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((short description|Overview of immigration to New Zealand))
((Use New Zealand English|date=February 2017))
((Use dmy dates|date=June 2020))
((More citations needed|date=May 2022))

[[File:Scottish poster advertising emigration to New Zealand.jpg|thumb|200px|"First Scottish Colony for New Zealand" – 1839 poster advertising emigration from Scotland to New Zealand. Collection of [[Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum]], Glasgow, Scotland.]]

'''Migration to New Zealand''' began only very recently in human history - with [[Polynesians |Polynesian]] settlement in [[New Zealand]], then uninhabited, about 1250 CE to 1280 CE. European migration provided a major influx, especially following the signing of the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] in 1840. Subsequent immigrants have come chiefly from the [[British Isles]], but also from continental Europe, the Pacific, the Americas and Asia.

Given the isolation of the archipelago, people generally do not come to [[New Zealand]] casually: one cannot wander across a border or gradually encroach on neighbouring land in order to reach remote South Pacific islands. Settlement usually takes place deliberately, with waves of people transported from afar by successive boats or aeroplanes, and often landing in specific locales (''[[rohe]]'', colonies and [[Provinces of New Zealand | provinces]]). This process results in relatively distinct groups of residents; nevertheless, repeated attempts have taken place to declare, define or meld such groups as a single common [[ethnicity | people]] or [[nation-building | nation]].

==Polynesian settlement==
Polynesians in the South Pacific were the first to discover the landmass of New Zealand. Eastern [[Polynesia]]n explorers had settled in New Zealand by approximately the thirteenth century CE with most evidence pointing to an arrival date of about 1280. Their arrival gave rise to the [[Māori culture]] and the [[Māori language]], both unique to New Zealand, although very closely related to analogues in other parts of Eastern Polynesia. Evidence from [[Wairau Bar]] and the [[Chatham Islands]] shows that the Polynesian colonists maintained many parts of their east Polynesian culture such as burial customs for at least 50 years. Especially strong resemblances link Māori to the languages and cultures of the [[Cook Islands|Cook]] and [[Society Islands]], which are regarded as the most likely places of origin.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/research/hekitenga2009/historyunearthed.html|title=History unearthed|first=University of|last=Otago|website=Otago.ac.nz))</ref> [[Moriori people|Moriori]] settled the [[Chatham Islands]] during the 15th century from mainland New Zealand.

==European settlement==
Due to New Zealand's geographic isolation, several centuries passed before the next phase of settlement, that of Europeans. Only then did the original inhabitants need to distinguish themselves from the new arrivals, using the adjective "māori" which means "ordinary" or "indigenous" which later became a noun although the term New Zealand native was common until about 1890. Māori thought of their tribe (iwi) as a nation.((citation needed|date=May 2013))

[[James Cook]] claimed New Zealand for Britain on his arrival in 1769. The establishment of British colonies in [[Australia]] from 1788 and the boom in [[whaling]] and [[seal hunting|sealing]] in the [[Southern Ocean]] brought many Europeans to the vicinity of New Zealand, with some settling. Whalers and sealers were often itinerant and the first real settlers were missionaries and traders in the [[Bay of Islands]] area from 1809. By 1830 there was a population of about 800 non-Māori, which included about 200 runaway convicts and seamen who often married into the Māori community.((citation needed|date=May 2013)) The seamen often lived in New Zealand for a short time before joining another ship a few months later. In 1839 there were 1100 Europeans living in the North Island. Regular outbreaks of extreme violence, mainly between Māori hapu, known as the Musket Wars, resulted in the deaths of between 20,000 and 50,000 Māori up until 1843.((citation needed|date=May 2013)) Violence against European shipping, cannibalism and the lack of established law and order made settling in New Zealand a risky prospect. By the late 1830s many Māori were nominally Christian and had freed many of the Māori slaves that had been captured during the Musket Wars. By this time, many Māori, especially in the north, could read and write Māori and, to a lesser extent, English.

==Migration from 1840==
[[File:Shaw-Savill-Line-United-Tribes-Flag.jpg|thumb|left|300px|A poster of the [[Shaw Savill Line]] promoting immigration to New Zealand in the 1870s, featuring the flag of the [[United Tribes of New Zealand]].]]
European migration has resulted in a deep legacy being left on the social and political structures of New Zealand. Early visitors to New Zealand included whalers, sealers, missionaries, mariners, and merchants, attracted to natural resources in abundance.

New Zealand was administered from [[New South Wales]] from 1788((dubious|date=November 2017)) and the first permanent settlers were Australians. Some were escaped convicts, and others were ex-convicts that had completed their sentences. Smaller numbers came directly from Great Britain, Ireland, Germany (forming the next biggest immigrant group after the British and Irish),<ref>[http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/Germans/1/en Germans: First Arrivals] (from the [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]])</ref> France, Portugal, the Netherlands, Denmark, The United States, and Canada.

In 1840 representatives of the British Crown signed the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] with 240 Māori chiefs throughout New Zealand, motivated by plans for a French colony at [[Akaroa]] and land purchases by the [[New Zealand Company]] in 1839. British [[sovereignty]] was then proclaimed over New Zealand in May 1840 and by 1841 New Zealand had ceased being an Australian colony.

Following the formalising of sovereignty, organised and structured flow of migrants from Great Britain and Ireland began. Government-chartered ships like the clipper [[Gananoque (ship)|Gananoque]] and the [[Glentanner (ship)|Glentanner]] carried immigrants to New Zealand. Typically clipper ships left British ports such as London and travelled south through the central Atlantic to about 43 degrees south to pick up the strong westerly winds that carried the clippers well south of South Africa and Australia. Ships would then head north once in the vicinity of New Zealand. The Glentanner migrant ship of 610 tonnes made two runs to New Zealand and several to Australia carrying 400 tonne of passengers and cargo. Travel time was about 3 to ((frac|3|1|2)) months to New Zealand. Cargo carried on the Glentanner for New Zealand included coal, slate, lead sheet, wine, beer, cart components, salt, soap and passengers' personal goods. On the 1857 passage the ship carried 163 official passengers, most of them government assisted. On the return trip the ship carried a wool cargo worth 45,000 pounds.<ref>Glentanner. B. Lansley. Dornie Publishing. Invercargill 2013.</ref> In the 1860s discovery of gold started a gold rush in Otago. By 1860 more than 100,000 British and Irish settlers lived throughout New Zealand. The [[Otago Association]] actively recruited settlers from Scotland, creating a definite Scottish influence in that region, while the [[Canterbury Association]] recruited settlers from the south of England, creating a definite English influence over that region.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/20672|title=4. – History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=20 July 2019))((dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic))((cbignore|bot=medic))</ref>

In the 1860s most migrants settled in the South Island due to gold discoveries and the availability of flat grass covered land for pastoral farming. The low number of Māori (about 2,000) and the absence of warfare gave the South Island many advantages. It was only when the New Zealand wars ended that the North Island again became an attractive destination.  In order to attract settlers to the North Island the Government and Auckland Provisional government initiated the Waikato Immigration Scheme which ran from 1864 and 1865.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://archives.govt.nz/|title=Archives New Zealand &#124;&#124; Migration|website=Archives.govt.nz))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/20693|title=6. – History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=20 July 2019))((dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic))((cbignore|bot=medic))</ref> The central government originally intended to bring about 20,000 immigrants to the Waikato from the British Isles and the Cape Colony in South Africa to consolidate the government position after the wars and develop the Waikato area for European settlement. The immigration scheme settlers were allocated quarter-acre town sections and ten-acre rural sections. They were required to work on and improve the sections for two years after which a Crown Grant would be issued, giving them ownership.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.pokenocommunity.nz/history.html|title=Pokeno Community Committee – Our Place|website=Pokenocommunity.nz|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219220021/http://pokenocommunity.nz/history.html|url-status=dead))</ref> In all, 13 ships travelled to New Zealand under the scheme, arriving from London, Glasgow and Cape Town.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://freepages.rootsweb.com/~shipstonz/genealogy/waikatoimmi.html|title=Waikato Immigration Scheme|website=Freepages.rootsweb.com))</ref>

