Impossible Foods Inc. is a company that develops plant-based substitutes for meat products. The company's signature product, the Impossible Burger, was launched in July 2016 as a vegan alternative to beef hamburger.
In partnership with Burger King, Impossible Whoppers were released across the United States by summer 2019. The company also makes plant-based sausage and chicken products.[3][4]
Company and product history
An Impossible Burger given out during a promotional event at a food truck in San Francisco in November 2016
Impossible Foods was founded by Patrick O. Brown in 2011.[5] In July 2016, the company launched its first meat analogue product, the Impossible Burger, which is made from material derived from plants.[6] The company says that making it uses 95% less land and 74% less water, and it emits about 87% less greenhouse gas than making a ground beef burger patty from cows.[7] The plant-based burger has more protein, less total fat, no cholesterol, and less food energy than a similar-sized hamburger patty made with beef.[8] It contains more sodium and more saturated fats than an unseasoned beef patty.[9] The Impossible Burger received Kosher certification in May 2018[10] and Halal certification in December 2018.[11]
On January 7, 2019, Impossible Foods introduced the Impossible Burger 2.0.[12] In July 2020, Impossible Burger patties became available at Trader Joe's and about 2,100 Walmart locations in the United States.[13]
Technology and food safety
Unlike most plant-based products intended to emulate meat, the Impossible Burger contains heme. Heme is the molecule that gives blood its red color and helps carry oxygen in living organisms.[14] Heme is abundant in animal muscle tissue and is also found naturally in all living organisms.[15] Plants, particularly nitrogen-fixing plants and legumes, also contain heme.[16] The plant-based heme molecule is identical to the heme molecule found in meat.[17][18]
To produce heme protein from non-animal sources, Impossible Foods selected the leghemoglobin molecule found naturally in the roots of soy plants.[19] To make it in large quantities, the company's scientists genetically engineered a yeast and used a fermentation process very similar to the brewing process used to make some types of beer.[20] In 2014, Impossible Foods declared leghemoglobin is Generally Recognized As Safe after testing under FDA oversight,[21] and filed updates with the FDA in 2017 and 2018.[22] The U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued a "no questions" letter in July 2018, accepting the unanimous conclusion of a panel of food-safety experts that the protein that carries heme is safe to eat.[23] This acceptance letter was limited to products cooked in restaurants because soy leghemoglobin required safety review as a new food colorant for uncooked products.[24] An FDA rule change that accepted the colorant and allows the sale of Impossible Burgers in grocery stores took effect on September 4, 2019.[25]
LightLife, a brand of meat analogues, criticized its competitors Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods in an open letter published in The New York Times, asking that these companies reduce their use of "hyperprocessed" ingredients.[26] Impossible Foods responded by calling it a "disingenuous, desperate disinformation campaign".[27]
The Center for Consumer Freedom (CCF), a nonprofit advocacy group that has received funding from the meat industry, has targeted Impossible Foods and other meat analogue producers through advertising, including a commercial during Super Bowl LIV, criticizing meat analogues for using additives. Impossible Foods quickly answered with a parody commercial.[28]
In 2016 and 2017, Impossible Foods produced Impossible Burgers in both Redwood City, California, and at Rutgers University in New Jersey.[29] Since the production was in relatively small quantities, the burgers were not available at retail locations.[30] Impossible Foods also worked on plant-based products that emulated chicken, pork, fish, and dairy,[31] but decided to concentrate on creating a substitute for the ground beef in burger patties.[32]
The restaurant Momofuku Nishi in New York, owned by David Chang, began serving the Impossible Burger in July 2016.[33] In October 2016, the Impossible Burger became a standing menu item in selected additional restaurants in California,[34] such as Jardinière and Cockscomb in San Francisco, and Crossroads Kitchen in Los Angeles.[35] The Michelin-starred restaurant Public, operated by Brad Farmerie, began serving the Impossible Burger in January 2017.[36]
In March 2017, Impossible Foods announced it would build its first large-scale plant in Oakland, California, to produce 1 million pounds of plant-based burger meat per month.[34] In the first half of 2017, the Impossible Burger debuted on the menu of multi-unit franchises including Bareburger in New York City,[37]Umami Burger in California,[38] and Hopdoddy in Texas.[39] In April 2018, White Castle started serving Impossible Burgers. The partnership with White Castle eventually expanded to include all 377 of its locations.[40]
By July 2018, two years after its debut in New York, the Impossible Burger was available at about 3,000 locations in the United States and Hong Kong.[41] By the end of 2018, 5,000 restaurants across all 50 states included the burger on their menus.[42]
In April 2019, Burger King began test marketing an Impossible Whopper using the patty at locations around St. Louis.[43] Later that month, the company announced plans to roll out Impossible Whoppers nationwide before the end of the year.[44] In August, it was officially made available nationwide.[45]
Impossible Burger retail
The Impossible Burger became available in grocery stores for the first time in October 2019, at Gelson's stores, which are only in Southern California.[46] As of May 2020, Impossible Burgers were also available at Fairway Market, Wegman's, Jewel-Osco, Vons, Pavilions, Albertsons in California and Nevada, Safeway in California and Nevada, and various chains owned by Kroger.[47] In April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the FDA started allowing restaurants to sell Impossible beef substitute to consumers, with an additional printed-out sheet satisfying label requirements.[48]
Sausage
In May 2019, Little Caesars began testing the Impossible Supreme pizza in Florida, New Mexico, and Washington state. The pizza featured Impossible Foods' first plant-based sausage product, which CEO Patrick Brown claimed had involved the development of 50 prototype sausage products before Little Caesars began offering it to the public.[49]
Impossible sausage sandwiches are being sold at many restaurants, including Burger King and Starbucks.[50]
Financing
Plant-based chicken nuggets made by Impossible Foods
In August 2017, $75 million in additional financing was raised after reaching key objectives,[54] with Bill Gates investing additional money.[55] In April 2018, an additional $114 million was raised, led by Singapore’s Temasek Holdings and Hong Kong-based Sailing Capital, bringing the total to $372 million.[56] In May 2019, the company raised $300 million of investment.[57] The total valuation of the company raised to $2 billion.[58] On March 16, 2020, another $500 million was raised.[59]
In total, Impossible Foods has raised $1.3 billion over 12 rounds of funding.[60][61] In August 2020, the company raised another US$200 million in an internal round led by existing investor Coatue.[62]
^"Heme and non-heme in Iron". The Nutrition Source, TH Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University. 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2020-10-24.
