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((about|the studio album|the title track|In the Aeroplane Over the Sea (song)))
((good article))
((use mdy dates|date=July 2012)) ((Use American English|date=October 2023))
((Infobox album
| name         = In the Aeroplane Over the Sea
| type         = studio
| artist       = [[Neutral Milk Hotel]]
| cover        = In the aeroplane over the sea album cover copy.jpg
| alt          = A drawing of three young boys and a woman out at sea. The boys are swimming, while the woman sits atop a dock. She is wearing a red dress and has a drumhead for a face. A steam-powered ship can be seen in the background.
| released     = February 10, 1998
| recorded     = July–September 1997
| studio       = [[Pet Sounds Studio|Pet Sounds]],((efn|name="Studio"|Listed in the [[liner notes]] as Elephant&nbsp;6 Recording Company((sfn|Anon.|1998a)))) [[Denver]], [[Colorado]]
| genre        = *[[Indie rock]]
*[[psychedelic folk]]
*[[Lo-fi music|lo-fi]]
| length       = 39:55
| label        = [[Merge Records|Merge]]
| producer     = [[Robert Schneider]]
| prev_title   = [[On Avery Island]]
| prev_year    = 1996
| next_title   = [[Ferris Wheel on Fire]]
| next_year    = 2011
| misc         = ((Singles
 | type        = studio
 | single1     = [[Holland, 1945]]
 | single1date = October 13, 1998((sfn|Anon.|1998c))
))
))

'''''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''''' is the second and final studio album by American band [[Neutral Milk Hotel]], released on February 10, 1998, by [[Merge Records]]. The album is predominantly [[indie rock]] and [[psychedelic folk]] and is characterized by an intentionally [[lo-fi music|low-quality]] sound. Traditional indie rock instruments like the guitar and drums are paired with less conventional instruments like the [[musical saw|singing saw]] and [[uilleann pipes]]. The lyrics are surrealistic and opaque, exploring themes that range from nostalgia to love. An important influence for the album was ''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'', a book of writings from the diary of [[Anne Frank]].

''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' was recorded at [[Pet Sounds Studio]] from July to September((nbsp))1997. Producer [[Robert Schneider]] worked with bandleader [[Jeff Mangum]] to improve upon the low-quality sound of Neutral Milk Hotel's debut album, ''[[On Avery Island]]''. Instead of using standard studio equipment like guitar pedals or [[effects unit]]s to induce [[distortion]], Schneider developed a recording technique that involved heavy [[Dynamic range compression|compression]]. To promote the album, Neutral Milk Hotel undertook a tour of North America and Europe, and developed a reputation for chaotic and physically demanding performances.

Contemporary reviews were moderately positive; over time, however, the album developed a [[cult following]]. This negatively affected Mangum, whose mental health began to deteriorate; as a result, he withdrew from touring, and Neutral Milk Hotel went on hiatus shortly after. In the years since its release, ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' has been described by music journalists as both a landmark album for indie rock and as one of the best albums of the 1990s and its critical standing has risen considerably.

== Background ==
[[File:Jeff Mangum at the Atomic Music Hall, Athens, GA, circa 1997 (1296808020).jpg|thumb|alt=Photo of Jeff Mangum playing a guitar with a microphone nearby|Jeff Mangum performing with Neutral Milk Hotel in 1996]]
[[Neutral Milk Hotel]] originated in [[Ruston, Louisiana]], in the late 1980s, as a [[home recording|home-recording]] project of high school student [[Jeff Mangum]].((sfn|Clair|2022|loc=chapter 3 (Search phrase "Jeff recorded in Ruston under the name Milk, etching the name into the plastic of the cassettes he made for friends"))) Initially called ''Milk'', Mangum shared the recordings he created with his friends and fellow musicians [[Robert Schneider]], [[Bill Doss]], and [[Will Cullen Hart]], and the four began producing music together.<ref>((harvnb|Clair|2022|loc=chapter 3 (Search phrase "They started making twenty-minute tapes for their friends"))); ((harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=9)).</ref> The group started branding their respective homemade [[cassette tape]]s with "[[The Elephant 6&nbsp;Recording Co.]]", a then-imaginary [[record label]] which later grew into a loose [[musical collective]].((sfn|Anon.|2013)) After graduating from high school, Mangum released the single "[[Everything Is (song)|Everything Is]]" on [[Cher Doll Records]] under the alias ''Neutral Milk Hotel''.((sfn|Ballance|Cook|McCaughan|2009|p=96)) The single's exposure convinced Mangum to record more music under this name.((sfn|McMullen|1996)) He moved to Denver and worked with Schneider to record the 1996 album ''[[On Avery Island]]''.((sfn|Ballance|Cook|McCaughan|2009|p=97)) Although Schneider was interested in what he described as "high-art [[Beatlesque]] production," he aligned with Mangum's preference for a low-quality sound called [[lo-fi music|lo-fi]], admitting that "at first it was frustrating, but I came to enjoy it. That's how I learned to produce, doing that record, because I totally had to let go of what I thought it should be like."((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=26))

After the release of ''On Avery Island'', Mangum recruited three musicians to tour with: [[Julian Koster]], [[Jeremy Barnes (musician)|Jeremy Barnes]], and [[Scott Spillane]].((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=28–31)) The North American tour in support of ''On Avery Island'' generated enough money to enable the quartet to move to [[Athens, Georgia]], which was considered a hub for [[alternative rock]] and [[New wave music|new wave]] musicians.((sfn|Ballance|Cook|McCaughan|2009|p=99)) By mid-1997, Mangum had written and [[Demo (music)|demoed]] nearly every song for ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''. He shared the demos with his bandmates before they moved back to Denver, where Schneider's studio was located, to record the album.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=52))

== Recording ==
''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' was produced by Schneider, and was recorded from July to September((nbsp))1997.((sfn|Anon.|1998a)) It was recorded at [[Pet Sounds Studio]]((efn|name="Studio")) in Denver, the home of Schneider's friend [[Jim McIntyre (musician)|Jim McIntyre]].<ref>((harvnb|Anon.|1998a)); ((harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=53))</ref> Schneider paid half the rent for access to every room in the house except McIntyre's bedroom.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=53)) The recording sessions for ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' coincided with several other sessions. Schneider was already producing [[the Minders]]' album ''[[Hooray for Tuesday]]'' when Neutral Milk Hotel members began to arrive, and decided to halt production until ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' was finished.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=62)) McIntyre was recording the [[Von Hemmling]] song "My Country 'Tis of Thee" in his bedroom while the band members played, and whenever Koster was not needed, he would work on songs for his experimental [[pop music]] and [[performance art]] project [[the Music Tapes]], such as "Television Tells Us" and "Aliens".((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=54–55))

Schneider separated the band members into different rooms, but always kept Mangum close to the control room in case he wanted to plug Mangum's acoustic guitar into a [[Stereo-Pak|four-track cartridge]].((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=56)) Schneider occasionally tried using an electric guitar, however he wiped these recordings as he felt that they did not have Mangum's distinctive sound.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=56)) As the sessions progressed, Schneider wanted to find a way to record the acoustic sound into a microphone instead of into the cartridge. He decided to record the sound through [[Georg Neumann|Neumann U 87]] microphones.((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=56–57)) According to Scheider: "[Mangum] liked an acoustic plugged in because he kinda found it fuzzy and raw, like an electric guitar, but it had a strummy quality to it, too ... I had developed an acoustic guitar sound on my own that he was really happy with by the second record, and I think it's really good."((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=57))

