Main intelligence agency in Indonesia
Badan Intelijen Negara ("State Intelligence Agency"), commonly referred to as BIN, is Indonesia's primary intelligence agency. Prior to 2001, it was known as Bakin (Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara, "State Intelligence Coordinating Agency"); its name was changed as part of a general restructuring of the agency.[2] BIN is responsible both for co-ordinating information sharing and operations between Indonesia's other intelligence agencies and for mounting operations on its own.
At the time of its name change in 2001, BIN's role in co-ordinating was deemphasised, but, in the wake of the 2002 Bali bombing, that aspect of the agency's operations was the subject of renewed focus as part of an all-around expansion of the agency's budget and operations.[3] The agency is currently headed by Budi Gunawan, as of 9 September 2016.[4] Previous leaders are Sutiyoso from July 2015 to September 2016,[5] Sutanto from 21 October 2009 to 19 October 2011, Syamsir Siregar from 2004 to 2009, and Hendropriyono from 2001 to 2004.[6]
History
1943–1965
The origin of the state intelligence agency can be traced to Japanese occupation, in 1943,at which time Japan established a local version of the intelligence agency known as the Nakano Military Intelligence School. The former soldier Defenders of the Homeland (Peta), Zulkifli Lubis, graduated from the school and was also the Republican first Commander of Intelligence.
After independence, August 1945, the Government of Indonesia established the first intelligence agency of the republic, which was called Badan Istimewa (the Special Agency) commonly referred to as (BI).Colonel Zulkifli Lubis returned to lead the agency along with about 40 former Peta soldiers who were special military investigators. After entering a special intelligence training period in the Ambarawa region, in early May 1946 around 30 young graduates became members of the Indonesian State Secret Agency (BRANI). This agency became the umbrella for the intelligence movement with several "ad hoc" units, even overseas operations.
In July 1946, the Minister of Defense (Menhan) Amir Sjarifuddin formed the "Defense Agency B" headed by a former police commissioner. As a result, on 30 April 1947 all intelligence agencies were merged under the Minister of Defense, including Brani, to become Part V of the B Defense Agency.
In 1949 the Minister of Defense Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX was not satisfied with the performance and performance of the intelligence at that time which was running independently and was not well coordinated, so Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX formed Dinas Chusus (the Special Service) commonly referred to as (DC), which was expected to be able to face the challenges of the threat of the state and nation in the future, and able to protect the Republic of Indonesia. The DC recruitment program is the intelligence program of the first non-military civilian cadres in Indonesia trained by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Intelligence candidates were sent to the Philippine island of Saipan to take part in a training program until several forces were then resumed training in Indonesia. The alumni were placed in various clandestine operations which were very closed and capable of penetrating enemy hearts such as operations (Operation Trikora, Dwikora, G30. S PKI, etc.). DC is known by the pseudonym Ksatria Graha, who are trained professional intelligence cadres, which are an important part that cannot be separated from the history of Indonesian intelligence.
In early 1952, the Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces, T.B. Simatupang, demoted the intelligence agency to Badan Informasi Staff Angkatan Perang (the Armed Forces Staff Information Agency) (BISAP). As a result of competition within the military, during 1952–1958, the entire force and police had their own intelligence services without national coordination. So on 5 December 1958, the President Sukarno formed the Intelligence Coordinating Body (BKI) with Colonel Laut Pirngadi as the head.
Subsequently,10 November 1959, BKI was changed back to Badan Pusat Intelijen (the Central Intelligence Agency) commonly referred to as (BPI) headquartered at Jalan Madiun, headed by Dr. Soebandrio. In the era of the 1960s until the beginning of the New Order era, Soebandrio's influence on the BPI was very strong, followed by the war of communist and non-communist ideology in the military, including intelligence.
1965–present
After the 1965 upheaval, Soeharto headed Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan dan Ketertiban (the Operation Command for Restoring Security and Order) Kopkamtib. Subsequently, in all regions (Regional Military Command / Kodam) an Satuan Tugas Intelijen (Intelligence Task Force) (STI) was formed. Then on 22 August 1966, Suharto established Komando Intelijen Negara (the State Intelligence Command) (KIN) with Brigadier General Yoga Sugomo as the head who was directly responsible to him.
As a strategic intelligence agency, BPI was merged into KIN which also had Operasi Khusus (Special Operations) Opsus under Lt. Col. Ali Moertopo with assistants Leonardus Benyamin (Benny) Moerdani and Aloysius Sugiyanto. In less than a year, 22 May 1967 Soeharto issued a Presidential Decree (Keppres) to design KIN to Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara become (the National Intelligence Coordinating Board) (BAKIN). Maj. Gen. Soedirgo was appointed as the first head of BAKIN.