In the 1870s, Premier [[Julius Vogel]] borrowed millions of pounds from Britain to help fund capital development such as a nationwide rail system, lighthouses, ports and bridges, and encouraged mass migration from Britain. By 1870 the non-Māori population reached over 250,000.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/20686|title=5. – History of immigration – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand|first=New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu|last=Taonga|website=Teara.govt.nz|access-date=20 July 2019))((dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic))((cbignore|bot=medic))</ref>

Other smaller groups of settlers came from Germany, Scandinavia, and other parts of Europe as well as from China and India, but English, Scottish and Irish settlers made up the vast majority, and did so for the next 150 years. Today, the majority of New Zealanders have some sort of English, Scottish, Welsh and Irish ancestry. This comes with last names (mainly English, Irish, and Scottish) as well.
[[File:Canterbury province plaque Whitehall London.jpg|thumb|Plaque commemorating the first meeting of the [[Canterbury Association]] in [[Charing Cross]], London. The association would go on to found [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]], New Zealand in 1850.]]

Between 1881 and the 1920s, the New Zealand Parliament passed legislation that intended to limit Asiatic migration to New Zealand, and prevented Asians from naturalising.<ref>((cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealanders/NewZealandPeoples/ImmigrationRegulation/2/en|title=1881–1914: restrictions on Chinese and others|encyclopedia=[[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]|author1=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand))</ref> In particular, the New Zealand government levied a poll tax on Chinese immigrants up until the 1930s. New Zealand finally abolished the poll tax in 1944. Large numbers of Dalmatians fled from the Austro- Hungarian empire to settle in New Zealand around 1900. They settled mainly in [[West Auckland, New Zealand|West Auckland]] and often worked to establish vineyards and orchards or worked on gum fields in Northland.

An influx of Jewish refugees from central Europe came in the 1930s.

Many of the persons of Polish descent in New Zealand arrived as orphans via Siberia and Iran during World War II.

==Post World War II migration==
With the various agencies of the [[United Nations]] dealing with humanitarian efforts following World War II, New Zealand accepted about 5,000 refugees and displaced persons from Europe, and more than 1,100 [[Hungarians]] between 1956 and 1959 (see [[Refugees in New Zealand]]). The post-WWII immigration included more people from Greece, Italy, Poland and the former [[Yugoslavia]].

New Zealand limited immigration to those who would meet a labour shortage in New Zealand. To encourage those to come, the government introduced free and assisted passages in 1947, a scheme expanded by the National Party administration in 1950. However, when it became clear that not enough skilled migrants would come from the British Isles alone, recruitment began in Northern European countries. New Zealand signed a bilateral agreement for skilled migrants with the Netherlands, and a large number((Clarify|date=July 2012)) of Dutch immigrants arrived in New Zealand. Others came in the 1950s from Denmark, Germany, Switzerland and Austria to meet needs in specialised occupations.

A Department of External Affairs memorandum in 1953 stated: "Our immigration is based firmly on the principle that we are and intend to remain a country of European development. It is inevitably discriminatory against Asians—indeed against all persons who are not wholly of European race and colour. Whereas we have done much to encourage immigration from Europe, we do everything to discourage it from Asia."<ref>Quoted in Stuart William Greif, ed., Immigration and national identity in New Zealand: one people, two peoples, many peoples? Palmerston North: Dunmore, 1995, p. 39.</ref>

By the 1960s, the policy of excluding people based on nationality yielded a population overwhelmingly European in origin. By the mid-1960s, a desire for cheap unskilled labour led to ethnic diversification. Consequently, New Zealand encouraged migrants from the South Pacific. The country had a large demand for unskilled labour in the manufacturing sector. As long as this demand continued, migration was accepted from the South Pacific, and many temporary workers overstayed their visas. Consequently, the [[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pasifika]] in New Zealand had grown to 45,413 by 1971.((sfn|Parker|2005|pp=28–29)) The economic crisis of the early 1970s led to increased [[crime]], [[unemployment]] and other social ailments, which disproportionately affected the Pasifika community.((sfn|Parker|2005|pp=64–65))

A record number of migrants arrived in the 1970s; 70,000, for example, during 1973–1974. While these numbers represent many ethnicities, New Zealand had an underlying preference for migrants from "traditional sources", namely Britain, Europe and North America, due to similarities of language and culture.<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.parliament.nz/en-nz/parl-support/research-papers/00PLSocRP08011/immigration-chronology-selected-events-1840-2008 | title=Immigration chronology: selected events 1840-2008|website=Parliament.nz | access-date=17 May 2016))</ref>
<ref>((cite web | url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/immigration-regulation/page-1 | title=Immigration regulation, Page 1|website=Teara.govt.nz | access-date=17 May 2016))</ref>

==Skills-based immigration, 1980s&ndash;present==
===Increased multiculturalism===
[[Image:NZ residency by country of nationality 2004-5FY.PNG|right|thumb|400px|Acquisition of New Zealand residency by citizenship, 2004/05 (fy).<br>Source: [[New Zealand Department of Labour]]<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.immigration.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E05EABDB-9F88-4B68-9104-20D6D86C07EC/0/MigrationTrends200405.pdf|title= Migration Trends 2004/05|publisher=[[Department of Labour (New Zealand)|Department of Labour]]|date=December 2005|access-date=8 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410225714/http://www.immigration.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/E05EABDB-9F88-4B68-9104-20D6D86C07EC/0/MigrationTrends200405.pdf|archive-date=10 April 2008|url-status=dead))</ref>]]
Along with New Zealand adopting a radical direction of economic practice, Parliament passed a new Immigration Act into law in 1987. This would end the preference for migrants from Britain, Europe or Northern America based on their race, and instead classify migrants on their skills, personal qualities, and potential contribution to New Zealand economy and society. The introduction of the points-based system came under the National government, which pursued this policy-change even more than the previous [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour Party]] administration. This system resembled that of Canada, and came into effect in 1991. Effectively the New Zealand Immigration Service ranks the qualities sought in the migrants and gives them a priority using a points-based scale. In 2010 the new Immigration Act replaced all existing protocols and procedures.((Cn|date=May 2022))

The shift towards a skills-based immigration system resulted in a wide variety of ethnicities in New Zealand, with people from over 120 countries represented. Between 1991 and 1995 the numbers of those given approval grew rapidly: 26,000 in 1992; 35,000 in 1994; 54,811 in 1995. The minimum target for residency approval was set at 25,000. The number approved was almost twice what was targeted. The Labour-led governments of 1999–2008 made no change to the Immigration Act 1987, although some changes were made} to the 1991 policy.((Cn|date=May 2022))

In December 2002, the minimum [[IELTS]] level for skilled migrants was raised from [[IELTS#5 Modest user|5.5]] to [[IELTS#6 Competent User|6.5]] in 2002, following concerns that immigrants who spoke English as a second language encountered difficulty getting jobs in their chosen fields.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=15794|title=Documents confirm April consideration of language requirement change|website=Beehive.govt.nz |publisher=New Zealand Government|date=20 December 2002|access-date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102439/https://www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=15794|archive-date=29 September 2007|url-status=dead))</ref> Since then, migration from Britain and South Africa has increased, at the expense of immigration from Asia. However, a study-for-residency programme for foreign university students has mitigated this imbalance somewhat.((Citation needed|date=October 2009))

In 2004–2005 [[Immigration New Zealand]] set a target of 45,000, representing 1.5% of the total population. However, the net effect was a population decline, since more left than arrived. 48,815 arrived, and overall the population was 10,000 or 0.25% less than the previous year. Overall though, New Zealand has one of the highest populations of foreign born citizens. In 2005, almost 20% of [[New Zealanders]] were born overseas, one of the highest percentages of any country in the world.

