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((Distinguish|Water supply and sanitation in Iran))
((More citations needed|date=June 2021))
'''[[Irrigation]]''' in '''[[Iran]]''' covers 89,930&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> making it the fifth ranked country in terms of irrigated area.<ref>((Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2146.html |title=CIA World Fact Book |access-date=2010-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513123739/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2146.html |archive-date=2009-05-13  ))</ref>

==Tidal irrigation at Abadan island, Iran==
[[Image:AbadanIsland.png|thumb|300px|Fig. 1 Sketch of the Abadan island showing rivers and date palm plantations]]
The [[Abadan Island]] (Fig. 1) in [[Khūzestān Province]] is situated between the Arvand and [[Bahmanshir]] rivers. The [[Arvand river]] (in Arabic: [[Shatt al-Arab]]) forms the boundary between [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]] and collects the waters from the [[Euphrates]] and [[Tigris]] rivers. On the island [[orchards]] of [[date palm]]  are found on [[tidal irrigation]] in the [[desert climate]], although many date palms were destroyed during the [[Iran–Iraq War]].

===Palm tree belt===
The palm tree belt stretches along the Arvand River from Abadan south-east over a distance of about 40&nbsp;km and is bounded in the interior by a road.

===Tidal canals===
A sketch of the system of tidal canals <ref> ''Consultancy report on the Abadan project''. Abvarzan Co., Tehran, Iran, 12 September 2004. Download from web page : [http://www.waterlog.info/reports.htm] , under nr. 1, or directly as PDF : [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/abadan.pdf] </ref> is shown in figure 2. They are 2 to 6&nbsp;km long depending on the topography and spaced at 50 to 60 m.

The tidal canals cut through and serve the ''levee soils'' along the river (Fig. 3) and they stop where the  ''basin soils'' of the [[backswamp]]s begin.

''Field channels'' originate from the lateral ditches at a spacing of 10 to 12 m and the date palms are planted along these (Fig. 4).

===Soil properties===
The typical properties of the ''levee soils'' are shown in figure 5. 

===Simulation tidal propagation===
The [[tidal range|tidal movements]] are 2 m on average. A simulation of tidal fluctuations in the ditches is shown in figure 6 for an average and a high river discharge at various distances from the sea. The simulations were made with the Duflow <ref> Duflow model http://www.mx-groep.nl/duflow/model((dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref> model.

===Gallery===

<gallery caption="Gallery of figures referred to in the text" perrow="3" widths="250" heights="200">
Image:TidalCanals.GIF|Fig. 2. A tidal canal stretches from the river inland and distributes the water over the lateral ditches
Image:TidalCrossSection.GIF|Fig. 3. Longitudinal section of a tidal canal and cross-section through the river levee
Image:LateralDitches.GIF|Fig. 4. The field channels run between the lateral ditches
Image:TidalSoils.GIF|Fig. 5. An impression of soil properties
Image:TidesAbadan.JPG|Fig. 6. Simulated tidal movements in canals at different river discharges and at various distances from the sea, assuming a normal tidal range
</gallery>

==Irrigation of the Garmsar alluvial fan==
Reference: ''Irrigation, groundwater, drainage and soil salinity control in the alluvial fan of Garmsar''<ref>ILRI, 2000.  ''Irrigation, groundwater, drainage and soil salinity control in the alluvial fan of Garmsar''. Consultancy assignment to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, International Institute for Land Reclamation and Improvement (ILRI), Wageningen, The Netherlands. Public Domain. On line: [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/garmsar.pdf]</ref>

The [[irrigation system]] for the [[Water use in alluvial fans|alluvial fan]] of [[Garmsar]] is quite well developed (Fig. G1, below), to the extent that lined canals have been made and a belt-canal crosses the fan through its middle.
[[Image:GarmsarFan.png|thumb|300px|The fairly large [[alluvial fan]] of [[Garmsar]] is fed by the ''Hableh Rud'' (river) with an important catchment area in the high [[Alburz]] mountain range. The river carries a large amount of water during the rainy season, otherwise the discharge is low.]]

An estimated average annual water balance is shown in Fig. G2 (below). It is seen that the storage of irrigation losses in the [[aquifer]] plays an important role. In the [[dry season]] the [[groundwater]] is used for irrigation by pumping from deep wells. A cross-section of the groundwater situation is shown in Fig. G3 (below).

