Jadgal
Nummaṛ
نماڑ
الزيغآلي
Regions with significant populations
 Pakistan100,000
 Iran25,000
Languages
Jadgali and Balochi (Makrani dialect)[1]
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Sindhis

The Jadgal (also known as Nummaṛ or az-Zighālī) is an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group which speaks the Jadgali language.[2] Jadgals are present in the Balochistan region of Iran and Pakistan, as well as in Oman.[3]

Etymology

The "Jadgal" is a balochi language term, made of two words Jad (Jat) and Gal (speech, organization, group), basically a group of jats. The balochs historically used the Jadgal word for indigenous Sindhis of Balochistan, and Jadgali for their language.[4][5]

The affix Gal and Gali are also used in Afghanistan for non Muslim tribes like Waegal, Baragal, Bashgal etc. The Jadgals also called as Jagdal are also found in southern extreme of Eastern Afghanistan. The places in Afghanistan like Jagdalak in Jalalabad district and Jaldak in Kalati Ghilzi in Kandahar district indicates that Jadgal people inhabited these places.[6]

History

See also: Sindhis and Sindhi language

Jadgal people are often connected with the Jats of Balochistan.[7] Anthropologist Henry Field notes the origin of the Jadgals to be in the western Indian subcontinent; they subsequently migrated to Kulanch and are still found in Sindh and Balochistan.[8] The balochs historically used the Jadgal term for indigenous Sindhi tribes of Makran,[9] the term was used to distinguish between a Sindhi and pure baloch.[4]

Many historians believe that the Jadgal were the original natives of Balochistan before the Baloch arrived from eastern Iran.[10] The Arwal and Manjotha tribes of Dera Ghazi Khan are of Jadgal origin. When the Arabs arrived in modern-day Sindh and Baluchistan, they met the Jadgal at the coast of Makran where the Arab name of az-Zighālī comes from.[11] In 1811, Saidi Balochis as well as Jadgal mercenary troops were killed in a battle with the Wahhabis against the Sultanate of Oman.[12]

Demographics

Around 100,000 Jadgals live in Pakistan according to a 1998 census conducted by Pakistan.[13] In Iran, the Sardarzahi ethnic group is of Jadgal origin, claiming to be from Sindh.[14] The rest of the Jadgals number around 25,000 according to a 2008 census conducted by Iran.[11] All of the Jadgals in Iran live in the Sistan and Baluchistan, Hormozgan and Kerman provinces.[15][16]

Language

Main article: Jadgali language

Most Jadgals speak their native Jadgali language. It is one of the Sindhi languages and one of the only two native Indo-Aryan languages spoken in Iran.[citation needed] Many linguists believe the Lasi dialect of the Lasi people may be related to Jadgali.[17]

Tribes

References

  1. ^ Butt, Allah Rakhio (August 15, 1998). Papers on Sindhi Language & Linguistics. Institute of Sindhology, University of Sindh. ISBN 9789694050508 – via Google Books.
  2. ^ Jahani, Carina; Korn, Agnes; Gren-Eklund, Gunilla (2003). The Baloch and Their Neighbours: Ethnic and Linguistic Contact in Balochistan in Historical and Modern Times. Reichert. p. 172. ISBN 978-3-89500-366-0.
  3. ^ "Pakistan Economist". October 1975.
  4. ^ a b Central Asia: Belochistan. Barbican. 1995. p. 136. The word Jadgal is not really a specific term, but is used in Bilöchistan generally to distinguish a Sindi from a true Biloch. It is suggested that the name may be connected in some manner with the word "Jat";
  5. ^ Nicolini, Beatrice (2004-01-01). Makran, Oman, and Zanzibar: Three-Terminal Cultural Corridor in the Western Indian Ocean, 1799-1856. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-13780-6.
  6. ^ Bellew, Henry Walter (1891). An Inquiry Into the Ethnography of Afghanistan: Prepared for and Presented to the 9th International Congress of Orientalists (London, Sept. 1891). Oriental Univ. Inst.
  7. ^ "Oman's Diverse Society: Northern Oman" (PDF). JE Peterson.
  8. ^ Field, Henry (1970). Contributions to the Physical Anthropology of the Peoples of India. University of Michigan. p. 197. Since they appear to be a purely Indian people, it is presumed that they migrated westward. Although the name Jadgals is now confined to Kulanch, the influential Rais-Baluch are connected with them.
  9. ^ Hughes, Albert William (1977). The Country of Baluchistan: Its Geography, Topography, Ethnology, and History. Gosha-e-Adab. p. 37. the Jadgāls (Sindhi tribes settled in Makrān),...
  10. ^ Risley, Sir Herbert Hope (August 15, 1908). "The People of India". Thacker, Spink & Company – via Google Books.
  11. ^ a b Barjasteh Delforooz, Behrooz (August 15, 2008). "A sociolinguistic survey among the Jadgal in Iranian Balochistan". The Baloch and Others: Linguistic, Historical and Socio-Political Perspectives in Pluralism in Balochistan (Conference). Wiesbaden: Reichert: 23–43. ISBN 978-3-89500-591-6 – via uu.diva-portal.org.
  12. ^ Mirzai, Behnaz A. (16 May 2017). A History of Slavery and Emancipation in Iran, 1800-1929 (1st ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 9781477311868.
  13. ^ "ScholarlyCommons :: Home". repository.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  14. ^ Breseeg, Taj Mohammad (2004). Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development. Royal Book Company. p. 106. ISBN 978-969-407-309-5.
  15. ^ Jahani, Carina (2014). "The Baloch as an Ethnic Group in the Persian Gulf Region". The Persian Gulf in Modern Times. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 267–297. doi:10.1057/9781137485779_11. ISBN 978-1-349-50380-3.
  16. ^ "Documentation of the Jadgali language | Endangered Languages Archive". www.elararchive.org. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
  17. ^ "Glottolog 4.7 - Lasi-Jadgali". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h Khair Mohammad Buriro Sewhani (2005). ذاتين جي انسائيڪلوپيڊيا (in Sindhi). p. 242.
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