During the time of Maj. Gen. Sutopo Juwono, BAKIN had Deputy II under Colonel Nicklany Soedardjo, Perwira Polisi Militer ( Military Police Officer) POM officer who graduated from Fort Gordon, USA. In early 1965, Nicklany created the PM's intelligence unit, namely Detasemen Pelaksana Intelijen (the Intelligence Implementing Detachment) (Den Pintel) POM. Officially, Den Pintel POM became Satuan Khusus Intelijen (the Special Intelligence Unit) Satsus Intel, then in 1976 it became Satuan Pelaksana (the Implementing Unit) Satlak and in the 1980s it became the Implementing Unit (UP) 01.
Starting in 1970 there was a reorganization of BAKIN with the addition of Deputy III to the Opsus post under Brigadier General TNI Ali Moertopo. As a Suharto insider. Opsus is considered the most prestigious in BAKIN, ranging from domestic affairs Penentuan Pendapat Rakyat of West Irian[7] and the birth of the political machine Golongan Karya (Golkar)[8] to the Indochina issue.[9] In 1983, as Deputy Head of BAKIN, L.B. Moerdani expanded his intelligence activities to become Badan Intelijen Negara (the Strategic Intelligence Agency) (BAIS). Subsequently, BAKIN remained as a contra-subversion directorate of the New Order.
After removing L.B.Moerdani as Minister of Defense and Security (Menhankam), in 1993 Suharto reduced Bais' mandate and changed its name to Badan Intelijen ABRI (ABRI Intelligence Agency) BIA. In 2000, President Abdurrahman Wahid changed BAKIN to become Badan Intelijen Negara (the State Intelligence Agency) (BIN) until now.
Thus, since 1945 s.d. now, the state intelligence organization has changed its name six times:[10]
- BRANI (Badan Rahasia Negara Indonesia/Indonesian State Secret Agency).
- BKI (Badan Koordinasi Intelijen/Intelligence Coordination Agency).
- BPI (Badan Pusat Intelijen/Central Intelligence Agency).
- KIN (Komando Intelijen Negara/State Intelligence Command).
- BAKIN (Badan Koordinasi Intelijen Negara/State Intelligence Coordination Agency).
- BIN (Badan Intelijen Negara/State Intelligence Agency).
Organizational structure
Main organization
The organizational structure mainly based from Presidential Decree No. 90/2012 (State Intelligence Agency).[11] The organizational structure of the BIN was last amended by the Presidential Decree No. 79/2020 (Second Amendment of Presidential Decree No. 90/2012 Re: State Intelligence Agency). The decree was signed on 20 July 2020.[12] Under the Presidential Regulation, the BIN's organizational structure consists of 9 deputies, which later expanded by Chief BIN Decree No. 04/2020:[13]
- Chief
The Chief of the BIN has the task to lead in performing the duties and functions of the BIN. The Chief is given the financial, administrative and other facilities on par with the Minister.
- Deputy Chief
The Deputy Chief has the task of helping and giving aid to the intelligence chief.
