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((Short description|Estonian communist))
((More citations needed|date=January 2013))

[[File:Jaan Anvelt 1925.jpg|thumb|Jaan Anvelt]]
'''Jaan Anvelt''' (also known by the pseudonyms  '''Eessaare Aadu''', '''Jaan Holm''', '''Jaan Hulmu''', '''Kaarel Maatamees''', '''Onkel Kaak'''; in [[Russian language|Russian]] '''((lang|ru|Ян Анвельт))''' or '''((lang|ru|Н. Альтъ))'''; 18 April 1884 – 11 December 1937), was an [[Estonians|Estonian]] [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] [[revolutionary]] and writer. He served the [[Russian SFSR]], was a leader of the [[Communist Party of Estonia]], the first [[premier]] of the [[Communist Party of Estonia|Soviet Executive Committee of Estonia]], and the [[chairman]] of the [[Legislative Council|Council]] of the [[Commune of the Working People of Estonia]] ([[Estonian language|Estonian]]: ''Eesti Töörahva Kommuun''). Imprisoned during [[Joseph Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge]] in 1937, he died from the injuries sustained during a beating by [[Aleksandr Langfang]] while in [[NKVD]] custody.<ref>((Cite web |url=http://www2.kirmus.ee/biblioserver/isik/index.php?id=114 |title=Eesti biograafiline andmebaas ISIK: ANVELT, JAAN |access-date=2009-03-19 |archive-date=2022-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224122629/http://www2.kirmus.ee/biblioserver/isik/index.php?id=114 |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref>((Cite web |url=http://www.1917.org/Biografie_Altri_bolscevichi.html |title=Il sito della rivoluzione d'Ottobre: Jaan Anwelt |access-date=2009-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017194214/http://1917.org/Biografie_Altri_bolscevichi.html |archive-date=2016-10-17 |url-status=dead ))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.estonica.org/en/Anvelt,_Jaan/|title=Estonica.org – Anvelt, Jaan|website=www.estonica.org|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2020-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121134521/http://www.estonica.org/en/Anvelt,_Jaan/|url-status=dead))</ref>

== Early life ==
Anvelt was born to a peasant family in [[Oorgu]], Võisiku Parish (now [[Viljandi Parish]]), [[Kreis Fellin]], [[Governorate of Livonia]]. He studied to become a schoolteacher, beginning in Dorpat (now [[Tartu]]), and then in [[St. Petersburg]], where he joined the [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]]'s [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] faction. He was employed as a schoolteacher from 1905 to 1907, concurrently being involved in revolutionary activity. From 1907 to 1912, Anvelt studied part-time as a student of jurisprudence at [[St. Petersburg State University|St. Petersburg University]].<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.estonica.org/en/Anvelt,_Jaan/|title=Estonica.org – Anvelt, Jaan|website=www.estonica.org|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2020-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121134521/http://www.estonica.org/en/Anvelt,_Jaan/|url-status=dead))</ref>

== October Revolution ==
((main|October Revolution))

On November 5, 1917 (by the current [[Gregorian calendar]] – October 23 by the [[Julian calendar]] still in use in [[Russia]] at the time), [[Bolshevik]] leader Jaan Anvelt led his [[leftist]] [[revolutionaries]] to the [[revolution]] in [[Tallinn]], the capital of [[Estonia]], and took [[political power]].

== Post-Revolution ==
After the defeat of the revolutionaries in the [[Baltic states|Baltics]], Anvelt went underground, remaining active as a revolutionary, emerging as one of the leaders of the [[1924 Estonian coup d'état attempt]]. In 1925, Anvelt arrived in the USSR, in 1926–29 working as a [[political commissar]] of the [[Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy]]. From 1929 to 1935 he worked in top positions of the civilian air fleet's main administration. During the period from 1935 to 1937 Anvelt served as a member and an executive secretary of a department within the [[Comintern]].

Anvelt was arrested in 1937. Interrogated in custody, he died from the injuries inflicted by the interrogator [[Aleksandr Langfang]] on 11 December 1937, and was denounced as an [[enemy of the people]] afterwards.

