In different programming languages
C# and other .NET languages
Iterators in the .NET Framework are called "enumerators" and represented by the IEnumerator interface.[15]: 189–190, 344 [16]: 53–54 IEnumerator provides a MoveNext() method, which advances to the next element and indicates whether the end of the collection has been reached;[15]: 344 [16]: 55–56 [17]: 89 a Current property, to obtain the value of the element currently being pointed at.[15]: 344 [16]: 56 [17]: 89 and an optional Reset() method,[15]: 344 to rewind the enumerator back to its initial position. The enumerator initially points to a special value before the first element, so a call to MoveNext() is required to begin iterating.
Enumerators are typically obtained by calling the GetEnumerator() method of an object implementing the IEnumerable interface.[16]: 54–56 [17]: 54–56 a Current property, to obtain the value of the element currently being pointed at;[15]: 344 [16]: 56 [17]: 89 Container classes typically implement this interface. However, the foreach statement in C# can operate on any object providing such a method, even if it does not implement IEnumerable (duck typing).[17]: 89 Both interfaces were expanded into generic versions in .NET 2.0.
The following shows a simple use of iterators in C# 2.0:
// explicit version
IEnumerator<MyType> iter = list.GetEnumerator();
while (iter.MoveNext())
Console.WriteLine(iter.Current);
// implicit version
foreach (MyType value in list)
Console.WriteLine(value);
C# 2.0 also supports generators: a method that is declared as returning IEnumerator (or IEnumerable), but uses the "yield return" statement to produce a sequence of elements instead of returning an object instance, will be transformed by the compiler into a new class implementing the appropriate interface.
C++
The C++ language makes wide use of iterators in its Standard Library and describes several categories of iterators differing in the repertoire of operations they allow. These include forward iterators, bidirectional iterators, and random access iterators, in order of increasing possibilities. All of the standard container template types provide iterators of one of these categories. Iterators generalize pointers to elements of an array (which indeed can be used as iterators), and their syntax is designed to resemble that of C pointer arithmetic, where the * and -> operators are used to reference the element to which the iterator points and pointer arithmetic operators like ++ are used to modify iterators in the traversal of a container.
Traversal using iterators usually involves a single varying iterator, and two fixed iterators that serve to delimit a range to be traversed. The distance between the limiting iterators, in terms of the number of applications of the operator ++ needed to transform the lower limit into the upper one, equals the number of items in the designated range; the number of distinct iterator values involved is one more than that. By convention, the lower limiting iterator "points to" the first element in the range, while the upper limiting iterator does not point to any element in the range, but rather just beyond the end of the range.
For traversal of an entire container, the begin() method provides the lower limit, and end() the upper limit. The latter does not reference any element of the container at all but is a valid iterator value that can be compared against.
The following example shows a typical use of an iterator.
std::vector<int> items;
items.push_back(5); // Append integer value '5' to vector 'items'.
items.push_back(2); // Append integer value '2' to vector 'items'.
items.push_back(9); // Append integer value '9' to vector 'items'.
for (auto it = items.begin(); it != items.end(); ++it) { // Iterate through 'items'.
std::cout << *it; // And print value of 'items' for current index.
}
// In C++11, the same can be done without using any iterators:
for (auto x : items) {
std::cout << x; // Print value of each element 'x' of 'items'.
}
// Both of the for loops print "529".
Iterator types are separate from the container types they are used with, though the two are often used in concert. The category of the iterator (and thus the operations defined for it) usually depends on the type of container, with for instance arrays or vectors providing random access iterators, but sets (which use a linked structure as implementation) only providing bidirectional iterators. One same container type can have more than one associated iterator type; for instance the std::vector<T> container type allows traversal either using (raw) pointers to its elements (of type *<T>), or values of a special type std::vector<T>::iterator, and yet another type is provided for "reverse iterators", whose operations are defined in such a way that an algorithm performing a usual (forward) traversal will actually do traversal in reverse order when called with reverse iterators. Most containers also provide a separate const_iterator type, for which operations that would allow changing the values pointed to are intentionally not defined.