Neutral Milk Hotel biographer Kim Cooper believes ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' is one of the most heavily [[Distortion (music)|distorted]] albums ever made, but also notes the lack of equipment such as [[Big Muff]]s or [[Effects unit|distortion pedals]].((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=57)) Mangum liked having a layer of distortion over the music, but Schneider decided to not use standard effects equipment. Instead, Schneider used heavy [[Dynamic range compression|compression]] and placed a Bellari RP-220 [[valve amplifier|tube]] [[preamplifier]] close to his guitar. Schneider then ran the sound through a [[mixing console]] and maximised the sound on a [[cassette tape]].((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=58)) This process was done for nearly every instrument used on ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''. Schneider claimed that the nonlinearities of microphone distortion gave the album its unique "warm" quality.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=58))

The horn arrangements were primarily written by Schneider. He wrote these parts on a piano or organ, then conferred with trombonist Rick Benjamin to ensure the [[musical notation]] was correct.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=64)) Spillane was the last band member to arrive, so Schneider showed him the arrangements he had already written. The trumpets were written in [[treble clef]], but as Spillane could only read [[bass clef]], he had to rewrite these arrangements before he could learn them.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=64)) As he did while learning the songs for ''On Avery Island'', Spillane spent hours every day practicing and writing more arrangements in the basement.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=64)) Toward the end of the recording sessions, Schneider and Spillane worked together to combine their differing arrangements. Schneider's parts were more melancholic while Spillane wrote chaotic and boisterous parts.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=65))

== Composition ==
=== Music ===
((listen
 | position    = right
 | filename    = NeutralMilkHotel-InTheAeroplaneOverTheSea.ogg
 | title       = "In the Aeroplane Over the Sea"
 | description = The third track on ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''. Similar to many tracks, "In the Aeroplane Over the Sea" employs acoustic chord progressions, multitrack recording, and unique instruments. This track in particular features a singing saw.
 | format      = [[Ogg]]
))
''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' is difficult to categorize into a specific [[music genre|genre]].((sfn|LeMay|2003)) Critics generally describe it as [[indie rock]] and [[psychedelic folk]] with a lo-fi sound,<ref>Critics who describe the album as indie rock include:
*((harvnb|Brunner|1998))
*((harvnb|DeVille|2018))
Critics who have described ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' as psychedelic folk include:
*((harvnb|Jayasuriya|2015))
*((harvnb|Valys|2015))
Critics who have noted ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''(('s)) lo-fi sound include:
*((harvnb|Ankeny|n.d.))
*((harvnb|McDermott|n.d.))</ref> but also note the wide range of influences, including Eastern European [[choir|choral music]], [[Canterbury scene|Canterbury Sound]], [[circus music]], [[musique concrète]], [[drone music]], [[free jazz]], and [[Tropicália]].<ref>((harvnb|McGonigal|1998)); ((harvnb|McGonigal|2008)).</ref> Jason Ankeny of [[AllMusic]] compared the album to a "marching band on an [[Psychedelic experience|acid trip]]",((sfn|Ankeny|n.d.)) while Kim Cooper wrote: "the music is like nothing else in the 90s underground".((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=2)) Part of the musical variance comes from the instruments used on the album. Traditional indie rock instruments like the guitar and drums are paired with less conventional instruments like the [[shortwave radio]], [[musical saw|singing saw]], and [[uilleann pipes]].<ref>((harvnb|Anon.|1998a)); ((harvnb|Share|1998))</ref>

Jeff Mangum's guitars are a key component for much of the album. Mangum often plays simple chord progressions, which Erik Himmelsbach of ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' compared to the [['50s progression]].((sfn|Himmelsbach|1998|pp=134–135)) Other important aspects to the music include the heavy amount of distortion, as well as the [[multitrack recording]] method Schneider used for the majority of the instruments.<ref>((harvnb|McGonigal|1998)); ((harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=58))</ref> Ankeny described ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' as having a greater emphasis on [[song structure|structure]] and [[texture (music)|texture]]; he further noted that, like ''On Avery Island'', "the songs run continuously together".((sfn|Ankeny|n.d.)) The overall sound of the album sometimes abruptly shifts from track to track.((sfn|Share|1998)) ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' noted the range of musical styles present, such as slow [[funeral march]]es and fast-paced [[punk rock]].((sfn|Sarig|n.d.)) Critic Chris DeVille wrote: "On the musical axis, Neutral Milk Hotel veered from piercingly intimate psychedelic campfire sing-alongs to full-band segments that barreled ahead with haphazard grace."((sfn|DeVille|2018))

=== Lyrics ===
Mangum wrote the lyrics for every track on ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''.((sfn|Anon.|1998a)) The lyrics are surreal and often reference seemingly unrelated subject matter.<ref>((harvnb|DeRogatis|2003|p=542)); ((harvnb|Hellweg|1998)).</ref> Cooper cites the opening track "King of Carrot Flowers, Pt. One" as an example of this style of songwriting. While the lyrics are about [[Wonder (emotion)|childhood fantasies]], there are references to [[Sexual arousal|sexual awakenings]], [[domestic violence]], [[religious fanaticism]], and [[tarot card reading]]s.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=69)) Fans and journalists have long argued over the exact meaning of the album.((sfn|Clair|2022|loc=chapter 1 (Search phrase "For other artists, that reclusiveness could have doomed the band to nothing more than an orphaned Wikipedia page, but something strange happened"))) Some listeners believe there is a central message found throughout the lyrics, while other listeners believe the album is too abstract to derive meaning from.((sfn|Clair|2022|loc=chapter 1 (Search phrase "For other artists, that reclusiveness could have doomed the band to nothing more than an orphaned Wikipedia page, but something strange happened"))) DeVille said: "[''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''] collides the familiar and the disorienting in a way that renders meaning elusive even as it provokes intense emotional reckoning."((sfn|DeVille|2018))

Common lyrical themes include childhood and nostalgia.<ref>((harvnb|McGillis|2011)); ((harvnb|Richardson|2018)).</ref> ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''(('s)) Mark Richardson wrote that the lyrics are written with childlike wonder, in which mundane interactions are illustrated as fantastical moments, stating, "It's like a children's book or a fairy tale, ''[[Where the Wild Things Are]]'' on wax."((sfn|Richardson|2018)) Mangum's lyrics have also been seen as a depiction of adolescence, and the need to develop one's own identity.((sfn|Richardson|2018)) Some critics have compared the album to a [[coming-of-age story]].<ref>((harvnb|Mervis|2013)); ((harvnb|Anon.|2020)).</ref> Mangum's descriptions of these experiences evoke a sense of nostalgia. According to Richardson: "it's an album of memories and associations, how skin feels against the grass and what passes through your mind the first time you realize your own powerlessness. It puts ultimate faith in raw feelings, the kind that consume you without logic or sense."((sfn|Richardson|2018))

((quote box|
|title=Neutral Milk Hotel, "Ghost"
|halign=left
|quote=<poem>
And she was born in a bottle rocket, 1929
With wings that ringed around a socket
Right between her spine
All drenched in milk and holy water</poem>
|source=Jeff Mangum wrote "Ghost" as a surreal depiction of [[Anne Frank]]'s life.<ref>((harvnb|McGonigal|1998)); ((harvnb|DeVille|2018)).</ref>|align=left))

