((Short description|1940s Soviet twin-engine transport aircraft))
((more citations needed|date=May 2012))
((Use dmy dates|date=October 2020))
{|((Infobox aircraft begin
 |name = Il-12
 |image = File:Il-12s AT THE DATANSHAN CHINESE AVIATION MUSEUM BEIJING CHINA OCT 2012 (8153302082).jpg
 |caption = Ilyushin Il-12 at China Aviation Museum, Beijing
))((Infobox aircraft type
 |type = Transport aircraft
 |manufacturer =
 |design group= [[Ilyushin]]
 |builder = 
 |first flight = 15 August 1945
 |introduction = 1947
 |retired = 1986 ([[China]])
 |status = Retired
 |primary user = [[Aeroflot]]
 |more users =
 |produced = 1946-1949<ref>((cite web|title=Ilyushin Il-12|url=http://www.planepictures.net/netsearch4.cgi?stype=actype&srng=2&srch=Ilyushin%20IL-12|work=Planepictures.net|access-date=4 May 2013|archive-date=20 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320110103/http://www.planepictures.net/netsearch4.cgi?srch=Ilyushin%20IL-12&stype=actype&srng=2|url-status=dead))</ref>
 |number built = 663
 |developed into = [[Ilyushin Il-14]]
 |variants with their own articles =
))
|}

The '''Ilyushin Il-12''' ([[NATO reporting name]]: '''Coach''') was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] twin-engine cargo aircraft, developed in the mid-1940s for small and medium-haul airline routes and as a military transport.

==Design and development==
The Il-12 was developed as a private venture by the Ilyushin Design Bureau from autumn 1943 and was intended as a replacement for the [[Lisunov Li-2]], a [[Licence-built|license-produced]] version of the [[Douglas DC-3]].<ref name="am993p59">((harvnb|Stroud ''Aeroplane Monthly'' September 1993|p=59))</ref><ref name="Gordon p155">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|p=155))</ref> Initial studies proposed a 29-seat airliner powered by four ((convert|1000|hp|kW|abbr=on)) [[Supercharger|supercharged]] [[Tumansky M-88|M-88V]] engines (as used in the [[Ilyushin Il-4]] bomber) and with a [[Cabin pressurization|pressurized cabin]], allowing the aircraft to cruise at an altitude of ((convert|6000|-|7000|m|ft|abbr=on)), with a range of ((cvt|5000|km)) at almost ((cvt|400|km/h)). The aircraft would be fitted with a [[tricycle landing gear]], the first use by the Ilyushin OKB.<ref name="Gordon p1556">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|pp=155–156))</ref>

During 1944, the design was changed, with the M-88B engines replaced by two [[Charomskiy ACh-30|ACh-31]] [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[V-12 engine]]s (each producing ((convert|1900|hp|kW|abbr=on)) at take-off). The plans for a pressurized fuselage were abandoned and the number of passengers reduced to 27. The lower operating altitude resulted in a reduction in the aircraft's range and cruising speed.<ref name="Gordon p1567">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|pp= 156–157))</ref> The Il-12 made its maiden flight on 15 August 1945.<ref name="am993p59"/><ref name="Gordon p157">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|p=157))</ref><ref name="Ilyushindates">[http://www.Ilyushin.org/eng/history/dates.html "Dates of Maiden Flights by Aircraft Designed by "Ilyushin" Design Bureau."] ((webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718094235/http://www.ilyushin.org/eng/history/dates.html |date=18 July 2011 )) ''Ilyushin Aviation Complex''. Retrieved: 13 November 2010.</ref> It was soon decided to re-engine the aircraft with [[Shvetsov ASh-82]] radial engines, as it was expected to take too long to develop the ACh-31 to an acceptable reliability and [[time between overhauls]] for commercial service.<ref name="Gordon p1578">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|pp=157–158))</ref> The modified first prototype flew with its new engines on 9 January 1946.<ref name="am993p60">((harvnb|Stroud ''Aeroplane Monthly'' September 1993|p=60))</ref><ref name="Gordon p158">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|p=158))</ref><ref name="Ilyushindates"/>

