Intellectual humility is the acceptance that one's beliefs and opinions could be wrong.[1][2] Other characteristics which may accompany intellectual humility include a low concern for status and an acceptance of one's intellectual limitations.[3]

Intellectual humility (IH) is often described as an intellectual virtue.[4] It is contrasted with other perceived virtues and vices such as open-mindedness, intellectual courage, arrogance, vanity and servility.[5] It can be understood as lying between the extremes of intellectual arrogance/servility or diffidence,[6][7] and intellectual dogmatism/timidity.[7]

Definitions

While IH as an independent and focused area of study is a recent phenomenon, the presence of humility in discourse dates back many centuries. Waclaw Bąk et al. identify Socrates as "the ideal example" of IH.[8] Studies by Abraham Maslow, Carl Rogers and Gordon Allport discuss humility with regard to one's knowledge without using the phrase "intellectual humility".[8]

In 1990, Richard Paul presented IH as a critical thinking disposition, interdependent with other traits such as intellectual courage.[9][10] He defined it as "Awareness of the limits of one's knowledge, including sensitivity to circumstances in which one’s native egocentrism is likely to function self-deceptively; sensitivity to bias and prejudice in, and limitations of one's viewpoint".[9] Paul adds "It does not imply spinelessness or submissiveness. It implies the lack of intellectual pretentiousness, boastfulness, or conceit, combined with insight into the logical foundations, or lack of such foundations, of one’s beliefs."[9]

In recent times, one of the first focused studies of IH was conducted by Roberts and Woods in 2003.[11] Much of the literature on IH concerns attempts to frame definitions.[12] Conceptions of humility include proper belief, underestimation of strengths, low concern, limitation owning, as well as semantic clusters, cluster of attitudes, and confidence management.[3]

Doxastic definition

Ian M. Church and Peter L. Samuelson proposed a doxastic[13] account of IH. They considered IH as a virtue, one of valuing one's own beliefs "as he or she ought". They argued humility is the "virtuous mean" between arrogance and self-depreciation.[14]

This definition proposed that people are intellectually arrogant when they erroneously evaluate their intellectual capacity to be higher than warranted, resulting in them being more closed-minded and biased than the intellectually humble person. People who are intellectually diffident are those who fail "to appropriately recognize or appreciate their intellectual achievements." Such a person is less inclined to speak out when he or she encounters wrong information.[14]

See also

References

  1. ^ Porter 2015, p. 4, "All of these definitions share a recognition that the intellectually humble are aware of the fallibility of their intellect.".
  2. ^ Leary 2018, p. 1, "most definitions converge on the notion that IH involves recognizing that one’s beliefs and opinions might be incorrect".
  3. ^ a b Snow 2018, 15.1.1 Eight conceptions of humility.
  4. ^ Church & Samuelson 2016, Part I: Theory. 2. What Is An Intellectual Virtue?. §5: Is Intellectual Humility an Intellectual Virtue?; Zmigrod et al. 2019, p. 1; Samuelson et al. 2015, p. 3, "epistemic virtue that is widely acknowledged as desirable in both the philosophical and psychological literature is intellectual humility"; Porter 2015, p. 5, "many philosophers consider it a virtue (e.g., Baehr, 2012; Roberts & Wood, 2003)".
  5. ^ Samuelson et al. 2015, p. 4, "as a virtuous mean lying somewhere between the vice of intellectual arrogance (claiming to know more than is merited) and intellectual diffidence (claiming to know less than is merited)"; Leary et al. 2017, p. 5-6; Whitcomb et al. 2017, p. 5, "reflections by Robert Roberts and Jay Wood. They tell us that - a perfectly rich account of humility‖ requires understanding how humility is - opposite to‖ fourteen vices: - arrogance, vanity..."; Haggard et al. 2018, "A limitations-owning perspective of IH focuses on a proper recognition of the impact of intellectual limitations and a motivation to overcome them, placing it as the mean between intellectual arrogance and intellectual servility".
  6. ^ Haggard et al. 2018, Abstract.
  7. ^ a b Snow 2018, 15.3 Two Proper Belief Accounts.
  8. ^ a b Bąk, Wacław; Wójtowicz, Bartosz; Kutnik, Jan (2022). "Intellectual humility: an old problem in a new psychological perspective". Current Issues in Personality Psychology. 10 (2): 85–97. doi:10.5114/cipp.2021.106999. ISSN 2353-4192. S2CID 237964643.
  9. ^ a b c Paul, Richard (1990). Critical Thinking: What Every Person Needs to Survive in a Rapidly Changing World. Center for Critical Thinking and Moral Critique, Sonoma State University. pp. 54, 194. ISBN 0944583040. LCCN 90-80195.
  10. ^ Aberdein, Andrew (2020), Alfano, Mark; Lynch, Michael; Tanesini, Alessandra (eds.), "Intellectual Humility and Argumentation", The Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy of Humility, Routledge, pp. 325–334, retrieved 4 June 2022, Paul is the only theorist in Ritchhart's survey to propose intellectual humility as a critical thinking disposition
  11. ^ Haggard, Megan C. (December 2016). "Humility as Intellectual Virtue: Assessment and Uses of a Limitations-Owning Perspective of Intellectual Humility" (PDF). Baylor University. p. 2.
  12. ^ Lynch et al. 2016, p. 2, "Much of the current philosophical literature of intellectual humility concerns how best to characterize or define the concept.".
  13. ^ Gertler, Brie (2020), "Self-Knowledge", in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, retrieved 26 October 2021
  14. ^ a b Church & Samuelson 2016.

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