Love is another prominent lyrical theme, although this concept takes on different forms.((sfn|Sauerteig|2015)) P. J. Sauerteig of ''[[PopMatters]]'' believes ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''(('s)) central message is Mangum's longing desire to be loved by the people he idolizes, whether that be a love interest or his peers.((sfn|Sauerteig|2015)) The lyrics sometimes describe how Mangum wants to physically merge with the things he loves, which symbolizes a need for interconnectedness with loved ones. Sauerteig cites the track "Two-Headed Boy" as an example of this concept. The track describes [[conjoined twins]], although Sauerteig believes they are a metaphor for two people who unsuccessfully merged into one body and, as a result, feel like they are trapped in an interdependent relationship.((sfn|Sauerteig|2015))

Although there is little concrete information as to the genesis of some of the lyrics, Mangum has stated a major influence was [[Anne Frank]], a teenage girl who died in a [[Nazi concentration camps|Nazi concentration camp]]. Before recording ''On Avery Island'', Mangum read ''[[The Diary of a Young Girl]]'', a book of writings from Frank's diary that she kept while in hiding during the [[Netherlands in World War II|Nazi occupation of the Netherlands]].((sfn|McGonigal|1998)) He was deeply affected by the book and spent, in his own words, "about three days crying", having dreams of traveling back in time and saving her.((sfn|McGonigal|1998)) Tracks such as "Holland,((nbsp))1945" and "Ghost" incorporate elements of Anne Frank's life into the lyrics.((sfn|DeVille|2018)) As a result, some listeners have labeled ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' as a [[concept album]].<ref>((harvnb|Clark|2008)); ((harvnb|Thill|2010)); ((harvnb|Crawford|2018)).</ref> However, Frank's importance to the lyrics is a subject of debate. Some critics argue she is merely an inspiration for some of the tracks, as opposed to an important character within a narrative arc.<ref>((harvnb|Crawford|2018)); ((harvnb|Kramer|2017)).</ref> Writing about the Anne Frank connection, Anwen Crawford of ''[[The Monthly]]'' said: "It would be overly literal ... to describe ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' as an album about the Holocaust, for Frank is only one of many phantasms to populate a set of looping, interlinked narratives that proceed with the closed logic of a dream or a religious vision."((sfn|Crawford|2018))

== Artwork ==
[[File:ItAotS postcard origins.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The original postcard Chris Bilheimer edited to create the album cover|alt=An old European postcard. This postcard features five people out at sea. Four people are swimming, while one person sits atop a dock. This postcard was edited to make the album cover.]]
The [[album cover|front cover]] contains a drawing of four bathers out at sea in what is presumed to be the early 1900s. Three are swimming in the water while one, who is wearing a red dress and has a [[drumhead]]((efn|name="Potato"|The drumhead over the woman's face on the cover is somewhat [[Ambiguous image|visually ambiguous]] and has been commonly perceived as a potato.<ref>((harvnb|Kreps|2012)); ((harvnb|Winkie|2016a)).</ref>)) instead of a face, sits atop a dock. The back cover shows a drawing of marching band members wearing [[stilts]], led by a short [[bandmaster]].((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=79)) Both illustrations were created by Chris Bilheimer, who at the time was designing artwork for the band [[R.E.M.]]((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=79)) Mangum met Bilheimer while living in Athens, and asked him to create the artwork for Neutral Milk Hotel's upcoming album.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=80)) Mangum was interested in imagery associated with early 20th century [[Amusement arcade#Penny arcade|penny arcades]], and would often buy postcards from thrift shops that featured this style. One postcard in particular featured three bathers at sea, which Bilheimer cropped and slightly altered to form the album cover.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=81))

In addition to Bilheimer's drawings, New York [[multimedia]] artist [[Brian Dewan]] created the interior artwork found within physical copies of ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''.((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=79–80)) Dewan's best-known piece for the album is a black and white sketch of a flying [[phonograph]] over an industrial plant.((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=79–80)) Dewan had previously been commissioned by Koster to make the artwork for the Music Tapes demos.((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=79–80)) When Mangum asked Dewan for artwork, he was provided with two sketches: a magic radio, and a flying phonograph, the latter of which was chosen.((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=79–80)) To give the disparate drawings a cohesive look, Bilheimer scanned the back of the postcard and overlaid the images over it, which made the drawings look the same age, with an effect of slow decay. Bilheimer then splashed dirt on the album cover just above the female character's outstretched arm.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=81))

== Release and tour ==
''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' was released in the United States on February 10, 1998, by [[Merge Records]], and in the United Kingdom in May((nbsp))1998 by The Blue Rose Record Company.<ref>((harvnb|Anon.|1998b)); ((harvnb|DeVille|2018)).</ref> Merge pressed 5,500 CD and 1,600 vinyl copies, and expected sales to be similar to ''On Avery Island'', which had sold around 5,000 copies.<ref>((harvnb|Ballance|Cook|McCaughan|2009|p=100)); ((harvnb|McGoven|2013)); ((harvnb|Cooper|2005|p=37)).</ref> These initial projections were correct, as the album sold moderately well for the first few months.((sfn|Ballance|Cook|McCaughan|2009|p=100)) The song "Holland,((nbsp))1945" was released as a [[single (music)|7" single]] on October 13, 1998.((sfn|Anon.|1998c))

To promote the album, Neutral Milk Hotel embarked on a tour of North America and Europe.((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=85–87)) Musicians [[John Fernandes]] and Will Westbrook were brought on as touring members, and were taught how to play the horn parts with Spillane.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=85)) For the tour, Mangum wanted the band to learn how to play the [[Charlie Haden]] track "Song for Che", a difficult improvisational jazz piece.((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=85–86)) Although Mangum was expecting a lot out of the newly expanded band, many outsiders noted how caring and nurturing he was toward everyone involved. Filmmaker [[Lance Bangs]] said: "He wasn't any kind of a taskmaster—never turning and glaring at anybody—it was never like that. Clearly, there was a love of his circle of friends that made it important for him to build this community and bring them along with him."((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=86))

While on tour, Neutral Milk Hotel gained a reputation for chaotic and physically demanding concerts. [[Great Lakes (band)|Great Lakes]] member Ben Crum recalled: "It was definitely dangerous. There often seemed to be a very real chance that someone, probably Julian, would get hurt. Jeff was always doing things like picking him up and throwing him into the drums."((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=84)) The [[Audio engineer|audio technicians]] for most venues were confused and did not know what to expect. As a result, [[Laura Carter (musician)|Laura Carter]] took on the unusual role of "mix-board translator". According to Carter: "It was more like talking them through what was about to happen, because so much was happening onstage that without someone helping, it was a wail or squeal and the soundman would look at twenty instruments onstage and not know what to dive for."((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=88))

== Initial reception ==

((Music ratings
| subtitle  = Contemporaneous reviews (in 1998)
| rev1      = ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''
| rev1Score = B+((sfn|Brunner|1998))
| rev2      = ''[[NME]]''
| rev2Score = 6/10((sfn|Fadele|1998))
| rev3      = ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''
| rev3Score = 8.7/10((sfn|McDermott|n.d.))
| rev4      = ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
| rev4Score = ((rating|3|5))((sfn|Ratliff|1998))
| rev5      = ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]''
| rev5Score = 7/10((sfn|Himmelsbach|1998|pp=134–135))
))