The Il-12 was found to have problems with vibration during testing, having poor engine out characteristics and requiring a strut under the rear fuselage to prevent tipping during loading due to centre-of-gravity problems.<ref name="gunston Russian"/> However, factory test pilots praised the quality of the new aircraft, with much better performance and handling than the Li-2, which contributed to the decision to launch the Il-12 in series production.<ref name="Gordon p1589">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|pp=158–159))</ref> One problem was the use of [[magnesium]] near the engines which, in case of engine fire, could cause an uncontrolled fire, damaging the wing structure. This was revealed by a crash of an Ilyushin Il-12 near [[Voronezh]] in 1949 which killed all on board, following an engine fire. Subsequently, as a result of the accident investigation, the magnesium was replaced by [[aluminium alloys]] and the fire extinguishing system was redesigned. In addition, the aircraft's takeoff weight was restricted to ease the hazard of an engine failure during take-off - this in turn reduced the aircraft's passenger capacity, which was temporary limited to 18.<ref name="Gordon p160-1">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|pp=160–161))</ref>

The Il-12 was a low-wing [[Cantilever#Aircraft|cantilever]] [[monoplane]], with a single fin and rudder and a retractable tricycle undercarriage. It was powered by two Shvetsov ASh-82FN [[radial engine]]s, rated at ((convert|1850|hp|kW|abbr=on)) for take-off and ((convert|1630|hp|kW|abbr=on)) at ((convert|1550|m|ft|abbr=on)), driving four-bladed propellers.<ref name="am993p60"/><ref name="Gordon p171">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|p=171))</ref> The fuselage had a considerable volume, and was equipped with eight rectangular windows on each side. The crew consisted of three and the aircraft could transport 32 soldiers, 32 parachutists or cargo. There was also a civil version, which although designed to carry up to 32 passengers, was limited in [[Aeroflot]] service to 21, with normally only 18 carried.<ref name="gunston Russian"/> At that passenger load, it meant that use of the Il-12 for passenger use was un-economic.

A total of 663 Il-12s were manufactured.<ref name="gunston Russian"/> The aircraft was later improved into the [[Ilyushin Il-14]].

==Operational history==
[[File:IL-12-es repülőgépek. Fortepan 967 crop.jpg|thumb|Ilyushin Il-12 of Aeroflot at [[Budapest Ferenc Liszt International Airport|Budapest Ferihegy Airport]], 1956]]
The Il-12 was revealed to the public on 1 May 1947, when a group of aircraft participated in the annual [[May Day]] flyby over [[Red Square]] in [[Moscow]]. Performance testing was completed by 20 May, and the first regular passenger service by the Il-12 on [[Aeroflot]] began in June 1947. The first regular international use of the Il-12 was on the Moscow-[[Sofia]] route in 1948. The Il-12 was used on Aeroflot's services to [[Paris]] from 1954.

Within the USSR, the Il-12 was placed on Aeroflot's longest route: Moscow-[[Khabarovsk]], with the flight lasting 28 hours, including five refueling stops. From 1956, the Il-12 (modified for use on ice runways) supported the Soviet expeditions to [[Antarctica]]. Aeroflot continued to use the Il-12 on some routes until the end of 1970.

===Export sales===
The first export customer for the Il-12 was [[LOT Polish Airlines]], who placed an order for five Il-12Bs after it was displayed at [[Poznań International Fair|the Poznan Fair]] in Poland in the spring of 1948. This was followed by [[Czech Airlines]], who purchased 10 aircraft from 1949 to 1951, [[TAROM]] in Romania from 1949, and at least 20 aircraft to [[CAAC Airlines|CAAC]] in China.

==Variants==
* '''Il-12A''' : Basic passenger version with 27 seats standard, also produced in versions with 6, 11, 16, 18, 21 seats.
* '''Il-12B''' : Modification from 1948, fitted with an improved de-icing system, lengthened nosewheel and a small dorsal fin fillet.
* '''Il-12D''' : military transport version for the [[Soviet Air Force]] launched in 1948, for 38 paratroops or military cargo to 3700&nbsp;kg.
* '''Il-12P'''：A 32-seater passenger aircraft type.
* '''Il-12T''' : transport version for arctic operations, with a large cargo door on the left side of the fuselage.

==Accidents and incidents==
Of the 663 Il-12s produced, 56 have been lost in accidents with a total of 465 fatalities.