===Subsequent amendments===
The Department of Labour's sixth annual ''Migration Trends'' report showed a 21 per cent rise in work permits issued in the 2005/06-year compared with the previous year. Nearly 100,000 people were issued work permits to work in sectors ranging from IT to horticulture in the 2005/06-year. This compares with around 35,000 work permits issued in 1999–2000. Around 52,000 people were approved for [[New Zealand permanent residency|permanent New Zealand residence]] in 2005/06. Over 60 per cent were approved under the skilled or business categories.((Cn|date=May 2022))

By 2005, New Zealand had accepted 60% of the applicants under the [[Skilled Migrant Category (New Zealand)|Skilled]]/Business category that awarded points for qualifications and work experience, or business experience and funds they had available.((Cn|date=May 2022))

In December 2006, the New Zealand Government published the results of an immigration review.<ref>((cite web|url= http://www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=27894 |title=Comprehensive immigration law closer|website=Beehive.govt.nz|publisher=New Zealand Government|date=5 December 2006|access-date=6 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070307114822/http://www.beehive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=27894|archive-date=7 March 2007|url-status=dead))</ref>

Changes to the point system have also given more weight to job offers as compared to educational degrees. Some Aucklanders cynically joke that most taxi drivers in [[Auckland]] tend to be highly qualified engineers or doctors who are unable to then find jobs in their fields once in the country.<ref>((cite news |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/migrants-firms-secret-weapon/MZ25IUPLRXFLTSTDQHHIO7A44E/ |title=Migrants firm's secret weapon |author=Collins, Simon |date=24 April 2007 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514103222/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/migrants-firms-secret-weapon/MZ25IUPLRXFLTSTDQHHIO7A44E/|archive-date=14 May 2022|url-status=live))</ref>

In May 2008, [[Massey University]] economist Dr Greg Clydesdale released to the news media an extract of a report, ''Growing Pains, Evaluations and the Cost of Human Capital'', which claimed that Pacific Islanders were "forming an underclass".<ref>((cite news |title='Islanders drain on economy' report under investigation |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/islanders-drain-on-economy-report-under-investigation/FSJZP74V6ZC2MELEDKNFR6MOY4/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |agency=[[New Zealand Press Association]] |date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514103717/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/islanders-drain-on-economy-report-under-investigation/FSJZP74V6ZC2MELEDKNFR6MOY4/ |archive-date=14 May 2022|url-status=live))</ref> The report, written by Dr Clydesdale for the "Academy of World Business, Marketing & Management Development 2008 Conference" in Brazil, and based on data from various government departments, provoked highly controversial debate.<ref>((cite web |title=Academy of World Business, Marketing & Management Development 2008 Conference |url=http://academyofworldbusiness.com/conf2008.html |website=Academy of World Business |access-date=14 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830093725/http://academyofworldbusiness.com/conf2008.html |archive-date=30 August 2007 |url-status=dead))</ref> Pacific Islands community leaders and academic peer reviewers strongly criticised the report, while a provisional review was lodged by Race Relations Commissioner Joris de Bres.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.hrc.co.nz/2008/review-seeks-to-lay-pacific-controversy-to-rest|title=Review: Pacific Peoples in New Zealand|publisher=[[Human Rights Commission (New Zealand)|Human Rights Commission]]|access-date=7 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203235930/http://www.hrc.co.nz/2008/review-seeks-to-lay-pacific-controversy-to-rest|archive-date=3 December 2013|url-status=dead))</ref><ref>((Cite news |url=http://tvnzondemand.co.nz/content/media7_2008_ep10/ondemand_video_skin?tab=CATCH%20UP |title=TVNZ ondemand navigation |work=[[1 News]] |publisher=[[TVNZ]] |access-date=8 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080606175157/http://tvnzondemand.co.nz/content/media7_2008_ep10/ondemand_video_skin?tab=CATCH%20UP |archive-date=6 June 2008 |url-status=dead ))</ref>

===Tightening immigration criteria===
In March 2012, a draft paper leaked to the [[New Zealand Labour Party]] showed that [[Immigration New Zealand]] was planning to create a two-tier system which would favour wealthy immigrants over poor ones who spoke little or no English. This means that applications from parents sponsored by their higher income children, or those who bring a guaranteed income or funds, would be processed faster than other applications.<ref>((cite news|last=Levy|first=Danya|title=Immigration changes give preference to wealthy|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/6523745/Immigration-changes-give-preference-to-wealthy|date=6 March 2012 |access-date=5 April 2012|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222154832/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/6523745/Immigration-changes-give-preference-to-wealthy|archive-date=22 December 2019))</ref><ref>((cite news|title=Editorial – Immigration disquiet|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/opinion/editorials/6559169/Editorial-Immigration-disquiet|work=[[Waikato Times]]|publisher=[[Stuff (company)|Stuff]]|date=12 March 2012|access-date=5 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220221617/http://www.stuff.co.nz/waikato-times/opinion/6559169/Editorial-Immigration-disquiet|archive-date=20 February 2020|url-status=live))</ref>

During the [[2017 New Zealand general election]] the [[New Zealand First]] party campaigned on cutting net immigration to 10,000 per year.<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/94776411/winston-peters-delivers-bottomline-binding-referendum-on-abolishing-maori-seats|title=Winston Peters delivers bottom-line binding referendum on abolishing Maori seats|website=Stuff.co.nz|date=16 July 2017 ))</ref> NZ First leader [[Winston Peters]] said that unemployed New Zealanders would be trained to take jobs as the number is reduced, and the number of older immigrants will be limited, with more encouraged to settle in the regions.<ref name="IMMIGRATE">((cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/policy-series-where-do-the-parties-stand-on-immigration/EYYN6THUM7TSQRXB6FRA5VIPSE/?c_id=1&objectid=11907957 |title=Policy series: where do the parties stand on immigration?|date=22 August 2017|access-date=14 May 2002|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119003447/http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/policy-series-where-do-the-parties-stand-on-immigration/EYYN6THUM7TSQRXB6FRA5VIPSE/|archive-date=19 November 2020|url-status=live))</ref>

According to [[Statistics New Zealand]] estimates, New Zealand's net migration (long-term arrivals minus long-term departures) in the June 2016/17 year was 72,300.<ref>((cite web |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/NationalPopulationEstimates_HOTPAt30Jun17.aspx |title=National Population Estimates: At 30 June 2017 |publisher= [[Statistics New Zealand]] |date= 14 August 2017))</ref> That was up from 38,300 in the June 2013/14 year.<ref>((cite web |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/NationalPopulationEstimates_HOTPAt30Jun14.aspx |title=National Population Estimates: At 30 June 2014 |publisher= [[Statistics New Zealand]] |date= 14 August 2017))</ref> Of those migrants specifying a region of settlement, 61 percent settled in the Auckland region.<ref>((cite web |title= International Travel and Migration: June 2017 – tables |url= http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Browse%20for%20stats/IntTravelAndMigration/HOTPJun17/itm-jun17-tables.xls |publisher= [[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date= 1 March 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170906135112/http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Browse%20for%20stats/IntTravelAndMigration/HOTPJun17/itm-jun17-tables.xls |archive-date= 6 September 2017 |url-status= dead ))</ref>