Initial critical responses to ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' were moderately positive.((sfn|Winkie|2016b)) In ''Spin'', Erik Himmelsbach wrote that Neutral Milk Hotel's psychedelic, folk-infused music had set them apart from the indie-pop sound of fellow Elephant&nbsp;6 bands [[the Olivia Tremor Control]] and [[the Apples in Stereo]].((sfn|Himmelsbach|1998|pp=134–135)) Rob Brunner of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' praised the "oddball" instrumentation and "bouncy pop melodies", but described some of the acoustic songs as "lifeless acoustic warblers".((sfn|Brunner|1998)) ''Pitchfork''(('s)) M. Christian McDermott also commended the music, which he called a blend of "''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band|Sgt. Pepper]]'' with early 90s lo-fi" that he found "as catchy as it is frightening".((sfn|McDermott|n.d.)) [[Ben Ratliff]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' was more critical of the music. He felt the rhythms and chord changes were boring, while the heavy layer of distortion masked the absence of decent melodies. Ratliff ultimately summarized his review by writing: "''Aeroplane'' is thin-blooded, woolgathering stuff."((sfn|Ratliff|1998))

The lyrics drew critical attention. [[Dele Fadele]] of ''[[NME]]'' described the lyrics as "evocative" and "compelling".((sfn|Fadele|1998)) Both Himmelsbach and Ratliff noted the semireligious undertones.<ref>((harvnb|Himmelsbach|1998|pp=134–135)); ((harvnb|Ratliff|1998)).</ref> Himmelsbach described the lyrics as "darkly comedic and wonderfully wide-eyed", and commended the [[stream of consciousness]] style of songwriting.((sfn|Himmelsbach|1998|pp=134–135)) McDermott also discussed the dark lyrics, and wrote: "[Mangum] inherits a world of cannibalism, elastic sexuality and freaks of nature. We can only assume he likes it there."((sfn|McDermott|n.d.))

''[[CMJ|CMJ New Music Monthly]]'' ranked ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' as the number one album of 1998,((sfn|Anon.|1999a|p=3)) and it placed 15th in the ''Village Voice''(('s)) annual [[Pazz & Jop]] poll of American music critics.((sfn|Anon.|1999b)) Despite the album's generally positive reception, it was dismissed by critics shortly after its release.((sfn|Winkie|2016b)) In a year-end column accompanying the Pazz & Jop, [[Robert Christgau]] dismissed the album as "a funereal jape that [[wikt:get someone's goat|gets my goat]]".((sfn|Christgau|1999)) In a 2016 article, journalist Luke Winkie said the initial reception was "the standard response to a confusing second album from a band without a preexisting pedigree: distant praise, hedged bets, avoiding the heart at all cost".((sfn|Winkie|2016b))

== Aftermath ==
=== Breakup and Mangum's reclusion ===
After the album's release, Neutral Milk Hotel's heightened profile had a negative effect on Mangum.((sfn|Cooper|2005|pp=97–98)) In a 2002 interview, Mangum said that "a lot of the basic assumptions [he] held about reality started crumbling". He would sometimes shut himself inside his home for days on end, and hoarded rice in preparation for the possible [[Year 2000 problem|Y2K problem]].((sfn|Clark|2008)) Some journalists have speculated he became tired of touring and constantly explaining his lyrics to fans; Elephant((nbsp))6 biographer Adam Clair believes he may have been overwhelmed by the way fans viewed his music, and the high expectations placed upon any subsequent recordings.((sfn|Clair|2022|loc=chapters 19 (Search phrase "He rejects the idea that it had anything to do with pressure from the success of Aeroplane or the increased attention he was receiving") and 32 (Search phrase "He may have also been a victim of his own success"))) Regardless of the reason, Mangum decided that he could not continue performing, and preferred to disappear from the public eye.((sfn|Clark|2008)) He did not inform the band, finding it impossible to justify a breakup immediately after their first genuine success, especially since some of them had quit their jobs to join Neutral Milk Hotel. Instead, he avoided the topic of new music altogether and increasingly isolated himself.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=98)) The situation resulted in the unspoken, unannounced breakup of Neutral Milk Hotel shortly after the tour.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=99)) The band members remained friends but moved on to other projects. Mangum occasionally worked on music over the next few years—he released ''[[Orange Twin Field Works: Volume I]]'' and played as a touring member of [[Circulatory System (band)|Circulatory System]] in 2001, and briefly hosted a program for the [[freeform radio]] station [[WFMU]] in 2002—but kept to himself and released no new songs for Neutral Milk Hotel.((sfn|Cooper|2005|p=100))

=== Cult following ===
There was no public explanation for the band's sudden breakup. ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' alleged that some fans were angry or accused Mangum of being selfish, and others wrote hoax blog posts giving fake details of upcoming tours and other false information.((sfn|Clark|2008)) The large response helped the album gain a [[cult following]], and converted Mangum into a [[:wikt:larger than life|larger-than-life]] figure.<ref>((harvnb|Brady|2011)); ((harvnb|Winkie|2016b)).</ref> In 2003, ''[[Creative Loafing (Atlanta)|Creative Loafing]]'' writer Kevin Griffis dedicated a cover story to trying to track down Mangum for personal closure. The search ended when Mangum sent him an email that read: "I'm not an idea. I am a person, who obviously wants to be left alone."((sfn|Ballance|Cook|McCaughan|2009|p=104)) Journalist Mark Richardson attempted to explain the album's rise in popularity: "Because [Mangum] was inaccessible, there was no outlet for connection other than the record itself and other fans who shared a passion. By doing nothing, Neutral Milk Hotel developed a cult."((sfn|Richardson|2018))

Some journalists have noted the release of ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' coincided with the rise of the Internet.<ref>((harvnb|Winkie|2016b)); ((harvnb|Milton|2016)).</ref> The album, and by extension Neutral Milk Hotel, became common fixtures on online [[Internet forum|message boards]], and early music websites like ''Pitchfork'' gave the band an increased level of promotion.<ref>((harvnb|Jayasuriya|2015)); ((harvnb|Milton|2016))</ref> Winkie wrote: "Would ''Aeroplane'' occupy the same untouchable place in American indie-rock culture if it was released in 1992? Or 1987? It's hard to say. The internet has a one-of-a-kind relationship with Neutral Milk Hotel."((sfn|Winkie|2016b)) [[Internet meme|Memes]] about ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' proliferated on websites like [[4chan]], reflecting a wave of "[[Hipster (contemporary subculture)|hipster]]" listeners who first discovered the album online, long after the band had broken up.((sfn|Winkie|2016a))

=== Critical reevaluation and sales ===
((Music ratings
| subtitle  = Retrospective reviews (after 1998)
| rev1      = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = ((Rating|5|5))((sfn|Ankeny|n.d.))
| rev2      = ''[[Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s|Christgau's Consumer Guide]]''
| rev2Score = ((Rating-Christgau|neither))((sfn|Christgau|2000))
| rev3      = ''[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]''
| rev3Score = ((Rating|5|5))((sfn|Larkin|2009))
| rev4      = ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''
| rev4Score = 10/10((sfn|Richardson|2005))
| rev5      = ((nowrap|''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]''))
| rev5Score = ((Rating|4.0|5))((sfn|Sarig|2004|p=579))((efn|The 2004 edition of ''The Rolling Stone Album Guide'' awarded ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' four stars out of five.((sfn|Sarig|2004|p=579)) When the contents of the book were ported to ''Rolling Stone''(('s)) website, the rating was changed to four and a half stars out of five, although the review remained the same.((sfn|Sarig|n.d.))))
| rev6      = ''[[Tiny Mix Tapes]]''
| rev6Score = 5/5((sfn|Lin|2006))
))

