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((short description|Government that travels from place to place))
[[File:Reisekonig.jpg|thumb|Itinerant kings depicted in a medieval church painting, Dädesjö Old Church, Sweden]]

An '''itinerant court''' was a migratory form of government shared in European kingdoms during the [[Early Middle Ages]]. It was an alternative to having a [[capital city]], a permanent political center governed by a kingdom.

Medieval Western Europe was generally characterized by a political rule wherein the highest political authorities frequently changed their location, bringing parts of the country's central government on their journey. Therefore, such a realm had no actual center or permanent seat of government. Itinerant courts were gradually replaced from the thirteenth century, when stationary royal residences began to develop into modern capital cities.

==Holy Roman Empire==

The itinerant court system of ruling a country is strongly associated with German history, where the emergence of a capital city took an unusually long time. The German itinerant regime (((Lang|de|Reisekönigtum))) was the usual form of royal or imperial government from the [[Frankish empire|Frankish period]] and up to late medieval times.<ref>About German conditions, see Bernhardt 1993, passim; Hermann 2000, passim; Reinke 1987, pp. 225-251.</ref> The [[Holy Roman Emperor|Holy Roman Emperors]] did not rule from any permanent central residence during or after the Middle Ages. They constantly traveled, with their family and court, through the empire. A key reason was certainly that—unlike in England and France—there was no hereditary monarchy in the Holy Roman Empire, but rather the electoral principle, which led to kings of very different regional origins being elected in [[imperial election]]s.

[[File:Palais d'Aix-la-Chapelle.svg|thumb|Artist's impression of [[Charlemagne]]'s ''[[Palace of Aachen]]'']]
The Holy Roman Empire did not have a capital city. The emperors owned their varying dynastic lands, including castles, but could not limit themselves to these if they wanted to keep control of their large empire, including its often-rebellious regional princes. Therefore, the emperor and other princes ruled by constantly changing their residences. The [[Merovingian dynasty|Merovingian]] kings of the Frankish Empire already practiced this system, and the subsequent [[Carolingian dynasty]] adopted both the custom and its associated palaces (((Lang|de|[[Kaiserpfalz]])), ((Lit|royal palace))). During the reigns of successive emperors, these palaces were expanded, abandoned, rebuilt elsewhere (often on the kings' own estates), and often became part of the royal estates of the kings' successors. Royal ((Lang|de|pfalzes)) were scattered around the whole country—notably in accessible, fertile areas—and surrounded by imperial property administrated by the palace to ensure supplies. 

The locations of royal estates or palaces depended on several factors. Royal granges served as transit quarters and were therefore set up at a distance of ((Convert|15-19|mi|km)),<ref>Brühl 1968 p. 163.</ref> which corresponded to a day's journey by the royal entourage with horses and carriages. Individual riders, such as postal riders, on the other hand, covered much greater distances, up to 75 miles per day on dry ground. In 1146, [[Conrad III of Germany]] could travel as fast as 41 miles a day on his journey from [[Frankfurt]] to [[Weinheim]].<ref>Martina Reinke: ''Die Reisegeschwindigkeit des deutschen Königshofes im 11. und 12. Jahrhundert nördlich der Alpen.'' In: ''Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte'' 128, 1987, pp. 225–251, here pp. 245 and p. 248 ([https://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/bdlg/Blatt_bsb00000327,00251.html online]).</ref> During a year, impressive distances were covered. However, these distances could not be maintained on all routes—there were large territories in which no royal ((Lang|de|pfalz)) or grange existed, or lacked nearby monasteries or towns. In these cases, the emperors and kings often spent the night in tent camps.<ref>Ferdinand Opll, ''Friedrich Barbarossa'' ([[Frederick Barbarossa]]), Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, ISBN 3-534-04131-3.</ref> This also occurred during campaigns and sieges in which the kings took part. 

((Lang|de|Pfalzes)) were often located near Roman urban remnants, which constituted the oldest cities in Germany and France. These settlements were also mostly located on navigable rivers—mainly the [[Rhine]], [[Main (river)|Main]], and [[Danube]]—which enabled quick and comfortable travel and facilitated suppling. Old [[bishoprics]] were often located in these places, another advantage in that bishops were usually more loyal to the king than [[Imperial Estate|regional dukes]], who pursued their own dynastic goals.

The routes the court followed during the journeys were called ''[[itinerarium]]''. The composition of the ruler's [[retinue]] constantly changed, depending on what area the court was passing through and which noblemen joined or left.

