Welcome sign at the Good Samaritan MuseumJewish mosaic from Byzantine-era synagogueThe Inn of the Good Samaritan Museum in 2010, during construction work to expand Highway 1 (Israel–Palestine) to a dual carriageway, separating the inn from the Herodian castle ruinsRoof over the restored mosaic floor of the Byzantine church. The structure can again be used for Christian worship.
The Inn is named after the New Testament's Parable of the Good Samaritan, and houses a museum of ancient mosaics and other archaeological findings mostly dating from the 4th-7th centuries that were collected from churches and Jewish and Samaritan synagogues from the West Bank and from the ancient Gaza synagogue.
Beginning in biblical times, Jewish pilgrims from the Galilee took the nearby Jerusalem-Jericho road to worship at the Temple in Jerusalem. In later times, Christian pilgrims used the road to reach the baptismal site of Jesus on the Jordan River, near Jericho. The area of the Inn of the Good Samaritan was repeatedly fortified, and traveller-inns were built a little below the hilltop. This is reflected in the presence of two distinct, if related, archaeological sites in close proximity to each other, the other site being the ruins of a castle believed to have been built by King Herod although today they are separated by the modern Jerusalem–Jericho highway.
Today, the Inn of the Good Samaritan is a mosaic museum,[3] and serves as a tourist attraction visited especially by international tourists, particularly Christians. The museum features a guided audio tour, and is accessible to persons with disabilities.[4][5]
Christian tradition
Mosaic tile from an early Christian church in the area.
According to the Christian tradition, the site may have been the location of the event of the "Parable of the Good Samaritan" in the Gospel of Luke (Lk 10:25–37, specifically Lk 10:33). The association is made already by Jerome in 385 and continued through the centuries,[6] the British Mandate authorities adopting the name Good Samaritan Inn for the site.[5] There are few inns located between Jerusalem and Jericho, and The Inn of the Good Samaritan is a plausible fit for the location of the story. After 1967 Israel developed the ruins as a tourist site officially called the "Good Samaritan Inn".[2] However, the identification as the "inn of the good Samaritan" is neither of Byzantine, nor of Crusader date, but of a later time, when pilgrims saw in the blood-coloured rocks rather the symbolic proof that this was the place where the traveller in the parable was beaten by the robbers.[7]
History
Israelites
Mosaic recovered from ancient synagogue depicting a menorah in the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem.
Eusebius, writing before 324 CE, mentions the Late Roman fort of Maledomni, whose traces have disappeared under the Templar castle of Maldoim.[7] The fort was already standing by 331, and around 400 it was garrisoned by Cohors I Salutaris, a Roman (Byzantine) auxiliary unit commissioned with protecting the travellers.[6] Under the protection of the fortified place, a caravanserai was established.[7] In 385, St Jerome accompanied his benefactress, the Roman patrician Paula, on her pilgrimage to Jericho, and at this site recalled the parable of the merciful Samaritan, seemingly hinting at the existence there of a church and road station.[6] He introduces the interpretation that the name Adummim, derived from the Semitic root for blood and the colour red, stems from the blood shed there by the victims of road robbers, an idea later picked up by medieval authors.[6]
In the Early Byzantine period there seems to have been a fortress at the site (4th-5th century), replaced[dubious – discuss] in the 6th century by a square-shaped inn, erected around a central courtyard, providing Christian pilgrims with rooms, water from a central cistern, and a large church for worship.[8]
Crusader period
The Templar castle of Maldoim (also Maledoim, Adumim, Castrum Dumi, Turris Rubea, Rubea Cisterna, Rouge Cisterne; most being variations on "Red Tower"/"Red Cistern" in Latin and Medieval French),[9] preserves the Israelite Hebrew name, Maale Adumim.[7] The castle is mentioned by Theoderic in 1172.[6] Its ruins stand at the hilltop dominating the site, although now it is separated from it by the modern highway.[7] The protection offered by the castle had as a result the establishment of an inn, a remote precursor of the buildings we are seeing today.[7]
Ayyubid and Mamluk periods