Simple traversal of a container object or a range of its elements (including modification of those elements unless a const_iterator is used) can be done using iterators alone. But container types may also provide methods like insert or erase that modify the structure of the container itself; these are methods of the container class, but in addition require one or more iterator values to specify the desired operation. While it is possible to have multiple iterators pointing into the same container simultaneously, structure-modifying operations may invalidate certain iterator values (the standard specifies for each case whether this may be so); using an invalidated iterator is an error that will lead to undefined behavior, and such errors need not be signaled by the run time system.
Implicit iteration is also partially supported by C++ through the use of standard function templates, such as std::for_each(),
std::copy()
and
std::accumulate().
When used they must be initialized with existing iterators, usually begin and end, that define the range over which iteration occurs. But no explicit iterator object is subsequently exposed as the iteration proceeds. This example shows the use of for_each.
ContainerType<ItemType> c; // Any standard container type of ItemType elements.
void ProcessItem(const ItemType& i) { // Function that will process each item of the collection.
std::cout << i << std::endl;
}
std::for_each(c.begin(), c.end(), ProcessItem); // A for-each iteration loop.
The same can be achieved using std::copy, passing a std::ostream_iterator value as third iterator:
std::copy(c.begin(), c.end(), std::ostream_iterator<ItemType>(std::cout, "\n"));
Since C++11, lambda function syntax can be used to specify to operation to be iterated inline, avoiding the need to define a named function. Here is an example of for-each iteration using a lambda function:
ContainerType<ItemType> c; // Any standard container type of ItemType elements.
// A for-each iteration loop with a lambda function.
std::for_each(c.begin(), c.end(), [](const ItemType& i) { std::cout << i << std::endl; });
Java
Introduced in the Java JDK 1.2 release, the java.util.Iterator interface allows the iteration of container classes. Each Iterator provides a next() and hasNext() method,[18]: 294–295 and may optionally support a remove()[18]: 262, 266 method. Iterators are created by the corresponding container class, typically by a method named iterator().[19][18]: 99 [18]: 217
The next() method advances the iterator and returns the value pointed to by the iterator. The first element is obtained upon the first call to next().[18]: 294–295 To determine when all the elements in the container have been visited the hasNext() test method is used.[18]: 262 The following example shows a simple use of iterators:
Iterator iter = list.iterator();
// Iterator<MyType> iter = list.iterator(); // in J2SE 5.0
while (iter.hasNext()) {
System.out.print(iter.next());
if (iter.hasNext())
System.out.print(", ");
}
To show that hasNext() can be called repeatedly, we use it to insert commas between the elements but not after the last element.
This approach does not properly separate the advance operation from the actual data access. If the data element must be used more than once for each advance, it needs to be stored in a temporary variable. When an advance is needed without data access (i.e. to skip a given data element), the access is nonetheless performed, though the returned value is ignored in this case.
For collection types that support it, the remove() method of the iterator removes the most recently visited element from the container while keeping the iterator usable. Adding or removing elements by calling the methods of the container (also from the same thread) makes the iterator unusable. An attempt to get the next element throws the exception. An exception is also thrown if there are no more elements remaining (hasNext() has previously returned false).
Additionally, for java.util.List there is a java.util.ListIterator with a similar API but that allows forward and backward iteration, provides its current index in the list and allows setting of the list element at its position.
The J2SE 5.0 release of Java introduced the Iterable interface to support an enhanced for (foreach) loop for iterating over collections and arrays. Iterable defines the iterator() method that returns an Iterator.[18]: 266 Using the enhanced for loop, the preceding example can be rewritten as
for (MyType obj : list) {
System.out.print(obj);
}
Some containers also use the older (since 1.0) Enumeration class. It provides hasMoreElements() and nextElement() methods but has no methods to modify the container.
Scala
In Scala, iterators have a rich set of methods similar to collections, and can be used directly in for loops. Indeed, both iterators and collections inherit from a common base trait - scala.collection.TraversableOnce. However, because of the rich set of methods available in the Scala collections library, such as map, collect, filter etc., it is often not necessary to deal with iterators directly when programming in Scala.