In May 2022, [[Prime Minister of New Zealand|Prime Minister]] [[Jacinda Ardern]] announced that the Government would be introducing a new "green list" to attract migrants for "high-skilled" and "hard-to-fill" positions from 4 July 2022. Green list applicants would have streamlined residency pathways. This Green List seeks to address skills shortages in the construction, engineering, healthcare and technology sectors.<ref>((cite web |title=New Zealand border fully reopening by July 2022 |url=https://www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/media-centre/news-notifications/nz-border-fully-reopening-july-2022 |publisher=[[Immigration New Zealand]] |access-date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511042835/https://www.immigration.govt.nz/about-us/media-centre/news-notifications/nz-border-fully-reopening-july-2022 |archive-date=11 May 2022 |date=11 May 2022 |url-status=live))</ref><ref>((cite news |last1=Corlett |first1=Eva |title=New Zealand to fully reopen borders for first time since Covid pandemic started |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/11/new-zealand-to-fully-reopen-borders-for-first-time-since-covid-pandemic-started |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511071541/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/11/new-zealand-to-fully-reopen-borders-for-first-time-since-covid-pandemic-started |archive-date=11 May 2022|url-status=live))</ref> The exclusion of nurses, teachers, and dairy farm managers from the visa residency "green list" was also criticised by the [[New Zealand Nurses Organisation]], the Secondary Principals' Association, and [[Federated Farmers]].<ref>((cite news |title=Shock after nurses left off fast tracked residence list |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/05/12/shock-after-nurses-left-off-fast-tracked-residence-list/ |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=[[1 News]] |date=12 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514040134/https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/05/12/shock-after-nurses-left-off-fast-tracked-residence-list/ |archive-date=14 May 2022|url-status=live))</ref> In early August 2022, the Government acknowledged that it had not consulted professional nursing bodies and the [[district health board]]s about its nursing "green list" visa scheme.<ref>((cite news |last1=Bonnett |first1=Gill |title=DHBs not in 'targeted consultation' over Green List nursing question |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/472137/dhbs-not-in-targeted-consultation-over-green-list-nursing-question |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808033605/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/472137/dhbs-not-in-targeted-consultation-over-green-list-nursing-question |archive-date=8 August 2022|url-status=live))</ref> On 8 August, the [[Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment]] admitted that only nine nurses had applied for the Green List visa residency scheme by late July 2022.<ref>((cite news |title=Nine nurses apply in first four weeks of new residency visa, MBIE figures show |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/472456/nine-nurses-apply-in-first-four-weeks-of-new-residency-visa-mbie-figures-show |access-date=10 August 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808050900/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/472456/nine-nurses-apply-in-first-four-weeks-of-new-residency-visa-mbie-figures-show |archive-date=8 August 2022|url-status=live))</ref>

In addition, the Government also revised its student visa policy to limit the working rights of international student holders to degree-level students and above and prevent applications from applying for a second post-study work visa in order to gain residency.<ref>((cite news |title=New Zealand border reopening fully from end of July |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/466864/new-zealand-border-reopening-fully-from-end-of-july |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511020352/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/political/466864/new-zealand-border-reopening-fully-from-end-of-july |archive-date=11 May 2022|url-status=live))</ref>

In December 2022, the Government added nurses and midwives to the immigration green list, making them eligible for immediate residency in New Zealand. In addition, the Government established a temporary residence immigration pathway for bus and truck drivers. In addition teachers and tradespeople including drain layers and motor mechanics were added to the work to residence immigration pathway. These changes came in response to a national labour shortage across different sectors in the New Zealand economy.<ref>((cite news |last1=McConnell |first1=Glenn |title=Government changes immigration rules for nurses, teachers and bus drivers |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/130738527/government-changes-immigration-rules-for-nurses-teachers-and-bus-drivers |access-date=12 December 2022 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=12 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212104254/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/130738527/government-changes-immigration-rules-for-nurses-teachers-and-bus-drivers |archive-date=12 December 2022|url-status=live))</ref>

==Key legislation and policies==
Contemporary regulations state that immigrants must be of good character.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.immigration.govt.nz/new-zealand-visas|title=New Zealand Visas &#124; Immigration New Zealand|website=Immigration.govt.nz))</ref>

===Immigration Advisers Licensing Act 2007===
Effective in New Zealand from 4 May 2007, the Immigration Advisers Licensing Act requires anyone providing immigration advice to be licensed. It also established the Immigration Advisers Authority to manage the licensing process, both in New Zealand and offshore.((Cn|date=May 2022))

From 4 May 2009 it became mandatory for immigration advisers practising in New Zealand to be licensed unless they are exempt.<ref>((Cite news|url=https://www.carmento.com/new-zealand-immigration-system/who-can-give-new-zealand-immigration-advice/|title=Who can give New Zealand Immigration Advice? |work=Carmento|access-date=12 October 2018|language=en-US))</ref> The introduction of mandatory licensing for New Zealand-based immigration advisers was designed to protect migrants from unscrupulous operators and provide support for licensed advisers.

The licensing managed by the Immigration Advisers Authority [http://www.iaa.govt.nz Official website] establishes and monitors industry standards and sets requirements for continued [[professional development]]. As an independent body, the Authority can prosecute unlicensed immigration advisers. Penalties include up to seven years imprisonment and/or fines up to $NZ100,000 for offenders, as well as the possibility of court-ordered reparation payments. It can refer complaints made against licensed advisers to an Independent Tribunal, i.e. [https://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/immigration/advisers-complaints-disciplinary/ Immigration Advisers Complaints & Disciplinary Tribunal].

The Immigration Advisers Authority does not handle immigration applications or inquiries. These are managed by [[Immigration New Zealand]].((Cn|date=May 2022))

===Immigration Act 2009===
Statements by the government in the mid-2000s emphasised that New Zealand must compete for its share of skilled and talented migrants, and [[David Cunliffe]], the former immigration minister, has argued that New Zealand was "in a global race for talent and we must win our share".<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.behive.govt.nz/ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=24425|title=Where to for Immigration?|publisher=New Zealand Government|date=19 November 2005|access-date=6 November 2007))((Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref>

With this in mind, a bill (over 400 pages long) was prepared((By whom|date=October 2009)) which was sent((By whom|date=October 2009)) to Parliament in April 2007. It follows a [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701121049/http://www.dol.govt.nz/actreview/ review of the immigration act]. The bill aims to make the process more efficient, and achieves this by giving more power to immigration officers. Rights of appeal were to be streamlined into a single appeal tribunal. Furthermore, any involvement of the Human Rights Commission in matters of immigration to New Zealand would be removed (Part 11, Clause 350).

The new Immigration Act, which passed into law in 2009 replacing the 1987 Act, is aimed at enhancing border security and improving the efficiency of the immigration services. Key aspects of the new Act include the ability to use biometrics, a new refugee and protection system, a single independent appeals tribunal and a universal visa system.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0910/S00471.htm|title=Immigration Act passes third reading &#124; Scoop News|website=Scoop.co.nz))</ref>

===Other migrant quotas===
[[Refugees in New Zealand|New Zealand accepts 1000 refugees]] per year (set to grow to 1500 by 1 July 2020) in co-operation with the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|UNHCR]] with a strong focus on the Asia-Pacific region.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/107203279/refugee-quota-lifting-to-1500-by-2020|title=Refugee quota lifting to 1500 by 2020|website=Stuff.co.nz|date=19 September 2018 |language=en|access-date=8 May 2019))</ref>

As part of the Pacific Access Category, 650 citizens come from [[Fiji]], [[Tuvalu]], [[Kiribati]], and [[Tonga]]. 1,100 [[Samoa]]n citizens come under the Samoan Quota scheme. Once resident, these people can apply to bring other family members to New Zealand under the Family Sponsored stream. Any migrant accepted under these schemes receives permanent residency in New Zealand.<ref name="Te Ara PI" />