''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''(('s)) critical standing rose tremendously in the years after its release.((sfn|Winkie|2016b)) Mark Richardson of ''Pitchfork'' awarded the 2005 [[reissue]] a perfect 10/10 score. Richardson said that although he initially found Mangum's infatuation with Anne Frank embarrassing, he grew an appreciation for the lyrics, and called them the album's defining characteristic. He highlighted the surrealistic imagery, and wrote: "It's a record of images, associations, and threads; no single word describes it so well as the beautiful and overused kaleidoscope."((sfn|Richardson|2005)) In the 2004 edition of ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]'', critic Roni Sarig described the album as "timeless transcendentalist pop steeped in a century of American music, from funeral marches to punk rock...''Aeroplane'' is a fragile, creaky, dignified, and ballsy record".((sfn|Sarig|n.d.)) Ankeny wrote that: "Neutral Milk Hotel's second album is another quixotic sonic parade; lo-fi yet lush, impenetrable yet wholly accessible".((sfn|Ankeny|n.d.)) Ankeny also said the lyrics were too abstract to discern meaning.((sfn|Ankeny|n.d.)) Marvin Lin of ''[[Tiny Mix Tapes]]'' found it challenging to concisely explain why the album is so great, and ultimately summarized his review with the statement: "As beautiful as it is disturbing, ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' is a stunning piece of art that draws you deeper with each listen. Most great art takes time to appreciate, and this album is no exception."((sfn|Lin|2006))

Despite the generally positive critical reevaluation, the album had its detractors.((sfn|Richardson|2005)) According to Richardson, listeners who dislike the album have often found its lyrics to be awkward, infantile, or disconcerting, and he said Mangum could be perceived as a "privileged dude sharing naive [[Stoner (cannabis)|stoner]] wisdom".((sfn|Richardson|2018)) ''[[Grantland]]'' writer [[Steven Hyden]], once an admirer of the album, felt his appreciation diminish over time, which he ascribed in part to the gradual loss of its original mystique.((sfn|Hyden|2014)) Just as the album itself became a meme, the tendency to lavish it with hyperbolic praise also became an online [[in-joke]], exemplified by a 2015 headline from the [[satirical]] website ''[[ClickHole]]'': "Disgusting: [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] Just Released a 2-Star Review of ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''".((sfn|Winkie|2016a))

Despite modest sales projections and never charting on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]], ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' had sold over 393,000 copies by 2013, with reported sales of 25,000 copies a year as noted by ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' in 2008.<ref>((harvnb|Clark|2008)); ((harvnb|Maas|2013)).</ref> ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' was the sixth best-selling [[Phonograph record|vinyl record]] of 2008, and its sales helped contribute to a [[Vinyl revival|revitalization of vinyl]] in the late 2000s.((sfn|Kreps|2009)) The ''[[33⅓]]'' book about ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' by author Kim Cooper similarly shares large sales numbers, as it is the second best-selling entry in the series.((sfn|Clair|2022|loc=chapter 23 (Search phrase "Though the books tend to be about much more popular albums–subjects include albums by the absolute biggest names in recorded music history–only the one on Céline Dion's ''Let's Talk About Love'' has sold better")))

Several websites and magazines have ranked ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' as one of the greatest indie rock albums of all time, including ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' and ''Entertainment Weekly''.<ref>((harvnb|Anon.|2007)); ((harvnb|Anon.|2008)).</ref> Some outlets have also ranked it as one of the best albums of the 1990s. ''Pitchfork'' initially ranked it at number eighty-five on its list of the best albums of the 1990s, but moved the album to number four in its 2003 revised list.((sfn|Winkie|2016b)) ''[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]'' similarly ranked it highly, placing it at number two, behind [[Radiohead]]'s ''[[OK Computer]]''.((sfn|Jackson|2012)) Other websites that placed ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' in their list of the best albums of the 1990s include [[Cleveland.com]] (number twenty)((sfn|Smith|2017)) and ''[[Slant Magazine]]'' (number forty-three).((sfn|Anon.|2011)) ''[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]'' in 2005 and ''[[Q (magazine)|Q]]'' in 2010 placed ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' on their lists of the best albums of the previous twenty-five and thirty years respectively,<ref>((harvnb|Anon.|2005)); ((harvnb|Crawford|2018)).</ref> while ''Rolling Stone'' and ''NME'' ranked it at 376 and 98 on their lists of the 500 greatest albums of all time respectively.<ref>((harvnb|Barker|2013)); ((harvnb|Anon.|2020)).</ref>

''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' has been highly influential.<ref>((harvnb|McGonigal|2008)); ((harvnb|Hyden|2014)); ((harvnb|DeVille|2018)).</ref> According to ''Pitchfork'' contributor Mike McGonigal, ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''(('s)) disparate genres laid the groundwork for a musical template followed by bands such as [[Bright Eyes (band)|Bright Eyes]] and [[Six Organs of Admittance]]. Mangum's vocals influenced singers such as [[Colin Meloy]] of [[the Decemberists]] and Zach Condon of [[Beirut (band)|Beirut]].((sfn|McGonigal|2008)) [[Arcade Fire]] frontman [[Win Butler]] said ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'' was a contributing factor to their signing with Merge Records.((sfn|Schreiber|2005|p=3)) On the album's tenth anniversary, ''Pitchfork'' published an article in which indie musicians such as [[Dan Snaith]], [[Tim Kasher]], and fellow Elephant((nbsp))6 member [[Kevin Barnes]] discussed its importance.((sfn|McGonigal|2008)) Snaith said: 
((blockquote|It's an album people want to keep for themselves—sharing it with only those closest to them. The way it has become a quintessential cult album—widely loved as well as widely unknown—makes it easy to believe there's something special between you and it—that it's yours alone no matter how many people love it.((sfn|McGonigal|2008))))

== Track listing ==
((redirect|Untitled Neutral Milk Hotel song|the other untitled song by the same band|Neutral Milk Hotel discography#Miscellaneous))
All tracks are written by Jeff Mangum, except where noted; horn arrangements by Robert Schneider and Scott Spillane.((sfn|Anon.|1998a))
((Track listing
| title1       = The King of Carrot Flowers, Pt. One
| length1      = 2:00
| title2       = The King of Carrot Flowers, Pts. Two & Three
| note2        = [[Jeremy Barnes (musician)|Jeremy Barnes]], [[Julian Koster]], Mangum, Spillane
| length2      = 3:06
| title3       = [[In the Aeroplane Over the Sea (song)|In the Aeroplane Over the Sea]]
| length3      = 3:22
| title4       = Two-Headed Boy
| length4      = 4:26
| title5       = The Fool
| note5        = Spillane
| length5      = 1:53
| title6       = [[Holland, 1945]]
| length6      = 3:15
| title7       = Communist Daughter
| length7      = 1:57
| title8       = Oh Comely
| length8      = 8:18
| title9       = Ghost
| length9      = 4:08
| title10      = 
| length10     = 2:16
| title11      = Two-Headed Boy, Pt. Two
| length11     = 5:13
| total_length = 39:55
))

== Personnel ==
Credits adapted from the [[liner notes]] of ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''.((sfn|Anon.|1998a))
((col-begin))
((col-2))
'''Neutral Milk Hotel'''
* [[Jeff Mangum]] – guitar, voice, organ, [[floor tom]], bowed [[fuzz bass]], tapes, [[shortwave radio]]
* [[Jeremy Barnes (musician)|Jeremy Barnes]] – drums, organ
* [[Scott Spillane]] – trumpet, flugelhorn, trombone, euphonium
* [[Julian Koster]] – Wandering Genie, the [[singing saw]], bowed banjo, accordion, [[white noise]]

