Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD, Arabic: جماعة أنشاروت دوله, lit. ''Helpers of the State Congregation'') is an Indonesian terrorist group that has been reported to be linked to the 2018 Surabaya bombings[1] as well as the 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombings.[2][3][4] The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) has been reported as claiming responsibility for both attacks.[5][6] The group had been identified by the United States Department of State as a terrorist organization in 2017.[7] It is banned by Iraq[8] and Indonesia.[9] It is also listed as a terrorist organization by the United Nations Security Council on 4 March 2020.[10]

History

The history of the JAD is still unclear, due to the secretive nature of the group. However, several small portions of its history are known currently.

2005: As Part of Lamongan branch of the Islamic Defenders Front

See also: Islamic Defenders Front § Organization

Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), at its existence, renowned for having loose coordination despite its complexity of their structure and rank. Although the networks penetrate into district and sub-district levels, they are loosely coordinated, and often there are cases of fragmentation. Among many of its branches, there was a branch renowned for its extremism, FPI Lamongan branch (FPI Lamongan), which has linked and strong relationship with Dr. Azahari and Noordin M. Top, both Malaysian terrorist kingpin.

Zainal Anshori, then National Leader of JAD, was head of FPI Lamongan of 2005 - 2008 period. He was appointed by Muhammad Rizieq Shihab himself to lead FPI Lamongan. Prior the appointment, he was renowned as Islamic activist that moved independently to commit sweepings with his group, against undesirables and un-Islamic elements. Since then, FPI Lamongan actively committed sweepings . However, all changed when the branch involved with Jamaah Islamiyah, and subsequent contact with Aman Abdurrahman [id], an Islamic militant, along with the death of Dr. Azahari and Noordin M. Top. Start from there FPI Lamongan shifted away to Islamic extremism.[11] Affected with Islamic extremism ideology, FPI Lamongan used extreme approach of imposing the Islamic doctrine of amr ma'ruf nahy munkar (enjoining good and forbidding wrong). They also often to use excessive force. On 10 August 2008, Muhammad Rizieq Shihab personally warned FPI Lamongan, following a brutal attack against an alcohol seller during a sweeping.[12] Due to its extreme way and acts, FPI Lamongan was disavowed by central leadership of FPI on request of East Java Regional FPI around 2010. Despite that, the sympathizers remain exist, and in 2013 the sympathizers of the disavowed branch clashed with Lamongan locals in a clash.[13][14]

In his confession made 9 February 2021, Zainal Anshori stated that the seed of what will be JAD had come into being during this period. The element that subsequently evolved into JAD was integrated during his leadership of FPI Lamongan on 2005.[15] What happened to this element after FPI Lamongan being disavowed is unclear.

2014 - 2018: Becoming JAD and Active as Organization

Aman Abdurrahman was recaptured by law enforcement for his involvement on training JAT terrorists in Jantho (Aceh) in 2010 and assisting escape of Dulmatin, one of the 2002 Bali bombings perpetrator with Azahari and Noordin. Soon after announcement of formation of ISIL by Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, he pledged his allegiance to him in June 2014 during his incarceration at Kembang Kuning Detention House, Nusakambangan Island. He later drafted a concept of organization that will support ISIS in Indonesia. Sometime later Zainal Anshori and Marwan visited him. On November 2014, JAD formed followed a majlis ta'lim in Batu.[16] In that majlis ta'lim, Aman Abdurrahman become the Spiritual Leader of the group, Marwan become the National Emir, Zainal Anshori become the Emir of East Java, others have each specific posts established.[17]

During its time as organization, JAD actively participated in various terrorism acts, notably 2016 Jakarta attacks, 2016 Samarinda church bombing, 2017 Jakarta bombings, 2018 Mako Brimob standoff, and 2018 Surabaya bombings.

2018 - Present: Actions after Disbandment

On 21 June 2018, Joko Widodo signed Law No. 5 of 2018, as amendment of Law No. 15 of 2003 (Law on Anti-Terrorism Acts). The law granted much sweeping powers for law enforcement to capture terrorists and suspected terrorists.[18] With the new law, even membership of announced terrorist organization enough to capture its member.[19]

On 31 July 2018, a South Jakarta court made a ruling. The ruling, known as South Jakarta District Court Ruling No. 809/Pid.Sus/2018/PN JKT.SEL outlawed the organization, allowing the arrest of all its members and organizers.[20][21]

Even after disbandment, JAD still active clandestinely. After the disbandment, 2019 Medan suicide bombing, 2020 South Daha attack, and 2021 Makassar cathedral bombing happened. Aside the attacks, Two members of the JAD were believed to have conducted the knife assault on security minister Wiranto on 10 October 2019, which resulted in Wiranto being hospitalized. Three other people, including a policeman, were stabbed and injured.[22]

It is still difficult to weed out JAD members, due to each cell of JAD are autonomous and do not have commanding figures and chain of command. Even each cell may not know each other. Due to being autonomous and have widespread presence across the country, the multiple attacks by JAD cells may happened in nearly same time, or even triggering domino effect which triggered with one act of one cell may happened.[23][24]