==Issues and controversies==
===Public opinion===
As in some other [[country|countries]], immigration can become a contentious issue; the topic has provoked debate from time to time in New Zealand.((citation needed|date=August 2019))

As early as the 1870s, political opponents fought against Vogel's immigration plans.<ref>
[https://books.google.com/books?id=9jgOAQAAIAAJ The Great Public Works Policy of 1870, – Part III] by N. S Woods, in New Zealand Railways Magazine, Volume 10, 1935.  "The first appropriation which Vogel asked for in 1870 was £1,500,000 for immigration. He met with opposition [...]."
</ref>

The political party [[New Zealand First]] (founded in 1993) has frequently criticised immigration on economic, social and cultural grounds.((citation needed|date=September 2019)) New Zealand First [[leader]] [[Winston Peters]] has on several occasions characterised the rate of Asian immigration into New Zealand as too high; in 2004, he stated: "We are being dragged into the status of an Asian colony and it is time that New Zealanders were placed first in their own country."<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/news/world/winston-peters-memorable-quotes/2005/10/18/1129401225653.html "Winston Peters' memorable quotes"], ''The Age'', 18 October 2005</ref> On 26 April 2005, he said: "[[Māori people|Māori]] will be disturbed to know that in 17 years' time they will be outnumbered by Asians in New Zealand" – an estimate disputed by Statistics New Zealand, the government's statistics bureau. Peters quickly rebutted that Statistics New Zealand had underestimated the growth-rate of the Asian community in the past.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10122478">((cite web |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10122478 |title= Peter's Asian warning |author= Berry, Ruth |date= 27 April 2005 |work= [[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date= 4 October 2011))</ref>

In April 2008, then deputy New Zealand First Party leader [[Peter Brown (New Zealand politician)|Peter Brown]] drew widespread attention after voicing similar views and expressing concern at the increase in New Zealand's ethnic Asian population: "We are going to flood this country with Asian people with no idea what we are going to do with them when they come here."<ref>[http://www.tv3.co.nz/News/NationalNews/PetersdefendsdeputysantiAsianimmigrationcomments/tabid/423/articleID/51355/cat/64/Default.aspx "Peters defends deputy's anti-Asian immigration comments"], TV3, 3 April 2008</ref> "The matter is serious. If we continue this open door policy there is real danger we will be inundated with people who have no intention of integrating into our society. The greater the number, the greater the risk. They will form their own mini-societies to the detriment of integration and that will lead to division, friction and resentment."<ref>
[http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10501783 New Zealand Herald: "NZ First's Brown slammed for 'racist' anti-Asian remarks"] 3 April 2008
</ref>

===Overstayers and deportations===
Between 1974 and 1979, [[Dawn Raids (New Zealand)|dawn raids]] were carried out by the [[New Zealand Police]] to remove overstayers. These raids controversially targeted [[Pasifika New Zealanders|Pasifika peoples]]; many of whom had migrated to the New Zealand during the 1950s and 1960s due to a demand for labour to fuel the country's economic development.<ref name="Dawn Raids NZ History">((cite web |title=The dawn raids: causes, impacts and legacy |url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/dawn-raids |website=New Zealand History |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]] |access-date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313174438/https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/dawn-raids |archive-date=13 March 2022 |date=15 September 2021 |url-status=live))</ref>  While Pasifika comprised one-third of overstayers, they accounted for 86% of those arrested and prosecuted.<ref name="Te Ara PI">((Cite encyclopedia|last=Beaglehole|first=Ann|title=Controlling Pacific Island immigration|url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/immigration-regulation/page-6|access-date=30 October 2020|encyclopedia=Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand |publisher=[[Ministry for Culture and Heritage]]|language=en))</ref><ref>((cite news |last1=Cooke |first1=Henry |last2=Basagre |first2=Bernadette |title=Government to formally apologise for race-based dawn raids |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300332534/government-to-formally-apologise-for-racebased-dawn-raids |access-date=14 May 2022 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614094237/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/300332534/government-to-formally-apologise-for-racebased-dawn-raids |archive-date=14 June 2021|url-status=live))</ref> In response to domestic opposition, criticism from New Zealand's Pacific neighbours, and the failure of the raids to ease New Zealand's economic problems, the [[Third National Government of New Zealand|Third National Government]] ended the Dawn Raids in 1979.<ref>((cite thesis|last=Mitchell|first=James|date=July 2003|title=Immigration and National Identity in 1970s New Zealand|type=PhD|chapter=|publisher=University of Otago|docket=|oclc=|url=https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10523/371/MitchellJames2003PhD.pdf?sequence=5|access-date=14 May 2022))</ref><ref name="Dawn Raids">((cite AV media |people=Damon Fepulea'I, Rachel Jean, Tarx Morrison |year=2005 |title=''Dawn Raids'' |url=http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/dawn-raids-2005 |format= documentary |publisher=[[TVNZ]], Isola Publications ))</ref>

In 2000, the [[Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand|Fifth Labour Government]] granted an amnesty to 7,000 long-term overstayers, which allowed them to apply for [[New Zealand citizenship]]. In 2020, three separate petitions seeking an amnesty for overstayers and other changes to help migrants were submitted to the [[New Zealand Parliament]]. According to figures released by the [[Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment]] (MBIE) in 2017, the top five nationalities with the highest number of overstayers in New Zealand were Tongans (2,498), Samoans (1,549), Chinese (1,529), Indians (1,310), and Malaysians (790).<ref name="Tongan Robin Hood">((cite news |last1=Kilgallon |first1=Steve |title=Illegal: How the Covid lockdown revived the role of a 'Tongan Robin Hood' last at work for overstayers in the 1980s |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/125100423/illegal-how-the-covid-lockdown-revived-the-role-of-a-tongan-robin-hood-last-at-work-for-overstayers-in-the-1980s |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=16 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628212532/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/125100423/illegal-how-the-covid-lockdown-revived-the-role-of-a-tongan-robin-hood-last-at-work-for-overstayers-in-the-1980s |archive-date=28 June 2021))</ref>  These individuals were temporary visa holders who had either not returned to their home countries once their visas had expired, renewed them, or upgraded them to residency visas. Overstayers can appeal their deportation notices to the [[Immigration and Protection Tribunal]] which has granted residency on humanitarian grounds such as family connections to New Zealand.<ref name="Tongan Robin Hood" /><ref>((cite news |title=Woman who has overstayed in NZ for 16 years granted residence due to family ties |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/immigration/300580917/woman-who-has-overstayed-in-nz-for-16-years-granted-residence-due-to-family-ties |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=9 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509210434/https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/immigration/300580917/woman-who-has-overstayed-in-nz-for-16-years-granted-residence-due-to-family-ties |archive-date=9 May 2022|url-status=live))</ref>

In February 2022, a study published by [[Unitec Institute of Technology]] estimated there were between 13,000 and 14,000 overstayers or undocumented migrants in New Zealand, citing an interview with [[Immigration New Zealand]] Stephen Vaughan. This figure included around 500-600 Tuvaluans. These overstayers are people who have overstayed their work and study visas and been unable to renew them. Many of these overstayers have trouble accessing education, health, and social services due to their undocumented status.<ref>((cite report|author1=Hoa Thi Nguyen |author2=David Kenkel |date=February 2022|title=Hidden Gems - Lived Experiences of Tuvaluan Hope Seekers and Their Families in Aotearoa New Zealand|url= https://www.unitec.ac.nz/sites/default/files/public/documents/Tuvalu%20project%20report%20-FINAL-13.12.2021.pdf|publisher=[[Unitec Institute of Technology]]))</ref><ref>((cite news |title=New research sheds light on undocumented families |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/2018829906/new-research-sheds-light-on-undocumented-families |access-date=19 February 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=10 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210000812/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/2018829906/new-research-sheds-light-on-undocumented-families |archive-date=10 February 2022|url-status=live))</ref>