- Main Secretariat
Main Secretariat has the task of coordinating the implementation of the tasks, coaching and providing administrative support to all organizational units within the BIN. It consisted of:
- Bureau of Planning and Finance
- Department of Program Planning and Budgeting
- Department of General Budget Executive
- Department of Intelligence Operation Budget Executive
- Department of Verification and Reporting
- Bureau of Human Resource
- Department of Human Resource Planning
- Department of Human Resource Development
- Department of Human Resource Data Processing and Reporting
- Department of Human Resource Administration and Discipline Enforcement
- Bureau of Law, Organization, and Management
- Department of Law Affairs
- Department of Advocation
- Department of Law Enforcement
- Department of Organization and Management
- Bureau of Logistics
- Department of Logistics Planning
- Department of Logistics Procuring
- Department of Inventory Management, Distribution, and Expungement
- Department of Evaluation and Reporting
- Bureau of General Affairs
- Department of Leadership Administration and Secretarial Affairs
- Department of Security and Protocol
- Department of Internal Affairs
- Department of Servicing
- Deputy of Foreign Affairs
Deputy of Foreign Affairs (Deputy I) has the tasks of policy formulation and implementation of activities and / or operations of foreign intelligence field. It consisted of:
- 1st Directorate of Activities and Operations Planning and Control
- Directorate of International Cooperation
- Directorate of Asia Pacific
- Sub-Directorate of Asia Region I
- Sub-Directorate of Asia Region II
- Sub-Directorate of Asia Region III
- Sub-Directorate of Pacific
- Directorate of Africa and Middle East
- Sub-Directorate of Africa Region I
- Sub-Directorate of Africa Region II
- Sub-Directorate of Middle East Region I
- Sub-Directorate of Middle East Region II
- Directorate of America and Europe
- Sub-Directorate of America Region I
- Sub-Directorate of America Region II
- Sub-Directorate of Europe Region I
- Sub-Directorate of Europe Region II
- Deputy of Home Affairs
Deputy of Home Affairs (Deputy II) has the tasks of policy formulation and implementation of activities and/or operations in the field of domestic intelligence. It consisted of:
- 2nd Directorate of Activities and Operations Planning and Control
- Directorate of Java and Bali
- Sub-Directorate of Jakarta Region
- Sub-Directorate of West Java and Banten
- Sub-Directorate of Central Java and Yogyakarta
- Sub-Directorate of East Java and Bali
- Directorate of Sumatera and Kalimantan
- Sub-Directorate of Sumatera I
- Sub-Directorate of Sumatera II
- Sub-Directorate of Kalimantan I
- Sub-Directorate of Kalimantan II
- Directorate of Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara
- Sub-Directorate of Sulawesi I
- Sub-Directorate of Sulawesi II
- Sub-Directorate of West Nusa Tenggara
- Sub-Directorate of East Nusa Tenggara
- Directorate of Maluku and Papua
- Sub-Directorate of Maluku
- Sub-Directorate of North Maluku
- Sub-Directorate of Papua
- Sub-Directorate of West Papua
- Deputy of Counter Intelligence
Deputy of Counter Intelligence (Deputy III) has the task of policy formulation and implementation of activities and/or counterintelligence operations. It consisted of:
- 3rd Directorate of Activities and Operations Planning and Control
- Directorate of Counter-espionage
- Sub-Directorate of Foreign Representatives Counter-espionage
- Sub-Directorate of Foreign NGOs Counter-espionage
- Sub-Directorate of Foreign International Organizations Counter-espionage
- Directorate of Counter-terrorism
- Sub-Directorate of Counter-terrorism in Western Indonesia
- Sub-Directorate of Counter-terrorism in Eastern Indonesia
- Sub-Directorate of De-radicalization and Counter-radicalization
- Sub-Directorate of Counter-terrorism Operation Coordination
- Directorate of Counter-separatism and Counter-conflicts
- Sub-Directorate of Counter-separatism in Western Indonesia
- Sub-Directorate of Counter-separatism in Eastern Indonesia
- Sub-Directorate of Counter-conflicts in Western Indonesia
- Sub-Directorate of Counter-conflicts in Eastern Indonesia
- Directorate of Counter-infiltration and Counter-sabotage
- Sub-Directorate of Border Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Outer Islands
- Sub-Directorate of Non-physical Objects
- Sub-Directorate of National Vital Objects
- Deputy of Economy Intelligence
Deputy of Economy (Deputy IV) has the tasks of policy formulation and implementation of activities and/or intelligence operations in economics. It consisted of:
- 4th Directorate of Activities and Operations Planning and Control
- Directorate of Agriculture, Agrarian, and Marine Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Agriculture and Husbandry
- Sub-Directorate of Forestry and Plantation
- Sub-Directorate of Agrarian Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Marine and Fisheries
- Directorate of Energy, Mineral Resources, and Population Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Energy
- Sub-Directorate of Mineral Resources
- Sub-Directorate of Electricity
- Sub-Directorate of Population and Manpower
- Directorate of Industry, Trade, Cooperations, Transportation, Tourism, Telecommunication, and Maritime Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Industry, Cooperations, and Small Medium Businesses
- Sub-Directorate of Trade
- Sub-Directorate of Transportation, Maritime, and Infrastructure
- Sub-Directorate of Tourism and Telecommunication