===1940s===
;1 July 1947
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1317) crashed on takeoff from [[Vnukovo International Airport|Vnukovo Airport]] due to loss of speed following unexplained engine failure, killing four of six on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1317|id= 19470701-3|accessdate= 20 January 2016))</ref>

;19 September 1947
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1332) was struck by a crashing [[North American B-25]] (CCCP-И850) that had lost control during an emergency landing at Vnukovo Airport; both aircraft burned out, but there were no casualties.<ref>((ASN accident|type=Hull-loss|title= CCCP-L1332|id= 19570919-1|accessdate= 22 January 2016))</ref>

;24 November 1947
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1356) overran the runway on takeoff from [[Koltsovo Airport]]; all six crew survived. The aircraft was overloaded by ((convert|330|kg|lb|0|abbr=on)) and had not been properly de-iced.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1356|id= 19471124-0|accessdate= 26 August 2021))</ref>

;1 December 1947
:A Polyarnaya Aviatsiya Il-12 (CCCP-Н439) was on an unauthorized positioning flight from Kimry to Moscow when it force-landed near [[Taldom]] (((convert|27|km|mi|abbr=on)) south of Borki Airfield) after the left engine lost power due to an oil leak; all five crew survived.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-N439|id= 19471201-0|accessdate= 10 November 2016))</ref>

;18 December 1947
:Aeroflot Flight 6, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1343), stalled and crashed near [[Severny Airport]] while attempting to land following a go-around due to engine failure, killing seven of 25 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1343|id= 19471218-1|accessdate= 20 January 2016))</ref>

;2 September 1948
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-Л1465) crashed on takeoff from Severny Airport after entering a descent when the flight engineer reduced engine power; a propeller blade broke off and penetrated the fuselage, killing one of 20 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1465|id= 19480902-1|accessdate= 20 January 2016))</ref>

;9 September 1948
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-Л1427) crashed near [[Baimakovo Aerodrome]] during a training flight following a loss of control, killing all four crew. The pilot was practicing flying with one engine out. The instructor feathered the propeller too soon after a go-around with the flaps deployed and the aircraft entered a banking turn with a loss of airspeed. Control was lost and the aircraft entered a dive.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1427|id= 19480909-0|accessdate= 20 January 2016))</ref>

;12 October 1948
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-Л1450) [[1948 Aeroflot Ilyushin Il-12 crash|disappeared]] over the Caucasus Mountains near [[Yevlakh]] with ten on board. After arriving at Baku, the flight was unable to continue to Tbilisi due to bad weather. The next day the aircraft left for Tbilisi, but the crew failed to check weather conditions along the flight route. The aircraft climbed to ((convert|3000|m|ft|abbr=on)). En route the aircraft encountered navigation problems due to poor reception of radio beacons. The crew then decided to return to Baku but never made it. Last radio contact was near Yevlakh; the aircraft has never been found.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1450|id= 19481012-2|accessdate= 22 January 2016))</ref>

;23 December 1948
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1731) collided in mid-air near Valuyevo with an Aeroflot [[Douglas DC-3|TS-62]] (CCCP-Л861) that was being ferried from Vnukovo Airport to Bykovo Airport, killing all 12 on board both aircraft. The brand-new Il-12 was being handed over to a crew from Aeroflot's Georgian division, but when the crew failed to turn up in time, the aircraft was then handed over to a crew from the Uzbek division instead. The Il-12 then departed for Tashkent via Lyubertsy, although ATC did not know the change in the flight plan and assumed the Il-12 was going to land at Vnukovo. The Il-12 collided with the TS-62, breaking off both engines while the tail of the TS-62 was sheared off. ATC errors were blamed.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1731|id= 19481223-1|accessdate= 20 January 2016))</ref><ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L861|id= 19481223-2|accessdate= 20 January 2016))</ref>

;19 January 1949
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1381) crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Donetsk International Airport|Stalino Airport]] (now Donetsk Airport) due to loss of altitude following engine problems, killing eight of nine on board; two people also died when the aircraft crashed into a house.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1381|id= 19490119-1|accessdate= 22 January 2016))</ref>

;13 May 1949
:Aeroflot Flight 17, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1791), crashed during descent to [[Novosibirsk]] in bad weather due to loss of control following a lightning strike, killing all 25 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1791|id= 19490513-1|accessdate= 22 January 2016))</ref>