In February 2022, a report published by the Australian think tank [[Lowy Institute]] found that New Zealand had deported 1,040 people to the Pacific Islands between 2013 and 2018. Of this number, 400 were criminals including members of the [[Head Hunters Motorcycle Club]]. The report's author Jose Sousa-Santos argued that New Zealand, Australia and the United States' deportation policies were fuelling a spike in organised crime and drug trafficking in several Pacific countries including Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, Kiribati, Nauru, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. The Sousa-Santos report estimated that most of the deportees were males between the ages of 25 and 35 years, who had spent more than twelve years away from their countries of origin. Several had connections to organised crime in their former host countries.<ref>((cite web |last1=Sousa-Santos |first1=Jose |title=Drug trafficking in the Pacific Islands: The impact of transnational crime |url=https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/drug-trafficking-pacific-islands-impact-transnational-crime |publisher=[[Lowy Institute]] |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217113718/https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/drug-trafficking-pacific-islands-impact-transnational-crime |archive-date=17 February 2022 |date=16 February 2022 |url-status=live))</ref><ref name="NZH deportations">((cite news |last1=Stevens |first1=Ric |title=New Zealand deported 400 criminals to Pacific countries over five years |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-zealand-deported-400-criminals-to-pacific-countries-over-five-years/DD6MTMJOWQHQUCMMMWHEP5ZZTI/ |access-date=19 February 2022 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224175707/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/new-zealand-deported-400-criminals-to-pacific-countries-over-five-years/DD6MTMJOWQHQUCMMMWHEP5ZZTI/|archive-date=24 February 2022|url-status=live))</ref> In response to the Sousa-Santos report, [[Minister of Immigration (New Zealand)|Immigration Minister]] [[Kris Faafoi]] stated that the New Zealand Government carefully considered deportations including family and individual circumstances while retaining the right to deport those who had breached their visa conditions and the law while living and working in New Zealand.<ref name="NZH deportations" />

===Repatriation to New Zealand===
In December 2014, [[Peter Dutton]] became the new Australian [[Minister for Immigration and Border Protection]]. That same month, the Australian Government amended the [[Migration Act 1958]] to impose a character test (known as Section 501) on non-citizens and visa applications. Under the new law, individuals who had served a prison term of at least twelve months are eligible to have their visas cancelled and be deported. Prior to 2015, Australia had deported between 50 and 85 New Zealanders per year. As Immigration Minister, Dutton swiftly implemented the new character test policy. Between 1 January 2015 and 30 August 2019, 1,865 New Zealanders were repatriated back to New Zealand. In addition, the number of New Zealanders held at [[Immigration detention in Australia|Australian immigration detention centres]] rose to 300 in 2015.<ref name="Product of Australia 3"/> By December 2019, New Zealand nationals accounted for over half (roughly 51-56%) of Australian visa cancellations.<ref name="Product of Australia 1">((cite news |title=A Product of Australia: A three-part Stuff investigation |url=https://interactives.stuff.co.nz/2019/12/product-of-australia/ |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504042431/https://interactives.stuff.co.nz/2019/12/product-of-australia/ |archive-date=4 May 2022|url-status=live))</ref>

Australia has a large [[New Zealand diaspora]] community, which numbered 650,000 as of December 2019.<ref name="Product of Australia 1" /> While New Zealanders are eligible for a non-permanent [[Special Category Visa]] (SCV) which allows them unique rights to live and work in Australia, SCV holders are ineligible for Australian social security benefits, student loans, and lack a clear path to acquiring [[Australian citizenship]]. Following a tightening of Australian immigration policies in 2001, New Zealanders residing in Australia were required to obtain permanent residency before applying for Australian citizenship, which led to a decline in the number of New Zealanders acquiring Australian citizenship. By 2016, only 8.4 per cent of the 146,000 New Zealand&ndash;born migrants who arrived in Australia between 2002 and 2011 had acquired Australian citizenship. Of this figure, only 3 per cent of New Zealand&ndash;born Māori had acquired Australian citizenship by 2018. During that same period the number of New Zealand-born prisoners in Australian prisons rose by 42% between 2009 and 2016.<ref>((cite news |last1=O'Regan |first1=Sylvia Varnham |title=Why New Zealand Is Furious About Australia's Deportation Policy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/03/world/asia/new-zealand-australia-deportations.html |access-date=19 July 2018 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703201825/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/03/world/asia/new-zealand-australia-deportations.html|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live))</ref>

Following high-level meetings between New Zealand Prime Minister [[John Key]] and his Australian counterparts [[Tony Abbott]] and [[Malcolm Turnbull]], the Australian Government agreed to give New Zealand authorities more warning about the repatriation of deportees and to allow New Zealanders detained at [[Immigration detention in Australia|Australian immigration detention centres]] to fly home while they appealed their visa cancellations.<ref name="Product of Australia 3">((cite news |last1=Vance |first1=Andrea |last2=Ensor |first2=Blair |last3=McGregor |first3=Iain |title=It's fashionable to beat up on New Zealand |url=https://interactives.stuff.co.nz/2019/12/product-of-australia/chapter-three/ |access-date=3 May 2022 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421030808/https://interactives.stuff.co.nz/2019/12/product-of-australia/chapter-three/ |archive-date=21 April 2021|url-status=live))</ref> The [[Fifth National Government of New Zealand|Fifth National Government]] also passed [[Returning Offenders (Management and Information) Act 2015]] in November 2015 which established a strict monitoring returning for 501 returnees. The law allows the chief executive of the [[Department of Corrections (New Zealand)|Department of Corrections]] to apply to a district court to impose special conditions on returning prisoners including submitting photographs and fingerprints. While the Returning Offenders Act's strict monitoring regime reduced  recidivism rates from 58% in November 2015 to 38% by March 2018, the [[New Zealand Law Society]] expressed concern that the Act potentially violated the [[New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990]] by imposing "retroactive penalties and double jeopardy" on former offenders.<ref name="RNZ Court decision 2022">((cite news |last1=Young |first1=Audrey |title=Court decision on 501 deportee set to force rethink by Parliament |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/481173/court-decision-on-501-deportee-set-to-force-rethink-by-parliament |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227103252/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/481173/court-decision-on-501-deportee-set-to-force-rethink-by-parliament |archive-date=27 December 2022))</ref><ref name="1 News Crown law appeal">((cite news |title=Crown Law appeal decision over treatment of 501 deportees |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/12/21/crown-law-appeal-decision-over-treatment-of-501-deportees/ |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=[[1 News]] |publisher=[[TVNZ]] |date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221102033/https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/12/21/crown-law-appeal-decision-over-treatment-of-501-deportees/ |archive-date=21 December 2022|url-status=live))</ref><ref name="Product of Australia 3" />

In December 2019, [[Stuff (company)|Stuff]] reported that a total of 1,865 New Zealanders had been deported from Australia between January 2015 and August 2019. Since many former deportees lacked family ties, jobs, or homes in New Zealand, many subsequently relapsed into criminal behaviour. According to figures released by the [[New Zealand Police]], one third of these deportees had been convicted of at least one offense since their arrival including dishonesty (1,065), traffic offenses (789), violence (578), and drugs/anti-social behaviour (394). In addition, the repatriation of New Zealanders led to a surge in [[Crime in New Zealand|organised criminal activity]] in New Zealand. Several repatriated members of Australian [[Outlaw motorcycle club|bikie gangs]] including the [[Comanchero Motorcycle Club|Comanchero]] and [[Mongols Motorcycle Club|Mongols]] expanded their operations. According to Detective Superintendent Greg Williams, the repatriated "bikies" introduced a new level of "professionalism, criminal tradecraft, encrypted technologies and significant international connections" to the New Zealand criminal underworld. In addition to boosting the [[methamphetamine]] black market, the Comanchero and Mongols used social media and luxury goods to recruit young people.<ref>((cite news |last1=Vance |first1=Andrea |last2=Ensor |first2=Blair |last3=McGregor |first3=Iain |title=Con Air: Flying to New Zealand in handcuffs |url=https://interactives.stuff.co.nz/2019/12/product-of-australia/chapter-two/ |access-date=3 May 2022 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |date=December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316021645/https://interactives.stuff.co.nz/2019/12/product-of-australia/chapter-two/ |archive-date=16 March 2021|url-status=live))</ref>