- Directorate of Finance and Banking Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Monetary
- Sub-Directorate of Banking and Non-Bank Finance Institutions
- Sub-Directorate of State Finance and Local Government Finance
- Sub-Directorate of Investment and Stocks Market
- Deputy for Technology Intelligence
Deputy for Technology (Deputy V) has the tasks of policy formulation and implementation of activities and / or intelligence operations technology. It consisted of:
- 5th Directorate of Activities and Operations Planning and Control
- Directorate of Telematics
- Sub-Directorate of Application and Database
- Sub-Directorate of System Security
- Sub-Directorate of Network Infrastructure
- Sub-Directorate of Communication
- Directorate of Engineering
- Sub-Directorate of Surveillance Technology Engineering
- Sub-Directorate of Counter-surveillance Technology Engineering
- Sub-Directorate of Technological Engineering in Nuclear, Biology, and Chemicals
- Sub-Directorate of Digital Forensics
- Directorate of Geospatial Intelligence
- Sub-Directorate of Sensor and Mapping
- Sub-Directorate of Land Threats Detection
- Sub-Directorate of Naval Threats Detection
- Sub-Directorate of Reconnaissance
- Directorate of Monitoring
- Sub-Directorate of Close Monitoring
- Sub-Directorate of Open Monitoring
- Sub-Directorate of Internet Protocol Communications Monitoring
- Sub-Directorate of Mobile Monitoring
- Deputy for Cyber Intelligence
Deputy for Cyber Intelligence (Deputy VI) has the tasks of policy formulation and implementation of activities and / or cyber intelligence operations. It consisted of:
- 6th Directorate of Activities and Operations Planning and Control
- Directorate of Early Detection
- Sub-Directorate of Critical Assets
- Sub-Directorate of Traffic Monitoring
- Sub-Directorate of Anomalies and Incidents
- Sub-Directorate of Threat Risk
- Directorate of Counter-cyberintelligence
- Sub-Directorate of Data Security
- Sub-Directorate of Network Security
- Sub-Directorate of Encryption
- Sub-Directorate of Cyber Community
- Directorate of Analysis and Forensics
- Sub-Directorate of Analysis for National Cyber Defense Measures
- Sub-Directorate of Analysis for National Cyberattack Measures
- Sub-Directorate of Network Forensics
- Sub-Directorate of Hardware Forensics
- Directorate of Threats Response
- Sub-Directorate of Internal Threats Response
- Sub-Directorate of External Threats Response
- Sub-Directorate of Mitigation
- Sub-Directorate of Updates on National Cyber Activities
- Deputy Communications and Information
Deputy Communication and Information (Deputy VII) has the tasks of policy formulation and implementation of activities and / or intelligence operations in Communication and Information. Prior 21 July 2017, this deputy numbered as Deputy VI. It consisted of:
- 7th Directorate of Activities and Operations Planning and Control
- Directorate of Mass Communication
- Sub-Directorate of Printed Media
- Sub-Directorate of TV and Films
- Sub-Directorate of Radio
- Sub-Directorate of Online Media
- Directorate of Social Communication
- Sub-Directorate of Public Forums and Mass Organizations
- Sub-Directorate of Entertainment Media
- Sub-Directorate of Opinion Influencers
- Directorate of Inter-Institutional Relations
- Sub-Directorate of Public Communication
- Sub-Directorate of Inter-institutional Communication between Government Organizations
- Sub-Directorate of NGOs Communication
- Sub-Directorate of Information and Documentation Management
- Directorate of Dissemination and Publication
- Sub-Directorate of Editorials
- Sub-Directorate of Printing and Digital Media
- Sub-Directorate of Special Publication
- Deputy Apparatuses Security Intelligence
Deputy Apparatuses Security Intelligence (Deputy VIII) has the tasks of performing background checking for state apparatus and its candidate, granting appropriate clearance for one who need it, policy formulation and implementation field of processing and the production of intelligence in apparatuses security, and providing suggestions and recommendations for safeguarding the government's governance. The deputy also tasked for managing and maintaining databases of state officials and other renowned figures. This deputy is the latest deputy formed in July 2020. It consisted of:
- 8th Directorate of Activities and Operations Planning and Control
- Directorate of State Apparatuses
- Sub-Directorate of State Officials Security in Central Government
- Sub-Directorate of State Officials Security in 1st Region (Sumatera, Jawa, and Bali Islands)
- Sub-Directorate of State Officials Security in 2nd Region (Kalimantan and Sulawesi Islands)
- Sub-Directorate of State Officials Security in 3rd Region (West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara, All Moluccas, and Papua Islands)
- Directorate of Non-State Apparatuses
- Sub-Directorate of Political Figures Security
- Sub-Directorate of Mass Organization and NGOs Figures Security
- Sub-Directorate of State-owned and Locally-owned Corporations Officials Security
- Sub-Directorate of Higher Education Institutions Leaders Security
- Deputy Intelligence Analysis and Production
Deputy Intelligence Analysis and Production (Deputy IX) has the tasks of policy formulation and implementation field of processing and the production of intelligence. Prior 21 July 2017, this deputy numbered as Deputy VII. It consisted of:
- Directorate of Planning and Production of Intelligence Products