'''Additional musicians'''
* [[Robert Schneider]] – home organ, air organ, fuzz bass, harmony vocal, one-note piano
* [[Laura Carter (musician)|Laura Carter]] – zanzithophone
* Rick Benjamin – trombone
* Marisa Bissinger – saxophone, flugelhorn
* Michelle Anderson – [[uilleann pipes]]

((col-2))
'''Artwork'''
* Chris Bilheimer – art direction
* Jeff Mangum – art direction
* [[Brian Dewan]] – "Flying Victrola" illustration
((col-end))

== Certifications ==
((Certification Table Top))
((Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|relyear=2005|artist=Neutral Milk Hotel|title=In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|award=Silver|certyear=2021|type=album|accessdate=24 December 2021|id=17727-5801-2|certref=((sfn|Anon.|n.d.))))
((Certification Table Bottom|nosales=true|streaming=true | noshipments=true))

== Notes ==
((notelist))

== Footnotes ==
((reflist|20em))

== References ==
((refbegin|colwidth=30em|indent=yes))
*((cite web|last=Ankeny|first=Jason|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-mw0000032195|title=In the Aeroplane Over the Sea – Neutral Milk Hotel|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|date=n.d.|access-date=November 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606090144/http://www.allmusic.com/album/in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-mw0000032195|archive-date=June 6, 2012|url-status=live))
*((cite AV media notes|author=Anon.|title=In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|type=liner notes|others=Neutral Milk Hotel|publisher=[[Merge Records]]|year=1998|ref=((SfnRef|Anon.|1998a))))
*((cite AV media notes|author=Anon.|title=In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|type=liner notes|others=Neutral Milk Hotel|publisher=Blue Rose Records|year=1998|ref=((SfnRef|Anon.|1998b))))
*((cite web|author=Anon.|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/501834/new-neutral-milk-hotel-single-due/|title=New Neutral Milk Hotel Single Due|website=[[MTV]]|date=September 18, 1998|accessdate=January 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104072203/http://www.mtv.com/news/501834/new-neutral-milk-hotel-single-due/|archive-date=November 4, 2020|url-status=live|ref=((SfnRef|Anon.|1998c))))
*((cite magazine|author=Anon.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u49RaKREnYEC&pg=PA3|title=CMJ's Top 30 Editorial Picks|magazine=[[CMJ|CMJ New Music Monthly]]|volume=57|issue=601|date=January 1999|ref=((SfnRef|Anon.|1999a|p=3))))
*((cite web|author=Anon.|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres98.php|title=The 1998 Pazz & Jop Critics Poll|website=[[The Village Voice]]|date=March 2, 1999|access-date=June 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129103628/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pjres98.php|archive-date=January 29, 2020|url-status=live|ref=((SfnRef|Anon.|1999b))))
*((cite web|author=Anon.|url=https://www.spin.com/2005/06/100-greatest-albums-1985-2005/|title=100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005|website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=June 20, 2005|access-date=February 1, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203012903/https://www.spin.com/2005/06/100-greatest-albums-1985-2005/|archive-date=February 3, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|author=Anon.|url=https://www.stereogum.com/7175/blenders_100_greatest_indie_rock_albums_ever/franchises/list/|title=Blender's 100 Greatest Indie-Rock Albums Ever|website=[[Stereogum]]|date=November 14, 2007|access-date=February 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150406050058/http://www.stereogum.com/7175/blenders_100_greatest_indie_rock_albums_ever/franchises/list/|archive-date=April 6, 2015|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|author=Anon.|url=https://ew.com/gallery/indie-rock-25/?slide=272344#272344|title=Indie Rock 25|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=March 20, 2008|access-date=January 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412195606/https://ew.com/gallery/indie-rock-25/?slide=272344%23272344|archive-date=April 12, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|author=Anon.|url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/best-albums-of-the-1990s/6/|title=The 100 Best Albums of the 1990s|website=[[Slant Magazine]]|date=February 14, 2011|access-date=December 18, 2019|page=6|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219010123/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/best-albums-of-the-1990s/6/|archive-date=December 19, 2019|url-status=live))
*((cite web|author=Anon.|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/elephant-6|title=Elephant 6: Interstellar Pop Underground|website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]|date=October 8, 2013|accessdate=September 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928015415/https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/elephant-6|archive-date=September 28, 2023|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|author=Anon.|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/neutral-milk-hotel-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-3-1062857/|title=The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=September 22, 2020|access-date=September 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923100722/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-all-time-1062063/neutral-milk-hotel-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-3-1062857/|archive-date=September 23, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|author=Anon.|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17727-5801-2|title=British album certifications – Neutral Milk Hotel – In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|website=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|date=n.d.|accessdate=December 24, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221173828/https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/17727-5801-2|archive-date=December 21, 2021|url-status=live|ref=((SfnRef|Anon.|n.d.))))
*((cite book|last1=Ballance|first1=Laura|last2=Cook|first2=John|last3=McCaughan|first3=Mac|author-link1=Laura Ballance|author-link3=Mac McCaughan|title=Our Noise: The Story of Merge Records, the Indie Label That Got Big and Stayed Small|publisher=[[Algonquin Books]]|year=2009|isbn=978-1-5651-2968-9))
*((cite web|last=Barker|first=Emily|url=https://www.nme.com/photos/the-500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-100-1-1426116|title=The 500 Greatest Albums Of All Time|website=[[NME]]|date=October 25, 2013|access-date=July 11, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313162021/https://www.nme.com/photos/the-500-greatest-albums-of-all-time-100-1-1426116|archive-date=March 13, 2017|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Brady|first=Sean|url=https://www.popmatters.com/140113-there-is-nothing-to-grieve-an-argument-against-a-neutral-milk-hotel--2496044168.html|title=There Is Nothing to Grieve: An Argument Against a Neutral Milk Hotel Reunion|website=[[PopMatters]]|date=May 8, 2011|access-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921224440/https://www.popmatters.com/140113-there-is-nothing-to-grieve-an-argument-against-a-neutral-milk-hotel--2496044168.html|archive-date=September 21, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|last=Brunner|first=Rob|url=https://www.ew.com/article/1998/03/06/aeroplane-over-sea|title=In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=March 6, 1998|access-date=November 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125121131/http://ew.com/article/1998/03/06/aeroplane-over-sea/|archive-date=November 25, 2017|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pj98.php|title=La-Di-Da-Di-Di? Or La-Di-Da-Di-Da?|website=[[The Village Voice]]|date=March 2, 1999|access-date=November 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142541/http://www.robertchristgau.com/xg/pnj/pj98.php|archive-date=September 24, 2015|url-status=live))
*((cite book|last=Christgau|first=Robert|year=2000|title=[[Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s]]|publisher=Griffin|isbn=0-312-24560-2|chapter=N|chapter-url=http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=N&bk=90|access-date=September 11, 2020|via=robertchristgau.com|archive-date=November 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119120919/http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=N&bk=90|url-status=live))
*((cite book|last=Clair|first=Adam|title=Endless Endless, A Lo-Fi History of the Elephant&nbsp;6 Mystery|publisher=[[Hachette (publisher)|Hachette]]|year=2022|isbn=978-0-30692-3968|type=E-book))
*((cite web|last=Clark|first=Taylor|url=https://slate.com/culture/2008/02/jeff-mangum-the-salinger-of-indie-rock.html|title=The Salinger of Indie Rock|date=February 26, 2008|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|access-date=November 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214144048/https://slate.com/culture/2008/02/jeff-mangum-the-salinger-of-indie-rock.html|archive-date=February 14, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite book|last=Cooper|first=Kim|year=2005|title=In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|series=[[33⅓]]|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]|isbn=0-8264-1690-X))