By early March 2022, 2,544 New Zealanders had been repatriated from Australia, which accounted for 96% of deportations to New Zealand since 2015. The repatriation of New Zealanders from Australia led to a surge in crime in New Zealand. According to [[Newshub]], former 501 deportees accounted for more than 8,000 offences since 2015 including over 2,000 dishonesty convictions, 1,387 violent crime convictions, 861 drug and anti-social behavior offenses and 57 sexual crime offenses.<ref name="Newshub deportations">((cite news |last1=Small |first1=Zane |title=Impact of Australia's 'cruel' deportations and number of 501 crimes in New Zealand revealed |url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/03/impact-of-australia-s-cruel-deportations-and-number-of-501-crimes-in-new-zealand-revealed.html |access-date=3 May 2022 |work=[[Newshub]] |date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325033142/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2022/03/impact-of-australia-s-cruel-deportations-and-number-of-501-crimes-in-new-zealand-revealed.html |archive-date=25 March 2022|url-status=live))</ref> Both Police Commissioner [[Andrew Coster]] and [[New Zealand National Party]] leader [[Christopher Luxon]] attributed the increasingly aggressive nature of the New Zealand criminal underworld and growth in gang membership to the influx of former 501 deportees.<ref name="Newshub deportations" /><ref>((cite news |title=Luxon wants 'tough on crime' approach to 501 deportees |url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/03/29/luxon-wants-tough-on-crime-approach-to-501-deportees/ |access-date=3 May 2022 |work=[[1 News]] |publisher=[[TVNZ]] |date=30 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427125348/https://www.1news.co.nz/2022/03/29/luxon-wants-tough-on-crime-approach-to-501-deportees/ |archive-date=27 April 2022|url-status=live))</ref>

On 20 December 2022, High Court Judge Cheryl Gwyn ruled in favour of a former 501 deportee known as "G," who successfully challenged the Government's authority to impose special conditions upon his return to New Zealand. Gwyn ruled that special conditions such as ordering "G" to reside at a particularly address, supplying fingerprints and DNA, and attending rehabilitative and treatment programmes violated the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 and constituted an act of [[double jeopardy]] since he had already served time for crimes in Australia which had led to his repatriation to New Zealand. Gwyn's decision has implications for the Returning Offenders (Management and Information) Act 2015, which allowed the New Zealand Government to impose special conditions on returning prisoners.<ref name="RNZ Court decision 2022" /> On 21 December, the [[Crown Law Office (New Zealand)|Crown Law Office]] appealed against Gwyn's High Court ruling, citing its implications on the monitoring regime established by the Returning Offenders (Management and Information) Act 2015.<ref name="1 News Crown law appeal" />

==Statistics==

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:right;"
|+ Permanent and long-term migration to New Zealand by country of last residence, December year 2013–22<ref>((cite web |title= International travel and migration: December 2017 |url= https://www.stats.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/International-travel-and-migration/International-travel-and-migration-December-2017/Download-data/international-travel-and-migration-december-2017-tables.xlsx |publisher= Statistics New Zealand |access-date= 3 March 2018))</ref><ref>[http://infoshare.stats.govt.nz/# Stats NZ Infoshare - Table: Permanent & long-term migration by EVERY country of residence and citizenship (Annual-Dec)]</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| Country 
! colspan="5" |Gross arrivals
|-
! 2019
!2020
!2021
!2022
!2023
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|India)) || 8,957
|4,681
|2,413
|7,753
|27,644
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Mainland China)) || 8,338
|2,160
|3,048
|9,882
|24,780
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Philippines)) || 5,597
|1,506
|1,231
|7,096
|21,703
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Australia)) || 16,537
|14,614
|14,930
|15,587
|10,415
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Fiji)) || 1,681
|572
|424
|2,568
|8,784
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|United Kingdom)) || 11,185
|7,018
|6,481
|6,783
|8,181
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|South Africa)) || 9,174
|3,296
|1,016
|4,908
|7,339
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|United States)) || 4,388
|2,912
|2,463
|3,639
|5,100
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Sri Lanka)) || 1,034
|420
|250
|1,595
|4,640
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Vietnam))
|1,075
|420
|191
|780
|4,515
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Japan)) || 2,507
|684
|581
|1,347
|2,951
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|United Arab Emirates)) || 1,065
|679
|629
|1,009
|2,701
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|France)) || 3,710
|1,105
|331
|1,682
|2,639
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Singapore)) || 1,074
|639
|906
|1,728
|2,465
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|South Korea)) || 2,708
|1,024
|528
|1,444
|2,453
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Germany)) || 3,220
|859
|498
|1,666
|2,406
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Samoa)) || 1,874
|589
|1,222
|1,444
|2,119
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Canada)) || 2,733
|1,252
|1,128
|1,615
|1,897
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Chile))
|727
|137
|67
|723
|1,759
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Malaysia)) || 1,064
|420
|614
|1,594
|1,599
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Argentina))
|933
|230
|64
|855
|1,564
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Taiwan))
|725
|291
|336
|921
|1,536
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Thailand))
|835
|470
|455
|816
|1,444
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Tonga))
|580
|143
|223
|573
|1,356
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Nepal))
|519
|278
|44
|380
|1,327
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Brazil))
|684
|214
|102
|598
|1,068
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Ireland))
|1,100
|446
|339
|736
|1,001
|- class="sortbottom"
! Total || 110,473
!55,278
!48,815
!95,114
!185,204
|}