==In other countries==

The itinerant court is often conceived as a typical German institution. [[Medieval Germany]] was, however, not the only kingdom ruled this way; it was also the case in most other contemporary European countries, where terms like "corte itinerante" describe this phenomenon. Kings and their companions traveled continuously from one royal palace to the next. Early historical sources describe [[Scotland]] as being ruled by an itinerant court, with the [[Parliament of Scotland]] assembling in many different places. In [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Saxon England]], conditions were the same.<ref>Peter Sawyer 1983, pp. 273-299.</ref>

A more centralized way of ruling did evolve during this time, but only slowly and gradually.<ref>A general survey in Guenee 1985, pp. 126, etc., 238, etc.; Peyer 1964, pp. 1-21; Stretton 1935, pp. 75-103.</ref> [[London]] and [[Paris]] began to develop into permanent political centers from the late 1300s, and [[Lisbon]] showed similar tendencies. Smaller kingdoms too had a similar, but slower development. [[Spain]], on the other hand, lacked a fixed royal residence until the late 1500s, when [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]] elevated [[El Escorial]] outside [[Madrid]] to this rank.<ref>About the German story, see von Aretin 1983, pp 1-29; Berges 1952, pp. 83, etc.; Bernhardt 1993, passim, Brühl 1968, passim; Ennen 1983, pp. 169-174; Hermann 2000, passim; and Opll 1978, passim. About Brussels, see Martens 1964, pp. 180-181. About French conditions, see Roloff 1952, pp. 234, etc. In Scandinavia, see Orning 2008, especially pp. 44, and Stromberg (2004 passim; 2013, passim but especially pp. 83, etc). About Prague, see Graus 1979, pp. 22-47. About Spain, see Fernández 1981a, pp. 63, 77, 599, 601, 602, 605; Fernández 1981b, pp. 609, 617, 662.</ref>

Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] made 40 journeys during his lifetime, traveling from country to country with no single fixed capital city. It is estimated that he spent a quarter of his reign on the road.<ref>((Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6lJRToDUeWUC&q=Charles+V+empire+sun+set+Spain+HRE&pg=PA126|title=Music and Ceremony at the Court of Charles V: The Capilla Flamenca and the Art of Political Promotion |first=Tiffany |last=Ferer |date=2012 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=9781843836995))</ref> He made ten trips to the [[Low Countries]], nine to German-speaking lands, seven to Spain, seven to Italian states, four to France, two to England, and two to North Africa. As he said in his last public speech, "My life has been one long journey."<ref>((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSYkCQAAQBAJ&q=Charles+V+28+years+in+the+netherlands&pg=PA36|title=The Muslim Diaspora (Volume 2, 1500-1799): A Comprehensive Chronology of the Spread of Islam in Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas|first=Everett Jr. |last=Jenkins|date=7 May 2015|publisher=McFarland|isbn=9781476608891|via=Google Books))</ref> During his travels, Charles V left a documentary trail nearly everywhere he went, allowing historians to surmise that he spent nearly half his life (over 10,000 days) in the Low Countries and almost one-third (6,500 days) in Spain. He spent more than 3,000 days in what is now Germany and nearly 1,000 days in Italy, with much of the remainder in France (195), North Africa (99), and England (44). For 260 days, his exact location is unrecorded, all of them being days spent at sea traveling between his dominions.<ref>((Cite book |last=Parker |first=Geoffrey |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Emperor/3IKVDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Emperor: A New Life of Charles V |date=June 25, 2019 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-24102-0 |page=8 |language=en))</ref>

==The evolving capital city==

Germany never developed a fixed capital city during the medieval or [[early modern period]]—its alternative solution was a decentralized state (((Lang|de|Multizentralität))) until the [[Modern history#Late modern period 2|late modern period]].

[[England]] was very different in this respect. Central ''political'' power was permanently established in [[London]] approximately in the middle of the fourteenth century. Still, London's outstanding position as a ''financial'' center had been firmly established many centuries earlier. King [[Henry II of England]] (1133–1189) was attracted by the city's great wealth, but he was hesitant about taking up residence there. During his reign, London became as near to an economic capital as the conditions of the age allowed. But its very prosperity and extensive liberties forbade it as a desirable place of residence for the king and his court, preventing it from becoming a political capital.