*((cite web|last=Crawford|first=Anwen|url=https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2018/february/1517403600/anwen-crawford/what-happened-indie-music|title=What happened to indie music|website=[[The Monthly]]|date=February 2018|access-date=December 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221050849/https://www.themonthly.com.au/issue/2018/february/1517403600/anwen-crawford/what-happened-indie-music|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live|url-access=subscription))
*((cite book|last=DeRogatis|first=Jim|author-link=Jim DeRogatis|title=Turn on Your Mind: Four Decades of Great Psychedelic Rock|publisher=[[Hal Leonard Corporation]]|year=2003|isbn=978-0-6340-5548-5))
*((cite web|last=DeVille|first=Chris|url=https://www.stereogum.com/1981443/in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-turns-20/franchises/the-anniversary/|title=In The Aeroplane Over The Sea Turns 20|website=[[Stereogum]]|date=February 9, 2018|access-date=February 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209123828/https://www.stereogum.com/1981443/in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-turns-20/franchises/the-anniversary/|archive-date=February 9, 2019|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Fadele|first=Dele|author-link=Dele Fadele|url=https://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101001024reviews.html|title=Neutral Milk Hotel – In The Aeroplane Over The Sea (Blue Rose)|website=[[NME]]|date=May 23, 1998|access-date=November 13, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817191519/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101001024reviews.html|archive-date=August 17, 2000))
*((cite web|last=Hellweg|first=Eric|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2990/new-cool-the-surreal-sound-of-neutral-milk-hotel/|title=New & Cool: The Surreal Sound of Neutral Milk Hotel|website=[[MTV]]|date=February 4, 1998|access-date=September 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025905/http://www.mtv.com/news/2990/new-cool-the-surreal-sound-of-neutral-milk-hotel/|archive-date=November 9, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|last=Himmelsbach|first=Erik|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WTdKc_Gu54C&pg=PA134|title=Neutral Milk Hotel: In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|magazine=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|volume=14|issue=3|date=March 1998|access-date=August 14, 2015|issn=0886-3032|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429210052/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WTdKc_Gu54C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA134|archive-date=April 29, 2016|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Hyden|first=Steven|author-link=Steven Hyden|url=https://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/two-headed-boys-falling-in-and-out-of-love-with-neutral-milk-hotel/|title=Two-Headed Boys: Falling In and Out of Love With Neutral Milk Hotel|website=[[Grantland]]|date=February 5, 2014|access-date=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218174627/https://grantland.com/hollywood-prospectus/two-headed-boys-falling-in-and-out-of-love-with-neutral-milk-hotel/|archive-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Jackson|first=Josh|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/1990s/best-albums-of-the-1990s/#1-radiohead-%E2%80%93-ok-computer|title=The 90 Best Albums of the 1990s|website=[[Paste (magazine)|Paste]]|date=February 24, 2012|access-date=July 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322100056/https://www.pastemagazine.com/music/1990s/best-albums-of-the-1990s/#1-radiohead-%E2%80%93-ok-computer|archive-date=March 22, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Jayasuriya|first=Sahan|url=https://www.milwaukeemag.com/at-long-last-neutral-milk-hotel-performs-milwaukee/|title=At Long Last, Neutral Milk Hotel Performs in Milwaukee|website=[[Milwaukee Magazine]]|date=April 27, 2015|accessdate=January 23, 2022|archive-url=https://archive.today/20220123110023/https://www.milwaukeemag.com/at-long-last-neutral-milk-hotel-performs-milwaukee/|archive-date=January 23, 2022|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Kramer|first=Kyle|url=https://www.vice.com/en_asia/article/d33k8a/17-albums-that-arent-as-deep-as-you-think-they-are|title=17 Albums That Aren't as Deep as You Think They Are|website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|date=August 29, 2017|access-date=October 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008225733/https://www.vice.com/en_asia/article/d33k8a/17-albums-that-arent-as-deep-as-you-think-they-are|archive-date=October 8, 2019|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|last=Kreps|first=Daniel|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/radiohead-neutral-milk-hotel-help-vinyl-sales-almost-double-in-2008-252602/|title=Radiohead, Neutral Milk Hotel Help Vinyl Sales Almost Double In 2008|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=January 8, 2009|access-date=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206111152/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/radiohead-neutral-milk-hotel-help-vinyl-sales-almost-double-in-2008-252602/|archive-date=December 6, 2019|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Kreps|first=Daniel|url=https://www.spin.com/2012/02/neutral-milk-hotels-original-aeroplane-postcard-found-jersey/|title=Neutral Milk Hotel's Original 'Aeroplane' Postcard Found in Jersey|website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=February 7, 2012|access-date=August 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703025651/https://www.spin.com/2012/02/neutral-milk-hotels-original-aeroplane-postcard-found-jersey/|archive-date=July 3, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite book|chapter=Neutral Milk Hotel|chapter-url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001/acref-9780195313734-e-70939|access-date=March 5, 2017|chapter-url-access=subscription|title=The Encyclopedia of Popular Music|title-link=Encyclopedia of Popular Music|last=Larkin|first=Colin|author-link=Colin Larkin|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|edition=4th|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-531373-4 |archive-date=November 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119120919/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195313734.001.0001/acref-9780195313734-e-70939|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=LeMay|first=Matt|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/5923-top-100-albums-of-the-1990s/?page=10|title=Top 100 Albums of the 1990s|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=November 17, 2003|access-date=November 15, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224191020/https://pitchfork.com/features/lists-and-guides/5923-top-100-albums-of-the-1990s/?page=10|archive-date=February 24, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Lin|first=Marvin (written under the moniker "MR. P")|url=https://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/neutral-milk-hotel-aeroplane-over-sea|title=Neutral Milk Hotel – In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|website=[[Tiny Mix Tapes]]|date=December 14, 2006|access-date=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218152706/https://www.tinymixtapes.com/music-review/neutral-milk-hotel-aeroplane-over-sea|archive-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Maas|first=Emily|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/neutral-milk-hotel-reunites-announces-448425|title=Neutral Milk Hotel Reunites, Announces Tour Dates|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=April 29, 2013|access-date=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218174627/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/neutral-milk-hotel-reunites-announces-448425|archive-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=McDermott|first=M. Christian|url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/n/neutral-milk-hotel/in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea.shtml|title=Neutral Milk Hotel: In The Aeroplane Over The Sea|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=n.d.|access-date=May 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010108235800/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/record-reviews/n/neutral-milk-hotel/in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea.shtml|archive-date=January 8, 2001))
*((cite web|last=McGillis|first=Ian|url=https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/books/cult-album-begets-cult-book-kim-cooper-on-neutral-milk-hotel|title=Cult album begets cult book: Kim Cooper on Neutral Milk Hotel|website=[[Montreal Gazette]]|date=February 5, 2011|access-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921224602/https://montrealgazette.com/entertainment/books/cult-album-begets-cult-book-kim-cooper-on-neutral-milk-hotel|archive-date=September 21, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|last=McGonigal|first=Mike|url=http://neutralmilkhotel.net/puncture3.html|title=Dropping in at the Neutral Milk Hotel|website=Puncture|date=Spring 1998|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423054804/http://neutralmilkhotel.net/puncture3.html|archive-date=April 23, 2003|url-status=dead|access-date=November 18, 2017))
