Indicators of spatial association are statistics that evaluate the existence of clusters in the spatial arrangement of a given variable. For instance, if we are studying cancer rates among census tracts in a given city local clusters in the rates mean that there are areas that have higher or lower rates than is to be expected by chance alone; that is, the values occurring are above or below those of a random distribution in space.

Global indicators

Notable global indicators of spatial association include:^[1]

• Global Moran's I: The most commonly used measure of global spatial autocorrelation or the overall clustering of the spatial data developed by Patrick Alfred Pierce Moran.^[2][3]
• Geary's C (Geary's Contiguity Ratio): A measure of global spatial autocorrelation developed by Roy C. Geary in 1954.^[4][5] It is inversely related to Moran's I, but more sensitive to local autocorrelation than Moran's I.
• Getis–Ord G (Getis–Ord global G, Geleral G-Statistic): Introduced by Arthur Getis and J. Keith Ord in 1992 to supplement Moran's I.^[6]

Local indicators

Notable local indicators of spatial association (LISA) include:^[1]

• Local Moran's I: Derived from Global Moran's I, it was introduced by Luc Anselin in 1995^[7] and can be computed using GeoDa.^[8]
• Getis–Ord G_i (local G_i): Developed by Getis and Ord based on their global G.
• INDICATE's I_N: Originally developed to assess the spatial behaviour of stars,^[9] can be computed for any discrete 2+D dataset using python-based INDICATE tool available from GitHub.^[10]