;21 July 1949
:Aeroflot Flight 5, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1714), crashed and burned in a forest near [[Marga, Irkutsk Oblast|Marga]] while attempting a forced landing following an engine fire, killing 13 of 14 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1714|id= 19490721-0|accessdate= 22 January 2016))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://airdisaster.ru/database.php?id=960|title=Катастрофа Ил-12 1-й ОАГ ГВФ в районе пос. Марга Иркутской области|trans-title=Accident Il-12 near Marga village, Irkutsk Oblast|language=Russian))</ref>

;20 August 1949
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-Л1434) crashed near [[Polukotelnikovo]] after losing altitude in a downdraft, killing eight of 11 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1434|id= 19490820-0|accessdate= 10 November 2016))</ref>

;25 August 1949
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1844) struck Mount Kabanya (20 mi south of [[Kabansky District|Kabansk]]) following an unexplained descent from ((convert|2400|m|ft|0|abbr=on)) to ((convert|1200|m|ft|abbr=on)), killing all 14 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1844|id= 19490825-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;20 September 1949
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-Л1462) crashed near [[Savasleyka (air base)|Savasleyka]] while attempting a forced landing following engine failure, killing three of four crew.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1462|id= 19490920-0|accessdate= 22 January 2016))</ref>

===1950s===
;19 July 1950
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1340) struck the top of a ((convert|175|m|ft|abbr=on)) hill and crashed near Tbilisi Airport during a training flight after the pilot deviated from the glide scope and approach pattern, killing four of 11 on board; on board were six unauthorized passengers, all Tbilisi Airport employees. The hill that the aircraft hit was not indicated on the flight map.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1340|id= 19500719-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;30 July 1950
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1803) crashed shortly after takeoff from Karaganda Airport due to loss of control following engine failure, killing all 25 on board. Six minutes after takeoff the crew radioed that engine number one had failed and that they were returning to the airport. While turning for final approach, the aircraft turned left (in the direction of the failed engine) and lost speed while lowering the landing gear. Control was lost and the aircraft spiraled down and crashed. The left engine was having problems before and after maintenance, but the crew operating the test flight failed to report the problem.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1803|id= 19500730-2|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;11 August 1950
:Aeroflot Flight 8, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1706), struck trees and crashed in a meadow while on approach to Koltsovo Airport in fog after descending below the glide scope due to pilot error, killing two of five crew; all 22 passengers survived.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1706|id= 19500811-1|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://airdisaster.ru/database.php?id=952|title=Катастрофа Ил-12 1-ой Московской авиагруппы ГВФ близ а/п Свердловск-Кольцово|trans-title=Accident Il-12 near Sverdlovsk-Koltsovo Airport|language=Russian))</ref>

;9 January 1951
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1811) crashed in the Black Sea off Tuapse following a fuel tank explosion and fire due to a lightning strike, killing all eight on board. The storm that the crew flew into was not forecast and a storm warning was issued some 40 minutes after the crash.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1811|id= 19510109-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;13 March 1951
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1319) crashed near Koltsovo Airport following a loss of altitude during approach; there were no casualties.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1319|id= 19510313-0|accessdate= 25 November 2021))</ref>

;29 March 1951
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1313) crashed near [[Vnukovo Airport]] during a test flight following multiple diversions due to spatial disorientation caused by a malfunctioning radio compass, killing three of four crew; all four passengers survived.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1313|id= 19470329-2|accessdate= 10 November 2016))</ref>

;14 November 1951
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1360) crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Nikolayevsk-na-Amure]] following a loss of altitude due to pilot error; all 19 on board survived. The aircraft took off with moist snow on the fuselage that had accumulated during taxiing and engine tests. A late and slow takeoff caused the aircraft to vibrate and the flight engineer mistook the vibration for a rough-running engine and overfueled the left engine, and it lost power. Altitude was lost and the aircraft crashed.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1360|id= 19511114-0|accessdate= 26 August 2021))</ref>

;17 November 1951
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1775) lost control and crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Novosibirsk Severny Airport]] due to wing icing, killing all 23 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1775|id= 19511117-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;21 February 1952
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-Л1849) crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Baratayevka Airport]] during a training flight, killing one of 18 on board. The aircraft took off with the center of gravity too far forward. Due to pilot error, altitude was lost. The pilot attempted to gain altitude, but the propellers had struck the ground. The aircraft bounced twice and after touching the ground a second time, a blade separated from the left propeller and penetrated the fuselage, killing a passenger and seriously injuring another. After repairs, the aircraft returned to service, flying as a cargo freighter until 1964.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1849|id= 19520221-1|accessdate= 2016-11-10))</ref>