After the Battle of Hattin in 1187, the castle, already deserted by the Knights Templar, was occupied by Saladin's troops.[6] A French author, writing around 1230, identifies the site as the inn where "the Samaritan carried the man".[6] Later medieval authors start making a distinction between the khan and the castle.[6]
Felix Fabri wrote, after his 1483–84 pilgrimage to the Holy Land, about the ruined inn of which only the dangerously weathered four walls were still standing around a small well, a rare and important landmark along the steep ascent in an arid landscape.[9][10][6]
Ottoman period
In 1767 Giovanni Mariti, an Italian (it:Giovanni Mariti),[11] writes of the ruin on the hill that it "is called Castle of the Samaritan, after the nearby khan...".[6]
"Khan Hathrurah — A Saracen hostel, standing on high ground, and just north of the present Jericho road. A few piers and some of the walls are still standing. On the opposite side of the road are two or three small caves, in one of which is a stone with an Arabic inscription. Cisterns, well-built and supported on arches, exist beneath the Khan, and contain water. North-east of this, on the highest part of the hill, are the remains of a strong fortress, which commands the road here, ascending through a narrow pass between walls of rock on the east. On the west also there is a winding ascent to the neighborhood of the Khan. The rock, especially on the west, is of a ruddy color like burnt brick, whence the title, Tal'at ed Damm, 'Ascent of Blood ', is applied to the whole hill, and sometimes to the castle on the summit".[12]
The khan was rebuilt in its present shape in 1903.[7][12]
The Good Samaritan Museum of Mosaics
A cornerstone of a ruined synagogue depicting a hexagram, also known as a Star of David.
Stunning geometric patterns, inscriptions in Hebrew and Greek, an image of King David, and a variety of classic Jewish symbols (menorah, shofar, incense pan, lulav, and so on) are among the motifs that populate the mosaics on display. Some of the exhibits are outdoors, others in the (air-conditioned) restored Turkish inn.[2] — Mike Rogoff, Haaretz
In 2010, a Museum of Mosaics was opened at the site. It was initiated by Yitzhak Magen, the Staff Officer for Archaeology at the Israeli Civil Administration for the Judea and Samaria Area. Magen discovered that the site had been rebuilt in several historical periods, and in every phase the site had apparently functioned as an inn for travellers. In the Byzantine period a church was also built at the site, suggesting its importance for early Christian pilgrims. The floor of the church was once decorated by a beautiful mosaic of geometric patterns that had largely disappeared in modern times. Magen decided that he and his team would restore the mosaic based on early photographs taken before the tiles had disappeared. After the successful restoration of the church's mosaic floor, it was decided to take the project further and create a mosaic museum there. The museum contains ancient Jewish mosaic floors featuring Jewish religious iconography such as the temple menorah, lulav, and shofar as well as depictions of ancient Israelite figures such as David, that were excavated from all across what is now Judea and Samaria/the West Bank and Gaza.
The museum also includes a wing dedicated to the history and customs of the Samaritans a local indigenous ethnoreligious group closely related to the Jews.,[2][8][13] where several mosaics, including the mosaic from Khirbet Samara, are on display.
Access, visitor services
The restored mosaic floor of the 6th-century church has been provided with benches along the ruined walls and is used for holding mass by visiting Christian groups.[8]
^ ab"ATQ/21/6 (letter to Deputy District Commissioner Jerusalem)". The Israel Antiquities Authority: The scientific Archive 1919-1948. 27 July 1928. Retrieved 22 August 2019. It is reported to us on good authority that the people of Silwan claim ownership of this site upon which are the ruins of the monastery and church of St Euthymius situated a little to the South of the old road to Nabi Musa on a track branching from the road to Jericho at a point between the 13th and 14th kilometre stones. The place is known as the Khan al-Ahmar but is not to be confused with the Good Samaritan Inn known by the same name.
^Bombardieri, Luca. Viaggi e studi del georgofilo fiorentino Giovanni Mariti nel Levante e a Cipro (1760-1768), in: Atti dei Georgofili, Accademia dei Georgofili, 2011. Abstract.