Java iterators and collections can be automatically converted into Scala iterators and collections, respectively, simply by adding the single line
import scala.collection.JavaConversions._
to the file. The JavaConversions object provides implicit conversions to do this. Implicit conversions are a feature of Scala: methods that, when visible in the current scope, automatically insert calls to themselves into relevant expressions at the appropriate place to make them typecheck when they otherwise would not.
MATLAB
MATLAB supports both external and internal implicit iteration using either "native" arrays or cell arrays. In the case of external iteration where the onus is on the user to advance the traversal and request next elements, one can define a set of elements within an array storage structure and traverse the elements using the for-loop construct. For example,
% Define an array of integers
myArray = [1,3,5,7,11,13];
for n = myArray
% ... do something with n
disp(n) % Echo integer to Command Window
end
traverses an array of integers using the for keyword.
In the case of internal iteration where the user can supply an operation to the iterator to perform over every element of a collection, many built-in operators and MATLAB functions are overloaded to execute over every element of an array and return a corresponding output array implicitly. Furthermore, the arrayfun and cellfun functions can be leveraged for performing custom or user defined operations over "native" arrays and cell arrays respectively. For example,
function simpleFun
% Define an array of integers
myArray = [1,3,5,7,11,13];
% Perform a custom operation over each element
myNewArray = arrayfun(@(a)myCustomFun(a),myArray);
% Echo resulting array to Command Window
myNewArray
function outScalar = myCustomFun(inScalar)
% Simply multiply by 2
outScalar = 2*inScalar;
defines a primary function simpleFun that implicitly applies custom subfunction myCustomFun to each element of an array using built-in function arrayfun.
Alternatively, it may be desirable to abstract the mechanisms of the array storage container from the user by defining a custom object-oriented MATLAB implementation of the Iterator Pattern. Such an implementation supporting external iteration is demonstrated in MATLAB Central File Exchange item Design Pattern: Iterator (Behavioral). This is written in the new class-definition syntax introduced with MATLAB software version 7.6 (R2008a) and features a one-dimensional cell array realization of the List Abstract Data Type (ADT) as the mechanism for storing a heterogeneous (in data type) set of elements. It provides the functionality for explicit forward List traversal with the hasNext(), next() and reset() methods for use in a while-loop.
PHP
PHP's foreach loop was introduced in version 4.0 and made compatible with objects as values in 4.0 Beta 4.[20] However, support for iterators was added in PHP 5 through the introduction of the internal[21] Traversable interface.[22] The two main interfaces for implementation in PHP scripts that enable objects to be iterated via the foreach loop are Iterator and IteratorAggregate. The latter does not require the implementing class to declare all required methods, instead it implements an accessor method (getIterator) that returns an instance of Traversable. The Standard PHP Library provides several classes to work with special iterators.[23] PHP also supports Generators since 5.5.[24]
The simplest implementation is by wrapping an array, this can be useful for type hinting and information hiding.
namespace Wikipedia\Iterator;
final class ArrayIterator extends \Iterator
{
private array $array;
public function __construct(array $array)
{
$this->array = $array;
}
public function rewind(): void
{
echo 'rewinding' , PHP_EOL;
reset($this->array);
}
public function current()
{
$value = current($this->array);
echo "current: {$value}", PHP_EOL;
return $value;
}
public function key()
{
$key = key($this->array);
echo "key: {$key}", PHP_EOL;
return $key;
}
public function next()
{
$value = next($this->array);
echo "next: {$value}", PHP_EOL;
return $value;
}
public function valid(): bool
{
$valid = $this->current() !== false;
echo 'valid: ', ($valid ? 'true' : 'false'), PHP_EOL;
return $valid;
}
}
All methods of the example class are used during the execution of a complete foreach loop (foreach ($iterator as $key => $current) {}). The iterator's methods are executed in the following order:
$iterator->rewind()ensures that the internal structure starts from the beginning.$iterator->valid()returns true in this example.$iterator->current()returned value is stored in$value.$iterator->key()returned value is stored in$key.$iterator->next()advances to the next element in the internal structure.$iterator->valid()returns false and the loop is aborted.
