In re Estate of Gardiner
CourtSupreme Court of Kansas
Full case nameIn the Matter of the Estate of Marshall G. Gardiner, Deceased
DecidedMarch 15, 2002 (2002-03-15)
Citation(s)42 P.3d 120 (Kan. 2002); 273 Kan. 191 (2002); 2002 Kan. LEXIS 117
Holding
"A post-operative male-to-female transsexual is not a woman within the meaning of the statutes and cannot validly marry another man."[1]
Court membership
Chief judgeKay McFarland
Associate judgesRobert E. Davis, Donald L. Allegrucci, Bob Abbott, Frederick N. Six, Tyler C. Lockett, Edward Larson, Timothy Brazil (assigned to participate)
Case opinions
Decision byDonald L. Allegrucci
Robert E. Davis took no part in the consideration or decision of the case.

In re Estate of Gardiner, 42 P.3d 120 (Kan. 2002), is a case in which the Kansas Supreme Court voided the marriage of a man and a trans woman, holding that the latter was considered male under Kansas law, and thus the state's prohibition on same-sex marriage precluded the legal validity of the marriage.[2][3][4]

The case concerned the marriage of J'Noel Ball, a finance professor at Park College, and Marshall G. Gardiner, a donor to Park College who had previously twice served in the Kansas House of Representatives.[5][6] The marriage took place in Oskaloosa, Jefferson County, Kansas in September 1998 when Ball was 40 and Gardiner was 85. J'Noel Ball took her husband's surname. Marshall Gardiner died in August of the following year; he left a $2.5 million estate but no will.

Joe Gardiner challenged the disposition of his father's estate, arguing that J'Noel was legally male and therefore that his father's marriage to her was invalid. In legal documents, he described J'Noel as having a mental disorder. In January 2002, he told a New York Times reporter that J'Noel's gender was an "illusion" and contrary to the "laws of God."[7]

The district court agreed with the son, ruling that J'Noel was male. The Kansas Court of Appeals reversed the district court's decision, ruling that the marriage was valid in part because J'Noel had a functional vagina and the marriage had been sexually consummated, but in March 2001 the Kansas Supreme Court reversed the appellate court in part and affirmed the district court.[8][9][10] The Kansas Supreme Court wrote that "a male-to-female post-operative transsexual does not fit the definition of a female." The Supreme Court of the United States denied certiorari on October 7, 2002.[11]

Criticism

The ruling has also been described as "de-sex"ing transgender people, based on the court statement that the "words 'sex,' 'marriage,' 'male,' and 'female' in everyday understanding do not encompass transsexuals."[12]

Because J'Noel was born in Wisconsin, and the laws of that state allowed her to change the sex on her birth certificate, the ruling was criticized for violating the full faith and credit clause of the United States Constitution.[13]

Related cases

On February 18, 2003, the Maryland Court of Appeals ruled unanimously that a transgender woman may be recognized as a woman if she provides some type of medical evidence of a "permanent and irreversible change." The ruling was in favor of Janet Heilig.[14]

In 2004, the Florida Second District Court of Appeal ruled that a transgender man had no child custody claim in his divorce because he was not a man and therefore his marriage to a woman was invalid. The ruling was against Michael Kantaras.

References

  1. ^ "85030 -- In re Estate of Gardiner". Kansas Supreme Court. March 15, 2002. Archived from the original on September 23, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  2. ^ Strasser, Mark (2003). "Harvesting the Fruits of Gardiner: On Marriage, Public Policy, and Fundamental Interests". George Washington Law Review. 71: 179. SSRN 439524.
  3. ^ Oliphant, Robert E.; Steegh, Nancy Ver (March 7, 2007). Examples & Explanations: Family Law, 2nd Ed. Aspen Publishers Online. pp. 45–. ISBN 9780735562899. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  4. ^ Link, David (March 22, 2002). "Same-sex marriage, with a twist". Salon. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  5. ^ Spurgeon, Devon (July 7, 2000). "Double Bind: Why a Woman in Missouri Is a Man in Kansas, and Why It Matters". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  6. ^ "J'Noel Gardiner (1958 - ) finance professor". A Gender Variance Who's Who. June 3, 2011. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  7. ^ Wilgoren, Jodi (January 13, 2002). "Suit Over Estate Claims a Widow Is Not a Woman". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 4, 2019.
  8. ^ Lamoy, Annie; Stacy Downs (March 15, 2002). "Kansas Supreme Court rules against transsexual (subscription required)". Knight Ridder / Tribune News Service. Archived from the original on March 29, 2015. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  9. ^ Norgren, Jill (July 30, 2006). Serena Nanda (ed.). American Cultural Pluralism And Law. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 200–. ISBN 9780275986995. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  10. ^ Myers, Gordon Brown, Scott; Myers, Scott (June 16, 2008). Administration of Wills, Trusts, and Estate. Cengage Learning. pp. 85–. ISBN 9781428321762. Retrieved November 13, 2012.((cite book)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Gardiner v. Gardiner, 537 U.S. 825 (2002).
  12. ^ Currah, Paisley; Juang, Richard M.; Minter, Shannon Price (2006). Transgender Rights. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 37–. ISBN 9780816643127. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  13. ^ Gebhardt, Shawn (2009). "Full Faith and Credit for Status Records: A Reconsideration of Gardiner". California Law Review. 97: 1419–.
  14. ^ "GPAC Applauds MD Ruling Upholding Sex Change, Stage Set for Conflict with Recent TX, KS Decisions". Gender Public Advocacy Coalition (GPAC) press release. February 18, 2003.

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