- Directorate of Intelligence Analysis of Ideological, Political, Social, and Cultural Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Ideology
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Politics
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Social and Cultural Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Technology and Cyber Intelligence
- Directorate of Intelligence Analysis of National Security
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Terrorism and Radicalism
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Separatism
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Border and Transnational Crimes
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Social Conflicts and Crimes
- Directorate of Intelligence Analysis of Economical Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Agriculture and Agrarian Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Energy, Population, and Maritime Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Infrastructure, Industry, Trade, Cooperations, Transportation, Tourism, and Telecommunication
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Finance and Banking
- Directorate of Intelligence Analysis of Foreign Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in Southeast Asian, Middle Asian, and South Asian Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in East Asian and Pacific Islands Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in African and Middle East Affairs
- Sub-Directorate of Intelligence Analysis in American and European Affairs
- General Inspectorate
General Inspectorate has the task on oversight of BIN internal affairs, In present, BIN have a main inspectorate and its 3 subordinate inspectorate offices:
- Main Inspectorate
- Inspectorate I (Performance)
- Inspectorate II (Personnels)
- Inspectorate III (Administrative)
- Expert Staffs
Expert Staffs have the task of giving recommendations to the chief on specific matters. Current, BIN have expert staffs in several fields:
- Political and Ideology
- Social and Culture
- Law and Human Rights
- Defense and Security
- Natural Resources and Environment
- Inspectorate
Inspectorate has the task of carrying out internal oversight in the intelligence agency.
- Centers
Centers are supporting units or centers established by BIN for specific purposes. The centers formation is regulated by Chief BIN Decrees. As in December 2020, these centers are:[13]
- Intelligence Professional Development Center
- Division of Administration
- Division of Planning and Guidance of Intelligence Profession
- Division of Evaluation and Development of Intelligence Profession
- Research and Development Center
- Division of Administration
- Division of Research, Development, and Assessment in Intelligence Methods and Systems
- Division of Research, Development, and Assessment in Intelligence Technology
- Education and Training Center
- Division of Administration
- Division of Education
- Division of Training
- Division of Intelligence Specialized Sciences and Technologies
- Medical Intelligence Center
- Division of Administration
- Division of Medical Intelligence Development and Medical Service
- Division of Diseases Surveillance
- Psychology Center
- Division of Administration
- Division of Intelligence Psychological Conditioning and Supporting
- Division of Intelligence Psychological Development and Nurturement
- Division of Capability Guidance on Intelligence Psychological Management
Regional BIN Offices
Regional BIN Offices are regional offices located in each provinces that carried BIN functions in domestic intelligence. These offices are subordinate to Deputy II.
Training facility
BIN possessed primary education and training facility called STIN, Sekolah Tinggi Intelijen Negara (State Intelligence College). It has undergraduate, master, and doctoral level education for intelligence in Indonesia. All BIN graduates will become part BIN human resource after graduation.[14] During COVID-19 pandemic situation, in September 2019, Budi Gunawan announced that STIN will open Medical Intelligence program.[15] In April 2021, STIN opened their Medical Intelligence program, along with the expansion of the programs under STIN.[16]
The current training programs of STIN are:
- Undergraduate
- Intelligence Agent
- Intelligence Technology
- Cyber Intelligence
- Economic Intelligence
- Master
- Intelligence Studies
- Applied Economic Intelligence
- Applied Cyber and Technology Intelligence
- Medical Intelligence
- Chemical and Nuclear Hazard
- Biohazard
- Doctoral
- Strategic Intelligence Analysis
Aside of the STIN, BIN possessed another education and training facility called Education and Training Center, under the Main Secretariat office. Unlike training provided by STIN, training in Education and Training Center are much specialized.[13]
Para-commando unit
BIN also possessed at least one para-commando force unit. A unit codenamed "Rajawali" (Eagle) disclosed by Bambang Soesatyo, Speaker of People's Consultative Assembly. The existence of the unit surprised many Indonesians, as most Indonesians never know that the unit really exist. The unit signified with black full-body clad military attire, similar like Koopsus combat attire. In the press release, BIN acknowledged that Rajawali Force is a BIN specialized trained force trained in "special threats handling and deterrence". BIN also said that the unit does not has specific name attached, and every year, the name of the force always changed. Most of the details of the unit other than this are not disclosed.[17][18][19]