The next example illustrates a PHP class that implements the Traversable interface, which could be wrapped in an IteratorIterator class to act upon the data before it is returned to the foreach loop. The usage together with the MYSQLI_USE_RESULT constant allows PHP scripts to iterate result sets with billions of rows with very little memory usage. These features are not exclusive to PHP nor to its MySQL class implementations (e.g. the PDOStatement class implements the Traversable interface as well).
mysqli_report(MYSQLI_REPORT_ERROR | MYSQLI_REPORT_STRICT);
$mysqli = new \mysqli('host.example.com', 'username', 'password', 'database_name');
// The \mysqli_result class that is returned by the method call implements the internal Traversable interface.
foreach ($mysqli->query('SELECT `a`, `b`, `c` FROM `table`', MYSQLI_USE_RESULT) as $row) {
// Act on the returned row, which is an associative array.
}
Python
Iterators in Python are a fundamental part of the language and in many cases go unseen as they are implicitly used in the for (foreach) statement, in list comprehensions, and in generator expressions. All of Python's standard built-in collection types support iteration, as well as many classes that are part of the standard library. The following example shows typical implicit iteration over a sequence:
for value in sequence:
print(value)
Python dictionaries (a form of associative array) can also be directly iterated over, when the dictionary keys are returned; or the items() method of a dictionary can be iterated over where it yields corresponding key,value pairs as a tuple:
for key in dictionary:
value = dictionary[key]
print(key, value)
for key, value in dictionary.items():
print(key, value)
Iterators however can be used and defined explicitly. For any iterable sequence type or class, the built-in function iter() is used to create an iterator object. The iterator object can then be iterated with the next() function, which uses the __next__() method internally, which returns the next element in the container. (The previous statement applies to Python 3.x. In Python 2.x, the next() method is equivalent.) A StopIteration exception will be raised when no more elements are left. The following example shows an equivalent iteration over a sequence using explicit iterators:
it = iter(sequence)
while True:
try:
value = it.next() # in Python 2.x
value = next(it) # in Python 3.x
except StopIteration:
break
print(value)
Any user-defined class can support standard iteration (either implicit or explicit) by defining an __iter__() method that returns an iterator object. The iterator object then needs to define a __next__() method that returns the next element.
Python's generators implement this iteration protocol.
Raku
Iterators in Raku are a fundamental part of the language, although usually users do not have to care about iterators. Their usage is hidden behind iteration APIs such as the for statement, map, grep, list indexing with .[$idx], etc.
The following example shows typical implicit iteration over a collection of values:
my @values = 1, 2, 3;
for @values -> $value {
say $value
}
# OUTPUT:
# 1
# 2
# 3
Raku hashes can also be directly iterated over; this yields key-value Pair objects. The kv method can be invoked on the hash to iterate over the key and values; the keys method to iterate over the hash's keys; and the values method to iterate over the hash's values.
my %word-to-number = 'one' => 1, 'two' => 2, 'three' => 3;
for %word-to-number -> $pair {
say $pair;
}
# OUTPUT:
# three => 3
# one => 1
# two => 2
for %word-to-number.kv -> $key, $value {
say "$key: $value"
}
# OUTPUT:
# three: 3
# one: 1
# two: 2
for %word-to-number.keys -> $key {
say "$key => " ~ %word-to-number{$key};
}
# OUTPUT:
# three => 3
# one => 1
# two => 2
Iterators however can be used and defined explicitly. For any iterable type, there are several methods that control different aspects of the iteration process. For example, the iterator method is supposed to return an Iterator object, and the pull-one method is supposed to produce and return the next value if possible, or return the sentinel value IterationEnd if no more values could be produced. The following example shows an equivalent iteration over a collection using explicit iterators:
my @values = 1, 2, 3;
my $it := @values.iterator; # grab iterator for @values
loop {
my $value := $it.pull-one; # grab iteration's next value
last if $value =:= IterationEnd; # stop if we reached iteration's end
say $value;
}
# OUTPUT:
# 1
# 2
# 3
All iterable types in Raku compose the Iterable role, Iterator role, or both. The Iterable is quite simple and only requires the iterator to be implemented by the composing class. The Iterator is more complex and provides a series of methods such as pull-one, which allows for a finer operation of iteration in several contexts such as adding or eliminating items, or skipping over them to access other items. Thus, any user-defined class can support standard iteration by composing these roles and implementing the iterator and/or pull-one methods.