The king often wished to be near the great city, but he claimed the same power to control the court that the citizens demanded to govern their city. The only way to avoid conflict between the household and municipal jurisdictions was for the king to keep away from the latter much of the time. He could only be in the city as a guest or a conqueror. Accordingly, he seldom ventured within the city walls; on such occasions, he established himself either in the [[Tower of London|Tower Fortress]] or at his [[Palace of Westminster]] just outside the City of London.

[[File:Travelling English Court.jpg|thumb|400px|Depiction of a 14th-century English carriage]]

London was the natural leader among English towns. To control England, the kings needed to maintain London first. London was too powerful to handle; it took centuries before the monarchs settled there. They tried, unsuccessfully, to drive the London merchants out of business by making Westminster a rival economic center. They tried to find some other suitable place in the kingdom to deposit their [[archives]], which were gradually growing too large and heavy to be transported on their unending journeys.<ref name=":0">Tout 1934, pp. 253-254. About the "taming" of autonomous cities, see Braudel 1973 p. 402-406. About English conditions, see also Jusserand 1921 p. 83, 104, 108, 118. John Lackland's itinerary in Hardy 1835, pp. 181, etc.</ref>

[[York]] tended towards becoming a political capital during times of war with [[Scotland]]. The [[Hundred Years' War]] against [[France]] caused the political center of gravity to shift to the southern parts of England, where London was dominant. Gradually, many state institutions ceased to follow the king on his journeys and established themselves permanently in London: the [[Treasury]], [[Parliament]], and the court. The king himself was last to take up permanent residence in London. It was only possible for him to make London his capital city after he had become powerful enough to "tame the financial metropolis" and transform it into an obedient tool of the State's authority.<ref name=":0" />

Although a country's political center tends to naturally emerge at the same place as the country's economic center, the English historical example shows that this is not always the case—centralizing and centrifugal forces counteracted each other, while wealth was both an attractive and repellent force on the rulers.

==Purpose ==
((unreferenced section|date=June 2020))
A migrating form of political power was an inherent feature of the [[feudalism]] that succeeded the more centralized [[Roman Empire]]. In Eastern Europe, [[Constantinople]] retained the characteristics of a political capital city much more than any western city.((citation needed|date=June 2021))

Traveling government enabled better surveillance of the realm. The king's nomadic lifestyle also facilitated control over local [[magnates]], strengthening national cohesion. Medieval government was, for a long time, a system of personal relationships rather than an administration of geographic areas. Therefore, the ruler had to "personally" deal with his subordinates. During medieval times, this "oral" culture gradually gave way to a "documentary" type of rule—one based on written communication, which generated [[archives]], making stationary rule increasingly more attractive to kings.((citation needed|date=June 2021))

Initially, rulers also needed to travel to meet the court's financial needs, as inadequate transportation facilities simply did not allow a large group of people to stay permanently in one place. Instead of sending resources to the government, the government wandered to the resources. Food supplies and other necessities were usually transferred to the place where the court resided for the moment. In many countries, the traveling kingship persisted throughout the 16th century or even longer.

Consequently, these pure economic benefits must have been less decisive than the political importance of traveling. The transition from a state with an itinerant court to a state ruled from a capital city was a reflection of how an "oral" way of life—wherein kings could win loyalty only by personally meeting their subjects face-to-face—gave way to a "documentary" rule in which the king employed a [[bureaucracy]] to communicate with his subjects.((citation needed|date=June 2021))