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:right;"
|+Countries of birth of New Zealand residents, 2001–18 census<ref name="2013CI">((cite web |url= http://archive.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Census/2013%20Census/profile-and-summary-reports/quickstats-culture-identity/tables.xls |title= 2013 Census QuickStats about culture and identity – tables |publisher= [[Statistics New Zealand]] |access-date= 29 January 2017))</ref>
|-
! rowspan=2| Country !! colspan=2| 2001 census !! colspan=2| 2006 census !! colspan=2| 2013 census
! colspan="2" |2018 census<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights|title=2018 Census totals by topic – national highlights ((!)) Stats NZ|website=www.stats.govt.nz|access-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923102431/https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/2018-census-totals-by-topic-national-highlights|archive-date=23 September 2019|url-status=dead))</ref>
|- style="font-size:95%;"
! Number !! % !! Number !! % !! Number !! %
!Number
!%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|New Zealand)) || 2,890,869 || 80.54 || 2,960,217 || 77.09 || 2,980,824 || 74.85
|3,370,122
|72.60
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|England)) || 178,203 || 4.96 || 202,401 || 5.27 || 215,589 || 5.41
|210,915
|4.54
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Mainland China)) || 38,949 || 1.09 || 78,117 || 2.03 || 89,121 || 2.24
|132,906
|2.86
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|India)) || 20,892 || 0.58 || 43,341 || 1.13 || 67,176 || 1.69
|117,348
|2.53
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Australia)) || 56,259 || 1.57 || 62,742 || 1.63 || 62,712 || 1.57
|75,696
|1.63
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|South Africa)) || 26,061 || 0.73 || 41,676 || 1.09 || 54,276 || 1.36
|71,382
|1.54
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Philippines))|| 10,134 || 0.28 || 15,285 || 0.40 || 37,299 || 0.94
|67,632
|1.46
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Fiji))|| 25,722 || 0.72 || 37,746 || 0.98 || 52,755 || 1.32
|62,310
|1.34
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Samoa))|| 47,118 || 1.31 || 50,649 || 1.32 || 50,661 || 1.27
|55,512
|1.20
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|South Korea)) || 17,931 || 0.50 || 28,809 || 0.75 || 26,601 || 0.67
|30,975
|0.67
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|United States))|| 13,344 || 0.37 || 17,748 || 0.46 || 21,462 || 0.54
|27,678
|0.60
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Tonga)) || 18,051 || 0.50 || 20,520 || 0.53 || 22,416 || 0.56
|26,856
|0.58
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Scotland))|| 28,680 || 0.80 || 29,016 || 0.76 || 25,953 || 0.65
|26,136
|0.56
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Malaysia))|| 11,460 || 0.32 || 14,547 || 0.38 || 16,353 || 0.41
|19,860
|0.43
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Netherlands))|| 22,239 || 0.62 || 22,104 || 0.58 || 19,815 || 0.50
|19,329
|0.42
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Germany))|| 8,379 || 0.23 || 10,761 || 0.28 || 12,942 || 0.32
|16,605
|0.36
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |((Flag|United Kingdom)) (((Abbr|nfd|not further defined)))
|615
|0.02
|642
|0.02
|2,088
|0.05
|14,601
|0.31
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Sri Lanka))|| 6,168 || 0.17 || 7,257 || 0.19 || 9,582 || 0.24
|14,349
|0.31
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Japan))|| 8,622 || 0.24 || 9,573 || 0.25 || 10,269 || 0.26
|13,107
|0.28
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Canada)) || 7,773 || 0.22 || 8,994 || 0.23 || 9,576 || 0.24
|11,928
|0.26
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Cook Islands))|| 15,222 || 0.42 || 14,697 || 0.38 || 12,954 || 0.33
|11,925
|0.26
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Hong Kong))|| 11,301 || 0.31 || 7,686 || 0.20 || 7,059 || 0.18
|10,992
|0.24
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Ireland))|| 6,729 || 0.19 || 6,888 || 0.18 || 9,045 || 0.23
|10,494
|0.23
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Taiwan))|| 12,486 || 0.35 || 10,764 || 0.28 || 8,988 || 0.23
|10,440
|0.22
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Thailand))|| 5,154 || 0.14 || 6,159 || 0.16 || 7,722 || 0.19
|10,251
|0.22
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Vietnam))|| 3,948 || 0.11 || 4,875 || 0.13 || 6,153 || 0.15
|9,291
|0.20
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Zimbabwe))|| 2,886 || 0.08 || 8,151 || 0.21 || 8,100 || 0.20
|8,685
|0.19
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Wales))|| 5,787 || 0.16 || 6,756 || 0.18 || 6,711 || 0.17
|7,776
|0.17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Russia))|| 2,916 || 0.08 || 4,581 || 0.12 || 5,466 || 0.14
|7,776
|0.17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |((Flag|Brazil))
|657
|0.02
|1,764
|0.05
|3,588
|0.09
|7,719
|0.17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | ((flag|Cambodia))|| 4,773 || 0.13 || 5,856 || 0.15 || 6,570 || 0.16
|7,689
|0.17
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |((Flag|France))
|1,617
|0.05
|2,472
|0.06
|3,759
|0.09
|7,539
|0.16
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |((flag|Singapore))|| 3,909 || 0.11 || 4,857 || 0.13 || 5,370 || 0.13
|6,741
|0.15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |((Flag|Indonesia))
|3,792
|0.11
|4,614
|0.12
|4,914
|0.12
|6,627
|0.14
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |((flag|Iraq))|| 4,848 || 0.14 || 6,024 || 0.16 || 5,484 || 0.14
|5,757
|0.12
|-
| style="text-align:left;" |((Flag|Pakistan))
|1,320
|0.04
|2,211
|0.06
|2,850
|0.07
|5,691
|0.12
|}

==See also==
* [[Pākehā settlers]]
* [[Demographics of New Zealand]]
* [[Europeans in Oceania]]
* [[Chinese immigration to New Zealand]]
* [[The Vogel Era]]

==References==
((Reflist))

==Bibliography==
* [[Michael King (historian)|King, Michael]], 2003, ''The Penguin History of New Zealand'', Penguin, Auckland
* McMillan, K., 2006, "Immigration Policy", pp.&nbsp;639–650 in ''New Zealand Government and Politics'', ed. R. Miller, AUP
* ((Cite book | last1 = Parker | first1 = John | title = Frontier of Dreams: The Story of New Zealand—Into the 21st Century, 1946-2005 | publisher = TVNZ and Scholastic | place = Auckland | year = 2005 | pages = 28–29, 64–65 ))
* [https://teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration History of Immigration] at [[Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand]]
* [http://www.caritas.org.nz/?sid=1076 News release] from [[Caritas (charity)|Caritas]] NZ

==External links==
* [http://www.immigration.govt.nz/ Immigration New Zealand]
* [http://www.iaa.govt.nz/ Immigration Advisers Authority]
* [http://www.migrationstats.com/nz/ New Zealand immigration statistics]
* [https://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/immigration/immigration-and-protection/ Immigration & Protection Tribunal]
* [https://www.justice.govt.nz/tribunals/immigration/advisers-complaints-disciplinary/ Immigration Advisers Complaints & Disciplinary Tribunal]

((Immigration to New Zealand))
((New Zealand topics))
((Oceania topic|Immigration to))

((DEFAULTSORT:Immigration To New Zealand))
[[Category:Immigration to New Zealand| ]]

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Template:Country data Sri Lanka (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Taiwan (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Thailand (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Tonga (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data United Arab Emirates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data United Kingdom (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data United States (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Vietnam (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Wales (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country data Zimbabwe (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Country topics (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:DMCA (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dated maintenance category (articles) (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Dead link (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Delink (view source) (protected)
Template:Dubious (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:FULLROOTPAGENAME (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix (view source) (protected)
Template:Fix-span (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fix/category (view source) (protected)
Template:Flag (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flag/core (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagicon (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Flagicon/core (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Frac (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fraction (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Fraction/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Hlist (view source) (protected)
Template:Hlist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:If empty (view source) (protected)
Template:Immigration to New Zealand (edit)
Template:Main other (view source) (protected)
Template:More citations needed (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:New Zealand topics (view source) (semi-protected)
Template:Nobold (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Nobold/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Template:Oceania topic (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist (view source) (protected)
Template:Reflist/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Template:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Template:Sfn (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Short description (view source) (protected)
Template:Short description/lowercasecheck (view source) (protected)
Template:Template other (view source) (protected)
Template:Use New Zealand English (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Use dmy dates (view source) (template editor protected)
Template:Yesno (view source) (protected)
Template:Yesno-no (view source) (template editor protected)
Portal:New Zealand (edit)
Module:Arguments (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/blacklist (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Category handler/shared (view source) (protected)
Module:Check for unknown parameters (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1 (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/COinS (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Date validation (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Utilities (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/Whitelist (view source) (protected)
Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:DecodeEncode (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Delink (view source) (protected)
Module:Disambiguation/templates (view source) (protected)
Module:Find sources (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/config (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/links (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Find sources/templates/Find sources mainspace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/anchor id list/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Footnotes/whitelist (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:If empty (view source) (protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Redirect (view source) (protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

Return to Immigration to New Zealand.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immigration_to_New_Zealand"