;5 April 1952
:Aeroflot Flight 5, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1308), lost control and crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Magdagachi Airport]], killing all six on board. A clamp had been left on the left aileron and had not been removed before takeoff.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1308|id= 19520405-1|accessdate= 2016-11-10))</ref>

;25 April 1952
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л1312) crashed near [[Karmanovo]] during a training flight, killing eight of nine on board. The crew was simulating flying in cloud with the left engine out and its propeller feathered. Airspeed was lost and the aircraft entered a left turn. Two of the crew ran to the rear of the aircraft. The flight engineer attempted to move the propeller to its normal position and increased power to the right engine, but the aircraft crashed. Crew errors were blamed.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1312|id= 19520425-0|accessdate= 2016-11-10))</ref>

;18 July 1952
:A [[LOT Polish Airlines]] Il-12B (SP-LHC) was written off after it crashed on landing at [[Warsaw]].<ref>((ASN accident|title= SP-LHC|id= 19520718-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;23 August 1952
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-Л1488) force-landed near [[Chlya, Nizhneamurskaya Region|Chlya]] in a valley between Lake Oryol and Lake Chlya; seventy minutes after takeoff, the crew heard a loud clap and felt a vibration. A portion of a blade on the right propeller had broken off and penetrated the fuselage, severing hydraulic lines, engine control cables and electrical cables. Shrapnel also struck the legs of the flight mechanic and embedded itself in the upper wing of a [[Polikarpov Po-2|Po-2]] (CCCP-T743) that the aircraft was carrying. The engine began vibrating but the crew could not shut it down nor feather the propeller and a forced landing was made. The flight mechanic later died of blood loss, but there were no other casualties. It was found that while the aircraft was serving with Dalstroi Aviation (as CCCP-X837) the propeller blade had been improperly repaired. The aircraft was repaired and returned to service, flying until 1963.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1488|id= 19520823-0|accessdate= 2016-11-10))</ref>

;5 October 1952
:Aeroflot Flight 376, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1328), collided in mid-air near [[Skvoritsy]] with Aeroflot Flight 381, a Douglas TS-62 (CCCP-Л1055) due to ATC errors, killing all 24 on board both aircraft.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1328|id= 19521005-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;23 January 1953
:Aeroflot Flight 22, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1435), collided in mid-air shortly after takeoff from [[Kazan Airport]] with an Aeroflot Lisunov Li-2 (CCCP-Л4582) due to ATC errors, killing all 11 on board both aircraft.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1435|id= 19530123-2|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;30 April 1953
:Aeroflot Flight 35, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1777) ditched in the Volga River while on approach to Kazan Airport following double engine failure due to bird strikes (ducks), killing one of 23 on board. During the approach to Kazan, the aircraft flew into a flock of ducks. One duck hit near the windshield, damaging the engine magneto switches and causing a short circuit, after which the engines quit. The propellers could not be feathered because the generator did not supply enough power to the electrical system.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1777|id= 19530430-0|accessdate= 2016-11-10))</ref>

;14 June 1953
:Aeroflot Flight 229, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1375), crashed on a hillside 9 mi northeast of [[Zugdidi]] due to wing failure after flying into a thunderstorm, killing all 18 on board, including Georgian film actress Nato Vachnadze.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1375|id= 19530614-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;27 July 1953
:A Soviet Navy Il-12 was shot down by [[USAF]] [[North American F-86 Sabre|F-86F Sabre]] ''51-12959'' and crashed near [[Mao-erh-Shan]], killing all 21 on board; the Il-12 was the last aircraft destroyed during the [[Korean War]] (the armistice was signed later that day). The pilot of the F-86 initially identified the aircraft as a North Korean Il-12 and decided to shoot it down. A long burst of gunfire was enough to shoot down the Il-12, which turned out to be a Soviet Navy transport flying through North Korean airspace to Vladivostok.<ref>[http://www.airforce-magazine.com/MagazineArchive/Documents/KittyHawkChronology/kitty1947-53.pdf "Up From Kitty Hawk 1947-1953."] ''airforce-magazine.com.'' Retrieved: 17 July 2011.</ref><ref>((ASN accident|type=Criminal|title= |id= 19530727-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;14 October 1953
:Aeroflot Flight 9, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1727), stalled and crashed shortly after takeoff from [[Irkutsk Airport]] after the pilot mistook inner marker lights for an aircraft approaching head-on, killing four of six crew; all 22 passengers survived.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1727|id= 19531014-1|accessdate= 2016-11-10))</ref>