On 7 December 2022, Astana Anyar bombing – at around 8:20 AM Western Indonesia Time (UTC+7), a suicide bombing incident occurred at an Indonesian National Police station in Astana Anyar district, Bandung, West Java. The attacker and one police officer were killed by the explosion, while 11 people were injured including 3 police officers.Identity of the perpetrator and his affiliation subsequently released by the Police 6 hours after the attack. Police General Listyo Sigit Prabowo, Chief of the Indonesian National Police, released that the perpetrator was affiliated to the JAD Bandung branch.[25][26][27]

Known Elements

JAD actually a name of umbrella organization of 24 groups that pledged allegiance to the caliph of ISIL,[10][28] but likely more than 24. These groups are.[29][30][31][32]

  1. Jamaah Tauhid wal-Jihad (Congregation of Oneness and Jihad).
  2. Mujahidin Indonesia Timur (East Indonesia Mujahideen).
  3. Mujahidin Indonesia Barat (West Indonesia Mujahideen).
  4. Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, Abu Bakar Ba'asyir Faction.
  5. Bima Iskandar Group.
  6. Darul Islam Banten Branch.
  7. Hizb-ut Tahrir Indonesia Muhajirun Faction.
  8. Jundullah Front.
  9. Majmu’ah al-Arkhabiliy (Archipelagian Groups), also was known as Katibah Nusantara Lid Daulah Islamiyah.[33] This group is not operated in Indonesia, but rather a JAD branch operated in Northern Syria regions and made up by Indonesian, Malaysian, and Filipino members.[29][33]
  10. Katibah Al - Iman.
  11. Forum Pendukung Daulah Islamiyah (Daulah Islamiyah Supporter Forum).
  12. Forum Aktivis Syariat Islam (Islamic Sharia Activists Forum), or FAKSI.
  13. Gerakan Mahasiswa untuk Syariat Islam (Student Movement for Islamic Sharia), or Gema Salam.
  14. Ring Banten (Banten Ring). This group is a Darul Islam splinter group and was a part of Jemaah Islamiyah network. It was the group where Imam Samudra trained himself in Islamic radicalism and Islamic extremism.[34][35][36]
  15. Pendukung dan Pembela Daulah (Supporters and Defenders of the Daulah), or PPD.
  16. Gerakan Reformasi Islam (Islamic Reformation Movement).
  17. Asybal Tauhid Indonesia.
  18. Kongres Umat Islam Bekasi (Bekasi Congress of Islamic Umma).
  19. Ikhwan Muwahid Indunisy (Brotherhood of the Monotheists Indonesia).
  20. Jazirah Al-Mulk Ambon (Peninsular Land of Kingdoms Ambon).
  21. Gerakan Ansharul Khilafah Jawa Timur (Saviors of Caliphate Movement East Java).
  22. Halawi Makmun Group.
  23. Gerakan Tauhid Lamongan (Lamongan Tawhid Movement).
  24. Khilafatul Muslimin Indonesia (not to be confused with organization with the same name, Khilafatul Muslimin)
  25. Umat Islam Nusantara (Nusantara Islamic Umma).

Leadership Structure

According to Dedy Tabrani (researcher from Indonesian Police College) and Aly Ashgor (researcher of Bhayangkara University), JAD leadership structure is as follows.[37]

Smaller sub-Mas'ul-ates ("Branches") may present in each Mas'ul-ate, however their establishment much independent and instantaneous, not under JAD central leadership direction. Any group present in a city that become sub-Mas'ul-ate may pledge themselves as part of JAD. Despite that, coordination between JAD branches to their respective Mas'ul-ate existed to some degree.[37]

Key people

Several people already identified as key people of JAD.[37]