The [[Riparian water rights|water rights]] are expressed in ''sang'', a measure of continuous flow of about 10 L/s, but in practice it varies from 10 to more than 15 L/s. The water is delivered to about 100 tertiary units (often a village), within which the water is distributed by 12-day rotations amongst the farmers who each are entitled to receive the authorized ''sangs'' for a fixed number of hours during each rotation period. The village communities are, at the same time, [[Irrigation district|water-user associations]] who take care of the [[Irrigation management|water-distribution]] within the tertiary unit and they maintain the tertiary canals.
[[Image:HablehRud.png|thumb|300px|Cumulative frequency distribution of the annual average river discharge, showing a large variation. The figure was made with the CumFreq program<ref>[http://www.waterlog.info/cumfreq.htm waterlog.info/cumfreq.htm, freeware]</ref>]]

At present, the distribution of surface irrigation water to the villages is determined by the Garmsar Water Authority on the basis of the water rights and verbal agreements and communications with the water users in the absence of a written manual. The fair distribution of the irrigation water is not an easy job as the average annual river discharge is quite variable in the range of 5 to 20 m3/s (see graph at the right).

The deep tube-wells are privately owned. The drilling of wells is subject to [[license]]. Recently, the licensing has stopped for fear of [[over-exploitation]] of the aquifer. It appears that no operational rules are applied to the wells. In the fringe lands, the water table is shallow.

To stabilize the agriculture in the fringe lands, which are threatened by [[soil salinity|soil salinization]], a method of strip-cropping (Fig. G4) can be recommended for [[soil salinity control]].

<gallery caption="Illustrations of the Garmsar alluvial fan" perrow="2" widths="350" heights="200">
Image:GarmsarMap.JPG|Fig. G1. Map of the Garmsar area showing irrigation systems
Image:GarmsarWatBal.JPG|Fig. G2. Irrigation and groundwater balances, estimated annual average in MCM
Image:GarmsarAquifer.JPG|Fig. G3. Cross-section through the aquifer showing the geohydrologic conditions
Image:StripCropping.jpg|Fig. G4. Principle of strip-cropping and sacrifice of the permanently unirrigated strips to where the soil salinization is directed.
</gallery>

==Transfer from Persian Gulf==

As of 2021, [[Pipeline transport]] lines links (using [[desalination]] techniques) [[Persian Gulf]] to [[Yazd]] in  central Iran. Other similar projects have been launched linking Isfahan, Mashhad or Zahedan to littoral water sources.<ref>((cite web| url =https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/iran-launches-second-phase-of-water-transfer-project-2021-3-15-35/| title = Iran Launches Second Phase of Water Transfer Project| publisher =Caspian News|author=Orkhan Jalilov | date = 2021-03-16 | access-date = 2022-08-20 ))</ref>

==Project to transfer Caspian Sea water to central regions==
((See also|Environmental issues in Iran))
According to the plan, water will be transferred from [[Sari]] to the city of [[Semnan (city)|Semnan]] within 24 months (starting April 2012). The plan aims to provide [[Provinces of Iran |central provinces]] with water for industrial and agricultural purposes at a cost of $1.5 billion. Once the plan comes on stream, some 500 million cubic meters of water will be transferred per annum.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/96929-iran-to-launch-project-to-transfer-caspian-sea-water-to-central-regions-# |title=Iran to launch project to transfer Caspian Sea water to central regions - Tehran Times |access-date=2012-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419164517/http://tehrantimes.com/economy-and-business/96929-iran-to-launch-project-to-transfer-caspian-sea-water-to-central-regions-# |archive-date=2012-04-19  ))</ref> After [[desalination]] at the point of origin in the [[Caspian sea]], it will be transported through a ((convert|500|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|sigfig=1|sp=us)) pipeline to the central [[Kavir desert]], bringing about 200 million cubic meters (7,062 cubic feet) of water per year.<ref name="Caspian Sea">((cite news |title=Iran launches $1.5B water project from Caspian Sea |work=Yahoo News |date=April 16, 2012 |url=https://news.yahoo.com/iran-launches-1-5b-water-project-caspian-sea-104539767.html ))</ref>

Nearly 14 percent Iran's territory is desert and suffers from prolonged droughts.<ref name="Caspian Sea" />

The Caspian Sea is shared by Iran, Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Its salinity is about a third of that of sea water.<ref name="Caspian Sea" />

==See also==
*[[Water supply and sanitation in Iran]]
*[[Agriculture in Iran]]
*[[List of reservoirs and dams in Iran]]
*[[List of countries by irrigated land area]]

==References==
((Reflist))

((Irrigation by country))

[[Category:Irrigation in Iran| ]]
[[Category:Irrigation by country|Iran]]

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