;27 October 1953
:Aeroflot Flight 783, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1765), crashed near Magadan-13 Airport due to wing icing and overloading, killing 22 of 27 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1765|id= 19531027-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;4 November 1953
:Aeroflot Flight 5, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1367), crashed on approach to [[Magdagachi Airport]] due to an incorrectly set altimeter, killing the five crew.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1367|id= 19531104-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;July 1954
:Flight mechanic V. Polyakov stole an Il-12 at Novosibirsk, intending to ram the house where his unfaithful wife lived. For four hours he circled the city, performing sharp turns around buildings. Two fighters were scrambled and had orders to redirect the Il-12 out of the city and then shoot it down. Polyakov did not follow the fighters and instead after calming down, landed safely at the airport where he was arrested. Although threatened with severe punishment, Polyakov only received three years thanks to a petition from [[Sergey Ilyushin]], who proved that the Il-12 could be safely flown in such extreme conditions.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nnre.ru/transport_i_aviacija/aviacija_i_vremja_2009_02/p4.php|last1=Drozdov|first1=Sergey|title=ВОЗДУШНЫЕ ПИРАТЫ СТРАНЫ СОВЕТОВ|trans-title=Air pirates of the Soviet countries))</ref>

;27 September 1954
:Aeroflot Flight 10, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1365), struck trees and crashed short of the runway at [[Severny Airport]] in poor visibility, killing all 29 on board. This accident remains the deadliest involving the Il-12.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1365|id= 19540927-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;28 October 1954
:Aeroflot Flight 136, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1789), disappeared during a Irkutsk-Krasnoyarsk-Moscow flight with 19 (or 20) on board; the aircraft was found by accident in June 1955 on Mount Sivukha, [[Krasnoyarsk Territory]] by a hunter. Strong winds had blown the aircraft off course.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1789|id= 19541028-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref><ref>((cite web|url=http://airdisaster.ru/database.php?id=600|title=Катастрофа Ил-12 МУТА ГВФ в Красноярской тайге|trans-title=Accident Il-12 in the Krasnoyarsk taiga|language=Russian))</ref>

;5 December 1954
:Aeroflot Flight 98, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1320), crashed at Pervomaiski (4.5 km northwest of [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]]) while attempting an emergency landing following engine problems, killing one of 19 on board. The air self-start valve on cylinder 10 of engine number one burned out due to poor maintenance, but the crew mistook it for an engine fire and shut down the engine. Pilot errors were also blamed.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1320|id= 19541205-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;4 March 1955
:A [[Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route|GUSMP]] Il-12T (CCCP-Н479) crashed during a forced landing near [[Kepino, Arkhangelsk Region|Kepino]] following an engine fire and resultant separation, killing four of five crew; all 20 passengers survived.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-N479|id= 19550304-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;2 July 1955
:A Polyarnaya Aviatsiya Il-12 (CCCP-Н480) crashed on landing at Nagurskoye Air Base after touching down on a portion of the runway that had not been cleared of snow, breaking off the left landing gear; no casualties.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-N480|id= 19550702-0|accessdate= 26 August 2021))</ref>

;9 September 1955
:Aeroflot Flight 5, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1359) crashed near [[Komarovo, Kansk District|Komarovo]] due to tail separation and severe turbulence after flying into a thunderstorm, killing all seven on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1359|id= 19550915-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;26 April 1956
:An Aeroflot aircraft, most likely an Il-12, crashed at [[Bohnsdorf|Berlin-Bohnsdorf]] after striking a church tower on approach in fog, killing three of six on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= |id= 19560426-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;8 September 1956
:A Polarnaya Aviatsiya Il-12P (CCCP-Н525) undershot the runway during landing at [[Dikson Airport]] due to pilot error, breaking off the landing gear; no casualties.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-N525|id= 19560908-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;24 November 1956
:A [[Czech Airlines|CSA Czechoslovak Airlines]] Il-12B (OK-DBP) crashed in a field at [[Eglisau]] (((convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on)) from Kloten Airport) while attempting to return to the airport following an engine fire, killing all 23 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= OK-DBP|id= 19561124-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;7 August 1957
:Aeroflot Flight 554, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1828), crashed short of the runway at Magdagachi Airport after deviating from the approach pattern due to strong winds, killing the pilot.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1828|id= 19570807-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;1 October 1957
:Aeroflot Flight 11, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1389), struck trees and crashed on a hill near [[Akshi, Russia|Akshi]] after the crew became disorientated after deviating from the flight route; of the 28 on board, only a passenger survived.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1389|id= 19571001-1|accessdate= 26 August 2021))</ref>