*((cite web|last=McGonigal|first=Mike|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6784-neutral-milk-hotels-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea/|title=Artists Reflect on Neutral Milk Hotel's In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=February 12, 2008|access-date=November 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032721/https://pitchfork.com/features/article/6784-neutral-milk-hotels-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=McGoven|first=Kyle|url=https://www.spin.com/2013/12/neutral-milk-hotel-merge-records-master-release-form-in-aeroplane-over-sea/|title=Neutral Milk Hotel's Label Greatly Underestimated 'In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'|website=[[Spin (magazine)|Spin]]|date=December 16, 2013|access-date=February 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724222220/https://www.spin.com/2013/12/neutral-milk-hotel-merge-records-master-release-form-in-aeroplane-over-sea/|archive-date=July 24, 2017|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|last=McMullen|first=Phil|author-link=Phil McMullen|title=Neutral Milk Hotel|magazine=[[Ptolemaic Terrascope]]|date=September 1996))
*((cite web|last=Mervis|first=Scott|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2013/01/10/Preview-Mangum-Style-Neutral-Milk-Hotel-s-1998-classic-still-haunts-listeners/stories/201301100423|title=Mangum Style: Neutral Milk Hotel's 1998 classic still haunts listeners|website=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]]|date=January 10, 2013|access-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109173949/https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/music/2013/01/10/Preview-Mangum-Style-Neutral-Milk-Hotel-s-1998-classic-still-haunts-listeners/stories/201301100423|archive-date=January 9, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Milton|first=Jamie|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/oct/26/cult-heroes-neutral-milk-hotel-alt-rock-enigmas-who-shied-away-from-the-spotlight|title=Cult heroes: Neutral Milk Hotel – alt-rock enigmas who shied away from the spotlight|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=October 26, 2016|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113180531/https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2016/oct/26/cult-heroes-neutral-milk-hotel-alt-rock-enigmas-who-shied-away-from-the-spotlight|archive-date=November 13, 2019|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|last=Ratliff|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Ratliff|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-19980213|title=In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=February 13, 1998|access-date=August 14, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716190731/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/reviews/album/7480/37481|archive-date=July 16, 2010|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Richardson|first=Mark|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5758-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea/|title=Neutral Milk Hotel: In the Aeroplane Over the Sea|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=September 26, 2005|access-date=November 16, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110625181501/http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/5758-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea/|archive-date=June 25, 2011|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Richardson|first=Mark|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/how-neutral-milk-hotels-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-became-a-polarizing-cult-classic/|title=How Neutral Milk Hotel's In the Aeroplane Over the Sea Became a Polarizing Cult Classic|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=February 15, 2018|access-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109104717/https://pitchfork.com/features/article/how-neutral-milk-hotels-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-became-a-polarizing-cult-classic/|archive-date=November 9, 2019|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|last=Sarig|first=Roni|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/neutral-milk-hotel/albumguide|title=Neutral Milk Hotel: Album Guide|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|date=n.d.|access-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219131004/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/neutral-milk-hotel/albumguide|archive-date=February 19, 2011|url-status=dead))
*((cite book|last=Sarig|first=Roni|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/579/mode/2up|chapter-url-access=registration|chapter=Neutral Milk Hotel|editor1-last=Brackett|editor1-first=Nathan|editor2-last=Hoard|editor2-first=Christian|editor2-link=Christian Hoard|title=The New Rolling Stone Album Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Fireside Books]]|location=New York|date=2004|isbn=0-7432-0169-8|via=the [[Internet Archive]] ((registration required))))
*((cite web|last=Sauerteig|first=P. J.|url=https://www.popmatters.com/194640-what-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-is-really-about-2495516849.html|title=What Neutral Milk Hotel's 'In the Aeroplane Over the Sea' Is Really About|website=[[PopMatters]]|date=June 24, 2015|access-date=October 6, 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200412194854/https://www.popmatters.com/194640-what-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea-is-really-about-2495516849.html|archive-date=April 12, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Schreiber|first=Ryan|url=https://pitchfork.com/features/interview/5963-the-arcade-fire/?page=3|title=The Arcade Fire|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=February 14, 2005|access-date=February 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222205253/https://pitchfork.com/features/interview/5963-the-arcade-fire/?page=3|archive-date=February 22, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Share|first=Don|url=https://www.mtv.com/news/503188/no-neutral-milk-here-a-magnificent-ice-cream-cone-of-an-album/|title=No Neutral Milk Here: A Magnificent Ice Cream Cone of an Album|website=[[MTV]]|date=November 4, 1998|accessdate=January 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104034619/http://mtv.com/news/503188/no-neutral-milk-here-a-magnificent-ice-cream-cone-of-an-album/|archive-date=November 4, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Smith|first=Troy L.|url=https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2017/07/50_greatest_albums_of_the_1990.html|title=50 greatest albums of the 1990s|website=[[Cleveland.com]]|date=July 27, 2017|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219010125/https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/2017/07/50_greatest_albums_of_the_1990.html|archive-date=December 19, 2019|url-status=live))
*((cite magazine|last=Thill|first=Scott|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/concept-albums-2/|title=Earth's Coolest Concept Albums, Decided By You|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|date=March 29, 2010|access-date=December 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224151404/https://www.wired.com/2010/03/concept-albums-2|archive-date=December 24, 2016|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Valys|first=Phillip|url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/entertainment/music/sf-neutral-milk-hotel-gusman-center-miami-20150504-story.html|title=Neutral Milk Hotel: No vacancy|work=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|date=May 4, 2015|access-date=April 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412194326/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/entertainment/music/sf-neutral-milk-hotel-gusman-center-miami-20150504-story.html|archive-date=April 12, 2020|url-status=live))
*((cite web|last=Winkie|first=Luke|url=https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/hipster-indie-rock-meme-neutral-milk-hotel-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea/|title=There will never be a more hipster meme than Neutral Milk Hotel's 'In the Aeroplane Over the Sea'|website=[[The Daily Dot]]|date=April 12, 2016|access-date=February 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218174625/https://www.dailydot.com/unclick/hipster-indie-rock-meme-neutral-milk-hotel-in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea/|archive-date=February 18, 2020|url-status=live|ref=((SfnRef|Winkie|2016a))))
*((cite web|last=Winkie|first=Luke|url=https://music.avclub.com/how-did-the-neutral-milk-hotel-legend-get-so-out-of-han-1798247155|title=How did the Neutral Milk Hotel legend get so out of hand?|website=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=May 11, 2016|access-date=May 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504003441/https://music.avclub.com/how-did-the-neutral-milk-hotel-legend-get-so-out-of-han-1798247155|archive-date=May 4, 2019|url-status=live|ref=((SfnRef|Winkie|2016b))))
((refend))

== External links ==
*[https://archive.org/details/cd_in-the-aeroplane-over-the-sea_neutral-milk-hotel ''In the Aeroplane Over the Sea''] at the [[Internet Archive]], with options to stream the album from licensed platforms
*((Discogs master|type=album|9443|name=In the Aeroplane Over the Sea))
*((MusicBrainz release group|mbid=8f310800-045b-3e12-8268-50b3d33a2267|name=In the Aeroplane Over the Sea))

((Neutral Milk Hotel|state=uncollapsed))((Cultural depictions of Anne Frank))((Authority control))

[[Category:1998 albums]]
[[Category:Concept albums]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Anne Frank]]
[[Category:Domino Recording Company albums]]
[[Category:Lo-fi music albums]]
[[Category:Merge Records albums]]
[[Category:Neutral Milk Hotel albums]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in the 2000s]]

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