== Bibliography ==
* Aretin, Karl Otmar von (1983): ''Das Reich ohne Hauptstadt?'' In: ''Hauptstädte in europäischen Nationalstaaten.'' ed T Schieder & G Brunn, Munich/Vienna.
* Berges, Wilhelm (1952): ''Das Reich ohne Hauptstadt.'' In: ''Das Hauptstadtproblem in der Geschichte'' Tübingen.
* Bernhardt, John W. (1993): ''Itinerant kingship and royal monasteries in early medieval Germany, 936–1075''. CUP, Cambridge, ((ISBN|0-521-39489-9)).
* [[Carlrichard Brühl|Brühl, Carlrichard]] (1968): ''Fodrum, Gistum, Servitium Regis.'' Cologne/Graz.
* [[Fernand Braudel|Braudel, Fernand]] (1973): ''Capitalism and material life 1400-1800'', Harper & Row, New York.
* Ennen, Edith (1983): ''Funktions- und Bedeutungswandel der 'Hauptstadt' vom Mittelalter zur Moderne.'' In: ''Hauptstädte in europäischen Nationalstaaten'' ed. Theodor Schieder & Gerhard Brunn, Munich/Vienna.
* [[Lucien Febvre|Febvre, Lucien]] (1977): ''Life in Renaissance France'', edited and translated by Marian Rothstein, Harvard University Press. Harvard.
* Fernández, Luis (1981a): ''España en tiempo de Felipe II, Historia de España'', ed R Menéndez Pidal, tomo XXII, vol I, cuarta edición, Madrid.
* Fernández, Luis (1981b): ''España en tiempo de Felipe II, Historia de España'', ed R Menéndez Pidal, tomo XXII, vol II, cuarta edición, Madrid.
* [[František Graus|Graus, František]] (1979): ''Prag als Mitte Böhmens.'' In: ''Zentralität als Problem der mittelalterlichen Stadtgeschichtsforschung.'' ed. F Meynen, Vienna/Cologne.
* Guenee, Bernard (1985): ''States and rulers in later medieval Europe.'' Glasgow.
* [[Thomas Duffus Hardy|Hardy, Thomas Duffus]] (1835): ''A Description of the Patent Rolls'', London.
* Hermann, Oliver (2000): ''Lothar III. und sein Wirkungsbereich. Räumliche Bezüge königlichen Handelns im hochmittelalterlichen Reich (1125–1137)''. Winkler, Bochum, ((ISBN|3-930083-60-4)).
* Jusserand, J.J. (1921): ''English wayfaring life in the Middle Ages (XIVth century)'', 2nd revised and enlarged edition, London.
* Martens, Mina (1964): ''Bruxelles, capitale de fait sous les Bourgignons.'' In: ''Vierteljahrschrift für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte.'' II.
* Opll, Ferdinand (1978): ''Das itinerar Kaiser Friedrichs Barbarossa.'' Vienna/Cologne/Graz.
* Orning, Hans Jacob (2008): ''Unpredictability and presence - Norwegian Kingship in the High Middle Ages.'' Leiden/Boston.
* Peyer, Hans Conrad (1964): ''Das Reisekönigtum des Mittelalters.'' In: ''Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte.'' ed. Hermann Aubin, vol 51, Wiesbaden, pp.&nbsp;1–21.
* Roloff, Gustav (1952): ''Hauptstadt und Staat in Frankreich.'' In: ''Das Hauptstadtproblem in der Geschichte.'' Tübingen.
* Reinke, Martina (1987): ''Die Reisegeschwindigkeit des deutschen Königshofes im 11. Und 12. Jahrhundert nördlich der Alpen.'' In: ''Blätter für deutsche Landesgeschichte'' 128.
* [[Peter Sawyer (historian)|Sawyer, Peter]] (1983): ''The royal tun in pre-conquest England''. In: ''Ideal and Reality in Frankish and Anglo-Saxon society'', Oxford.
* Stretton, Grace (1935): ''The travelling household in the Middle Ages.'' In: ''The Journal of the British Archaeological Association'', new series, vol 40, London.
* Strömberg, J.B.L.D. (2004): [http://journals.lub.lu.se/index.php/scandia/article/view/1327/1114/ ''The Swedish Kings in Progress – and the Centre of Power.''] In: ''Scandia.'' 70:2, Lund.
* Strömberg, J.B.L.D. (2013): [http://litteraturbanken.se/#!/forfattare/StrombergJBLD/titlar/ResandeKungarna/sida/3/faksimil ''De svenska resande kungarna – och maktens centrum. (The Swedish travelling kingdom –and the center of power)''] Uppsala. Samlingar utgivna av Svenska fornskriftsällskapet. Serie 1. Svenska skrifter 97, 557 pp. ((ISBN|978-91-979881-1-7)). English summary:[http://www.svenskafornskriftsallskapet.se/publikation/stromberg-2013/]
* [[Thomas Frederick Tout|Tout, Thomas Frederick]] (1934): ''The beginnings of a modern capital, London and Westminster in the fourteenth century.'' In: ''The collected papers of Thomas Frederick Tout'' vol III, Manchester.

===Footnotes===
<references/>

== External links ==
* http://www.koenigspfalzen.mpg.de/projekt.html
* https://web.archive.org/web/20170424223957/http://www.ottonenzeit.de/musik/reisekong/reisek1.htm
* https://web.archive.org/web/20160402142358/http://www.reich-deutsches.de/mittel_4.html

((Middle Ages))
[[Category:Itinerant living]]
[[Category:Medieval politics]]
[[Category:Medieval organizations]]
[[Category:Royal and noble courts]]

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