;27 October 1957
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Н442) struck terrain and crashed at North Pole drifting station SP-7 while flying too low on approach in bad weather; although all six crew survived and were rescued 21 hours after the crash by an Mi-4, the navigator died five days later without regaining consciousness.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-N442|id= 19571027-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref> 

;18 December 1957
:Aeroflot Flight 10, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1309), disappeared while operating a Khabarovsk-Magdagachi-Moscow passenger service with 27 on board. In June 1958, the burned-out wreckage was found on the western slope of Mount [[Poktoy, Russia|Poktoy]] (((convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on)) west of Birobidzhan) with no survivors. While parked and during taxiing at Khabarovsk Airport, strong winds damaged the rudder which failed 26 minutes into the flight. Another Il-12 (CCCP-Л1330) that was parked next to CCCP-Л1309 also suffered rudder damage.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1309|id= 19571218-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;9 June 1958
:Aeroflot Flight 105, an Il-12P (CCCP-Л1364), struck a hill in bad weather due to pilot error while descending for Magadan-13 Airport, killing all 24 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1364|id= 19580609-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;19 September 1958
:An Aeroflot Il-12P (CCCP-Л3904) struck a mountain slope in the [[imeni Lazo District|Lazo District]] due to fuel exhaustion after the crew became disorientated in bad weather at night, killing all 28 on board.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L3904|id= 19580919-1|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;15 December 1958
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-Л1467) overran the runway on landing at Cherepovets Airport after landing late due to pilot error; no casualties.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1467|id= 19581215-2|accessdate= 26 August 2021))</ref>

;24 December 1958
:An Aeroflot Il-12T (CCCP-Л1458) ran off the runway on takeoff from Uralsk Airport after the flight engineer mistakenly shut down the engines in panic when he thought the aircraft was going to hit a railway embankment; all five crew survived.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-L1458|id= 19581224-0|accessdate= 26 August 2021))</ref>

;9 January 1959
:A GUSMP Il-12L (CCCP-04249) crashed short of the runway at [[Mirny Station]], collapsing the landing gear; no casualties. The aircraft was on its first flight after reassembly in Antarctica and was the only Il-12 equipped with ski landing gear.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-04249|id= 19590109-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

;29 November 1959
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-01426) crashed at Irkutsk Airport after landing in the grass next to the runway after deviating from the runway centerline, killing the four crew.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-01426|id= 19591129-0|accessdate= 2016-01-22))</ref>

===1960s===
;7 January 1960
:An Aeroflot Il-12 (CCCP-01438) landed hard at Leningrad Airport after the pilot had difficulty locating the reserve runway (the main runway was being cleared of snow); all five crew survived.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-01438|id= 19600107-1|accessdate= 26 August 2021))</ref>

;21 July 1960
:Aeroflot Flight 414, an Il-12P (CCCP-01405), crashed on takeoff at Minsk Airport into a motor depot after failing to left off due to a waterlogged runway, killing seven of 28 on board; an airport employee also died when he was electrocuted after stepping on a downed power line.<ref>((ASN accident|title= CCCP-01405|id= 19600721-0|accessdate= 2016-01-25))</ref>