In 1956, during the [[Khrushchev Thaw|thaw]] of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] distanced himself from, Anvelt was [[Rehabilitation (Soviet)|rehabilitated]]. In 1957, Aleksandr Langfang was arrested for human rights abuses. In 1958, he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for torture and falsifying evidence. Langfang served his entire sentence, and was released from prison in 1973.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.estonica.org/en/Anvelt,_Jaan/|title=Estonica.org – Anvelt, Jaan|website=www.estonica.org|access-date=2019-01-05|archive-date=2020-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200121134521/http://www.estonica.org/en/Anvelt,_Jaan/|url-status=dead))</ref>

==Personal life==
Jaan Anvelt was married to Social Democratic politician [[Alma Ostra-Oinas|Alma Ostra]] from 1909 to 1910. In 1912 he had married a Russian woman, J. Vassiljeva in St. Petersburg. His third wife was [[Alise Stein-Anvelt]], with whom he had two children, a daughter Kima and son Jaan.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://archive.svoboda.org/programs/hd/2002/hd.011802.asp|title=Документы прошлого|website=SvobodaNews.ru|date=18 January 2002|access-date=30 December 2021|language=ru))</ref>

His grandson [[Andres Anvelt]] became the Estonian [[Ministry of the Interior (Estonia)|Interior Minister]] for the [[Social Democratic Party (Estonia)|Social Democratic Party]] in 2016.

== Bibliography ==
*Räästaalused (Eessaare Aadu. – [[Tallinn]] : Mõte, 1916)
*Alasti (Eessaare Aadu. – Tallinn : Mõte, 1917)
*Kes on sotsialdemokraadid-enamlased? (K. Maatamees. - [Tallinn] : VSDTP Eestimaa Komitee, 1917)
*Kes on sotsialdemokraadid-enamlased? (K. Maatamees. - 2. ed. - Tallinn : VSDTP Eestimaa Komitee, 1917)
*Maa rahwa kätte (K. Maatamees. – Tallinn : Mõte, 1917)
*Maa rahwa kätte (K. Maatamees. – 2. ed. – Tallinn : Mõte, 1917)
*Metsa serwal (Eessaare Aadu. – [[Petrograd]] : 1919)
*Töörahwa wõimuwalitsuse kindlustamisest (Jaan Anwelt. – [[Saint Petersburg|Peterburis]] : Kom.partei Eesti Keskk. Wenemaa büroo, 1919 – Töörahva kirjandus ; nr. 15)
*Maha kommunistid! Elagu sotsiaaldemokraadid! : töörahwa sõpradest ja waenlastest. - Tallinn : J. Linzmann, 1924. – Töörahva raamatukogu ; nr. 1
*1905. aasta Eestis : Kirjeldused. Mälestused. Dokumendid (EKP KK ajalookomisjon ; [foreword: [[Hans Pöögelmann|H. Pöögelmann]]]. – [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] : Külvaja, 1926)
*Sotsialistlise ühiskonna ehitamine Nõukogude Liidus : (Ü.K.(e)P. konwerentsi puhul) (J. Anwelt ja [[Otto Rästas|O. Rästas]]. – [[Moscow|Moskwas]] : Nõukogude Sotsialistliste Vabariikide Liidu Rahvaste Keskkirjastus, 1927)
*"Meie lahkuminekud", ehk, EKP "wastasrinna" ajaloolised unenäod (J. Anwelt. – [[Saint Petersburg|Leeningraad]] : Külvaja, 1928)
*Lenini partei ja trotskistid (Jaan Anwelt. – Leningrad : Külvaja, 1929)
*Parempoolne kallak Üleliidulises Kommunistlises (enamlaste) Parteis (J. Anwelt. – Leningrad : Külvaja, 1929)
*Jutustusi (Eessaare Aadu ; [compiled by [[Endel Sõgel|E. Sõgel]] ; illustrated by A. Kütt ; epilogue: [[Eduard Päll|E. Päll]]]. – Tallinn : Eesti Riiklik Kirjastus, 1957)
*Oktoobrirevolutsioon Eestis (Jaan Anvelt. – Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1967)
*Valitud jutustusi (Eessaare Aadu. – Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1971)
*Valitud teosed. 1. [volume.], 1905 - 1917 (Jaan Anvelt ; EKP Keskkomitee Partei Ajaloo Instituut, NLKP Marksismi-Leninismi Instituudi Filiaal ; [compiled by Karl Tammistu]. – Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1982)
*Valitud teosed. 2., 1917–1921 (Jaan Anvelt ; EKP Keskkomitee Partei Ajaloo Instituut, NLKP Marksismi-Leninismi Instituudi Filiaal ; [toimetuse kolleegium: Karl Tammistu (compiler).. etc.]. - Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1983)
*Linnupriid (Eessaare Aadu. – Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1984)
*Valitud teosed. 3., 1921 – 1925 (Jaan Anvelt ; [compiled by K. Tammistu] ; EKP Keskkomitee Partei Ajaloo Instituut, NLKP Marksismi-Leninismi Instituudi Filiaal. - Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1986)
*Valitud teosed. 4. [volume.] 1925-1928 (Jaan Anvelt ; EKP Keskkomitee Partei Ajaloo Instituut, NLKP Marksismi-Leninismi Instituudi Filiaal ; [compiled by K. Tammistu]. - Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1987)