The DNA class represents a DNA strand and implements the iterator by composing the Iterable role. The DNA strand is split into a group of trinucleotides when iterated over:
subset Strand of Str where { .match(/^^ <[ACGT]>+ $$/) and .chars %% 3 };
class DNA does Iterable {
has $.chain;
method new(Strand:D $chain) {
self.bless: :$chain
}
method iterator(DNA:D:){ $.chain.comb.rotor(3).iterator }
};
for DNA.new('GATTACATA') {
.say
}
# OUTPUT:
# (G A T)
# (T A C)
# (A T A)
say DNA.new('GATTACATA').map(*.join).join('-');
# OUTPUT:
# GAT-TAC-ATA
The Repeater class composes both the Iterable and Iterator roles:
class Repeater does Iterable does Iterator {
has Any $.item is required;
has Int $.times is required;
has Int $!count = 1;
multi method new($item, $times) {
self.bless: :$item, :$times;
}
method iterator { self }
method pull-one(--> Mu){
if $!count <= $!times {
$!count += 1;
return $!item
}
else {
return IterationEnd
}
}
}
for Repeater.new("Hello", 3) {
.say
}
# OUTPUT:
# Hello
# Hello
# Hello
Ruby
Ruby implements iterators quite differently; all iterations are done by means of passing callback closures to container methods - this way Ruby not only implements basic iteration but also several patterns of iteration like function mapping, filters and reducing. Ruby also supports an alternative syntax for the basic iterating method each, the following three examples are equivalent:
(0...42).each do |n|
puts n
end
...and...
for n in 0...42
puts n
end
or even shorter
42.times do |n|
puts n
end
Ruby can also iterate over fixed lists by using Enumerators and either calling their #next method or doing a for each on them, as above.
Rust
Rust makes use of external iterators throughout the standard library, including in its for loop, which implicitly calls the next() method of an iterator until it is consumed. The most basic for loop for example iterates over a Range type:
for i in 0..42 {
println!("{}", i);
}
// Prints the numbers 0 to 41
Specifically, the for loop will call a value's into_iter() method, which returns an iterator that in turn yields the elements to the loop. The for loop (or indeed, any method that consumes the iterator), proceeds until the next() method returns a None value (iterations yielding elements return a Some(T) value, where T is the element type).
All collections provided by the standard library implement the IntoIterator trait (meaning they define the into_iter() method). Iterators themselves implement the Iterator trait, which requires defining the next() method. Furthermore, any type implementing Iterator is automatically provided an implementation for IntoIterator that returns itself.
Iterators support various adapters (map(), filter(), skip(), take(), etc.) as methods provided automatically by the Iterator trait.
Users can create custom iterators by creating a type implementing the Iterator trait. Custom collections can implement the IntoIterator trait and return an associated iterator type for their elements, enabling their use directly in for loops. Below, the Fibonacci type implements a custom, unbounded iterator:
struct Fibonacci(u64, u64);
impl Fibonacci {
pub fn new() -> Self {
Self(0, 1)
}
}
impl Iterator for Fibonacci {
type Item = u64;
fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
let next = self.0;
self.0 = self.1;
self.1 = self.0 + next;
Some(next)
}
}
let fib = Fibonacci::new();
for n in fib.skip(1).step_by(2).take(4) {
println!("{n}");
}
// Prints 1, 2, 5, and 13