==Operators==
; ((flag|Bulgaria|1946))
* [[Balkan Bulgarian Airlines|TABSO]]<ref name="Gordon p168">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|p=168))</ref>
;((flag|Czechoslovakia)):
* [[Czech Airlines|''Československé státní aerolinie'']]<ref name="Gordon p170">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|p=170))</ref>
* [[Czechoslovak Air Force]]<ref name="Gordon p170"/>
; ((flag|People's Republic of China)):
* [[SKOGA]]
* [[CAAC Airlines]]
* [[People's Liberation Army Air Force]] - Imported 42 Il-12 airliners from 1950 to 1951 used to airlift to [[Lhasa]] during the [[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]]. Some were refitted to aerial survey airplanes later. Retired in 1986.
; ((flag|Laos))
* [[Pathet Lao]]
; ((flag|Poland)):
* [[LOT Polish Airlines]] - 5 bought in 1949 (reg. nos: SP-LHA to LHE) plus one (SP-LHF) leased from Czechoslovakia in 1952.<ref>Jońca, Adam (1985). ''Samoloty linii lotniczych 1945-1956'', WKiŁ, Warsaw, ((ISBN|83-206-0529-6)) ((in lang|pl)), p.15</ref>
* [[Polish Air Force]]<ref name="Gordon p170"/>
; ((flag|Romania|1948))
* [[TAROM]]<ref name="Gordon p170"/>
; ((flag|Mongolia)):
; ((flag|Soviet Union)):
* [[Aeroflot]]<ref name="Gordon p167">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|p=167))</ref>
* [[Soviet Air Force]]
* [[Soviet Navy]]<ref name="Gordon p1690">((harvnb|Gordon|Komissarov|Komissarov|2004|pp=169–170))</ref>
; ((flag|North Korea)):
* [[Air Koryo|Korean Airways]]

==Specifications (Il-12)==
((Aircraft specs
|ref=''The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft from 1875 - 1995''<ref name="gunston Russian">((harvnb|Gunston|1995|p=110))</ref>
|prime units?=met
<!--
General characteristics
-->
|genhide=

|crew=3
|capacity=21<ref name="Stroud sovp99">((harvnb|Stroud|1968|p=99))</ref>-32<ref name="Stroud sovp100">((harvnb|Stroud|1968|p=100))</ref> passengers
|length m=21.31
|length ft=
|length in=
|span m=31.70
|span ft=
|span in=
|height m=8.07
|height ft=
|height in=
|height note=<ref name="Stroud sovp110">((harvnb|Stroud|1968|p=110))</ref>
|wing area sqm=103
|wing area sqft=
|empty weight kg=11045
|empty weight lb=
|gross weight kg=
|max takeoff weight kg=17250
|fuel capacity= 
<!--
Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 name=[[ASh-82]]FNV
|eng1 type=fourteen-cylinder two-row air cooled [[radial engine]]
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 hp=1850<!-- prop engines -->

|prop blade number=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop name=
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->

<!--
Performance
-->
|perfhide=

|max speed kmh=407
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=at ((convert|2500|m|ft|abbr=on))
|cruise speed kmh=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed mph=<!-- if max speed unknown -->
|cruise speed kts=
|range km=1500
|range miles=
|range note=
|endurance=4.5 hr
|ceiling m=6500
|ceiling ft=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|time to altitude=15 minutes to ((convert|5000|m|-2|abbr=on))
|more performance=

|avionics=
))

==References==
((Commons category|Ilyushin Il-12))

===Notes===
((Reflist))

===Bibliography===
* ((cite book|last1=Gordon |first1=Yefim |last2=Komissarov |first2=Dmitry |last3=Komissarov |first3=Sergei |title=OKB Ilyushin: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft |year=2004 |location=Hinckley, Leicestershire, UK |publisher=Midland Publishing |isbn=1-85780-187-3))
* ((cite book |last=Gunston |first=Bill |author-link=Bill Gunston |title=The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft from 1875 - 1995 |year=1995 |location=London |publisher=Osprey Aerospace |isbn=1-85532-405-9))
* ((cite book |last=Stroud |first=John |title=Soviet Transport Aircraft since 1945 |year=1968 |location=London |publisher=Putnam |isbn=0-370-00126-5))
* ((cite magazine |last=Stroud |first=John |title=Post War Propliners: Ilyushin Il-12 and Il-14 |magazine=[[Aeroplane Monthly]] |date=September 1993 |volume=21 |issue=9 |pages=58–63 |issn=0143-7240 |ref=((harvid|Stroud ''Aeroplane Monthly'' September 1993)) ))


((Ilyushin aircraft))
((Authority control))

[[Category:Ilyushin aircraft|Il-012]]
[[Category:1940s Soviet airliners]]
[[Category:1940s Soviet military transport aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1945]]
[[Category:Low-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft]]

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