=== Books about Jaan Anvelt ===
*Fred Peterson, Jaan Anwelt : terroristide juht. nr. 1 ([[Tartu]] : Argus, 1925)
*Richard Majak, Jaan Anvelt : [elu ja tegevus] : abiks lektorile (Tallinn : Eesti NSV ühing "Teadus", 1964. - Eesti NSV ühing "Teadus" ; 1964, nr. 28)
*Mälestusi ja dokumente J. Anveldist (EKP Keskkomitee Partei Ajaloo Instituut – NLKP Keskkomitee Marksismi-Leninismi Instituudi filiaal ; [compilator R. Majak]. – Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1965)
*[[Holger Pukk]], Kirjad Liisale ([illustrated by [[Illimar Paul]]]. – Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1983)
*[[Alise Stein-Anvelt]], Valguses ja varjus : unustamatuid inimesi ja sündmusi : [mälestusi [[Viktor Kingissepp|V. Kingissepast]] ja J. Anveldist] (Tallinn : Eesti Raamat, 1988. - ((ISBN|5-450-00015-4)))

==See also==
*[[Viktor Kingissepp]]
*[[Jaan Tomp]]
*[[List of Estonian rulers]]
*[[October Revolution]]

== References ==
((Reflist))

==External links==
*Another biography (in Estonian) [http://www.eestigiid.ee/?Person=nimi&PYear=aasta&start=15&ItemID=195].
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070221003154/http://www.vm.ee/estonia/kat_509/pea_172/5036.html 1 December 1924]
*[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/su-ee_h.html Commune of the Working People of Estonia]
*[https://elu.ohtuleht.ee/166110/riigikukutamise-kurb-grimass Riigikukutamise kurb grimass (Estonian)]
*[http://www.generals.dk/general/Langfang/Aleksandr_Ivanovich/Soviet_Union.html Aleksandr Ivanovich Langfang, murderer of Jaan Anvelt]
*[https://sisu.ut.ee/ewod/e/eessaare Jaan Anvelt at Estonian Writers' Online Dictionary]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Anvelt, Jaan))
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Viljandi Parish]]
[[Category:People from Kreis Fellin]]
[[Category:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party members]]
[[Category:Old Bolsheviks]]
[[Category:Communist Party of Estonia politicians]]
[[Category:Russian Constituent Assembly members]]
[[Category:Members of the Estonian Provincial Assembly]]
[[Category:Commune of the Working People of Estonia]]
[[Category:Leaders of political parties in Estonia]]
[[Category:Comintern people]]
[[Category:Estonian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Great Purge victims from Estonia]]
[[Category:Estonian people who died in prison custody]]
[[Category:Deaths by beating in Europe]]
[[Category:Soviet rehabilitations]]

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