References

  1. ^ Wilkinson, Bard (14 May 2018). "Terror group JAD linked to Indonesia family suicide attacks". CNN. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  2. ^ Ahmad Syamsudin; Jeoffrey Maitem (23 July 2019). "Indonesian Police: Couple Carried Out Deadly Philippine Church Bombing". Benar News. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  3. ^ "Indonesian couple with ties to JAD behind Jolo church attack: Police". The Jakarta Post. 24 July 2019. Retrieved 26 July 2019.
  4. ^ G. C. Tan (22 August 2019). "Terror duo used Sabah as transit point". The Star. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  5. ^ "Islamic State group claims deadly Indonesia church attacks". France 24. 13 May 2018. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  6. ^ "ISIS claims responsibility for deadly bombings at church in the Philippines". CBS News. 27 January 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  7. ^ "US names Jamaah Ansharut Daulah as terrorist organization". The Jakarta Post. 11 January 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2018.
  8. ^ "بالوثائق: العراق يدرج 5 كيانات على لائحة الارهاب بطلب من مجلس الامن". baghdadtoday.news.
  9. ^ "New Indonesia Terrorism Raid Nets Islamic State-Linked Suspects". thediplomat.com. Associated Press.
  10. ^ a b United Nations Security Council (2020-03-04). "Jamaah Ansharut Daulah | United Nations Security Council". www.un.org. Retrieved 2021-05-23.
  11. ^ Hadirin, Kharis (28 January 2021). "Zainal Anshori: Dari Ketua FPI Lamongan, FAKSI hingga Amir JAD –". RuangObrol. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  12. ^ Sumandoyo, Arby (12 August 2013). "Di Lamongan tak ada FPI, sudah 2 tahun dibekukan". merdeka.com. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  13. ^ Faisal, Achmad (12 August 2013). "FPI Jatim: FPI Lamongan Sudah Tidak Ada". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  14. ^ Supriyanto, Agus (13 August 2013). "Tidak Diakui FPI, Ini Kata Simpatisan FPI Lamongan". Tempo. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  15. ^ Tim (9 February 2021). "Zainal Anshori Sebut JAD Jadi Sayap FPI Lamongan, Munarman Membantah". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  16. ^ Renaldi, Adi (31 May 2018). "Kisah di Balik JAD, Kelompok Teror Paling Mematikan Saat Ini". www.vice.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  17. ^ Anindya, Chaula Rininta (4 September 2018). "Apakah JAD dapat bubar setelah resmi dilarang oleh pengadilan?". The Conversation. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  18. ^ BBC (25 May 2018). "DPR sahkan revisi UU Terorisme, Perppu tak lagi diperlukan". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  19. ^ Ridhoi, M. Ahsan. "Konsekuensi Serius Pembubaran JAD untuk Para Anggotanya". tirto.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  20. ^ Kahfi, Kharishar (31 July 2018). "Court ruling gives authorities justification to arrest more JAD members". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
  21. ^ Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia (31 July 2018). "Tuntutan Jaksa Dikabulkan, Jamaah Anshor[sic] Daulah (JAD) Dinyatakan Organisasi Terlarang". Kejaksaan Republik Indonesia. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  22. ^ "'IS radical' stabs Indonesian security minister". BBC. 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  23. ^ Arnaz, farouk (13 October 2019). "Teroris Gaya Baru JAD: Spontan, Instan, dan Random". beritasatu.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2021.
  24. ^ CNN Indonesia (1 April 2021). "Bahaya Efek Domino Serangan di Mabes Polri". nasional (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2021. ((cite web)): |last= has generic name (help)
  25. ^ detikcom, Tim (2022-12-07). "Kapolri: Agus Sujatno Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri di Astana Anyar Terafiliasi JAD". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  26. ^ CNN Indonesia (2022-12-07). "Kapolri: Pelaku Bom Polsek Astana Anyar Terafiliasi JAD Jawa Barat". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-12-07. ((cite web)): |last= has generic name (help)
  27. ^ Alhamidi, RIfat (2022-12-07). "Tampang Agus Sujatno Pelaku Bom Bunuh Diri di Polsek Astana Anyar". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-12-07.
  28. ^ SEAN-CSO (2021-05-26). "Motives and Behaviours of Violent Extremist Groups in Southeast Asia: Violent Extremism in Indonesia". SEAN-CSO. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  29. ^ a b Rachmawati, Tety; Karisma, Gita (2018). "Konstruksi Identitas ISIS Melalui Digital Media "Youtube" di Indonesia". POLITEA: Jurnal Pemikiran Politik Islam. 1 (2): 125–135. doi:10.21043/politea.v1i2.4315.
  30. ^ Johnson, Kirk A. (2016). The longue duree: Indonesia's response to the threat of jihadist terrorism 1998-2016. Monterey, California, USA: Naval Postgraduate School. pp. 76–77. hdl:10945/49499.
  31. ^ Taufiqurrohman, M. (2015). "The Road to ISIS: How Indonesian Jihadists Travel to Iraq and Syria". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 7 (4): 17–25. JSTOR 26351346 – via JSTOR.
  32. ^ "Ini 16 kelompok radikal Indonesia yang dibai'at pemimpin ISIS". merdeka.com. 2015-03-23. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  33. ^ a b Jawhar, Jasmine; Sariburaja, Kennimrod (2016). The Lahad Datu Incursion and its Impact on Malaysia Security. The Southeast Asia Regional Centre for Counter-Terrorism (SEARCCT), Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. p. 16. ISBN 978-983-44397-8-1.
  34. ^ Huda, M. Khoirul (2020-07-06). "Mujahidin Ring Banten: Bukti NII Tidak Kalah Brutal Dibanding Faksi Teroris Lain". Islami[dot]co. Retrieved 2023-01-10.
  35. ^ Pusat Data dan Analisa Tempo (2019). Ring Banten, Aktor Utama Peledakan Bom Bali. Jakarta: Pusat Data dan Analisa Tempo. ISBN 978-623-339-378-2.
  36. ^ Tan, Andrew T. H. (2007). A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Chelthenham, UK: Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-184-542-543-2.
  37. ^ a b c Tabrani, D.; Ashgor, A. (2023). "MOVEMENT AND THOUGHTS OF JAMAAH ASHARUT DAULAH (JAD): TERRORISM GROUP IN INDONESIA" (PDF). International Journal of Research in Education Humanities and Commerce. 4 (4): 130–141. doi:10.37602/IJREHC.2023.4412.
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