The Jamaican boa is golden-green around the head and along the anterior section of the body, with black zigzag crossbars, becoming black toward the posterior end of its body. The snake's body is quite long, up to 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) in total length.
Behavior
The Jamaican Boa is primarily nocturnal and arboreal.[7] The species may also display crepuscular activity, influenced by factors such as environmental conditions, prey availability, and seasonal activities.[7][8][9][10][11] During daytime, this species seeks shelter in various locations such as epiphytes, trees, rock crevices, termite nests, or caves.[12][13] It has been observed at the far end of Portland Cave.[12][13] This species is also known to bask on rocks following heavy rains and to rest on roads and trails during the evening, suggesting crepuscular behavior under certain conditions.[14][12][13]
Distribution and habitat
Found in Jamaica in the Cockpit Country, historically once prevalent throughout much of Jamaica, notably in rural areas,[15][16][17][18] as well as some smaller adjacent islands, such as Goat Islands.[19][20] However, after the introduction of the Small Indian Mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) in 1872,[21][22] sightings of the snake on the mainland dropped. The snake is known to be elusive, which further complicates its detection.[23][24]
Recent surveys have failed to confirm the snake's presence on Great Goat Island, an area dominated by dry limestone forest.[25] Comprehensive island-wide surveys have been conducted,[26] indicating the snake's presence in various parishes such as Trelawny, St. Anne, Westmoreland, and Hanover.[24]
The Jamaican boa is now confined to approximately 1,000.6 km2, about 9% of Jamaica's land area. Habitat fragmentation and human activities have localized and severely fragmented the population.[27] Major strongholds for the boa now appear to be Cockpit Country, Blue Mountains, Yallah Mountains, Hellshire Hills, and Portland Bight, which together account for 93% of the known habitat of the species.[27]
Foraging and Diet
The foraging behavior of the Jamaican Boa is not extensively studied, but the species is known to be an ecological generalist. It employs constriction to subdue and consume a diverse range of prey. The snake utilizes both active and ambush foraging strategies, which vary depending on the habitat structure, available food resources, and its life stage.[28][29][7] For instance, it has been observed hanging from branches and vines to prey on emerging bats in the evening.[28][29]
Birds, particularly Black-billed Parrots (Amazona agilis) and Yellow-billed Parrots (Amazona collaria), are significant prey items for the Jamaican Boa.[29] This species is also a leading cause of nest failure for these endemic bird species, particularly in forest edge habitats.[29] Invasive Cane Toads (Rhinella marina) are also preyed upon, although their toxins can be fatal to the snake.[30] This species will occasionally enters human dwellings and agricultural areas to hunt for rats and chickens.[31] In captivity, the diet often consists of rats for juveniles and adults, while neonates are typically fed chicks or pre-killed, frozen house mice. These mice are often treated with scents from chicks, lizards, or frogs to stimulate consumption.[31]
Ecological Niche
The Jamaican Boa is considered a top predator in its ecosystem. It engages in both active and ambush predation, often using vines and tank bromeliads (Aechmea paniculigera) for mobility and camouflage.[29][32] Observations indicate that the species actively preys on flycatcher nests (Tyrannidae).[13] It has also been identified as a predator of Black-Billed Parrots (Amazona agilis) and Yellow-Billed Parrots (A. collaria) in Cockpit Country, Jamaica.[33][34][29]
While there is no published data on the species' relative abundance in Jamaica, research suggests that Black-Billed Parrots experience higher rates of nest predation in ecotones compared to forest habitats. This may indicate a correlation between the foraging ecology of the Jamaican Boa and edge habitats in Cockpit Country.[29][35][36][37]
Limited information is available on the foraging behavior of the Jamaican Boa inside cave systems. Aggressive interactions between male individuals of this species have only been documented in captivity. Additionally, increased levels of aggression from females toward conspecifics have been observed under specific conditions.[38][39]
Conservation status
The Jamaican boa's natural populations greatly and constantly declined since the late 19th century, mainly because of predation by introduced species (such as mongooses), human persecution, and habitat destruction. In-situ conservation of the Jamaican boa is seriously hindered by the lack of information on demographic and ecological parameters as well as by a poor understanding of the population structure and species distribution in the wild. This species is classified as Vulnerable (VU) on the IUCNRed List of Threatened Species with the following criteria: A2ce (v2.3, 1994).[40] A species is listed as such when the best available evidence indicates that a population decline of 20% is expected within the next ten years or three generations, whichever is the longer, due to a decline in the quality and area of occupancy. It is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. Year assessed: 1996.[41]
Their natural habitat is being destroyed, which is forcing them into inhabited areas, where they are captured and killed. Some measures have been taken to afford these animals some protection:
Listed as a Protected Species under the Wild Life Protection Act (1945).
^McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN1-893777-01-4 (volume).
^Newman, B.C., S.E. Henke, S. E. Koenig, and R. L. Powell. 2016. Distribution and general habitat use analysis of the Jamaican Boa (Chilabothrus subflavus). South American Journal of Herpetology 11:228–234
^ abcB.C. Newman, S.E. Henke, D.B. Wester, T.M. Shedd, H.L. Perotto-Baldivieso, D.C. Rudolph (2019). "Determining the suitability of the Jamaican Boa (Chilabothrus subflavus) for short-distance translocation in Cockpit Country, Jamaica". Caribbean Journal of Science. 49: 210–226.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^O. Marques, G. Puorto (1998). "Feeding, reproduction and growth in the crowned snake Tantilla melanocephala (Colubridae), from southeastern Brazil". Amphibia-Reptilia. 19: 311–318.
^G.P. Brown, R. Shine (2002). "Influence of weather conditions on activity of tropical snakes". Austral Ecology. 27: 596–605.
^A.P. Maciel, M. Di-Bernando, S.M. Hartz, R.B. Oliveira, G.M.F. Pontes (2003). "Seasonal and daily activity patterns of Liophis poecilogyrus (Serpentes: Colubridae) on the north coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil". Amphibia-Reptilia. 24: 189–200.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^J.H. Sperry, M.P. Ward, P.J. Weatherhead (2013). "Effects of temperature, moon phase, and prey on nocturnal activity in ratsnakes: an automated telemetry study". Journal of Herpetology. 47: 105–111.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abcA. Schwartz, R.W. Henderson (1991). "Amphibians and Reptiles of the West Indies: Descriptions, Distributions, and Natural History". Gainesville, Florida, USA: University of Florida Press. ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ abcdC. Grant (1940). "The herpetology of Jamaica. II. The reptiles". Bulletin of the Institute of Jamaica, Science Series. 1: 116–118.
^P.H. Gosse (1851). A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica. London, England, UK: Brown, Green and Longmans Press.
^Phillippo, J.M. (1843). Jamaica: Its Past and Present. New York, New York, USA: J.M. Campbell & Co.
^Stewart, J. (1808). An Account of Jamaica and its Inhabitants. London, England, UK: Longman, Hurst, Reese and Orme.
^Vernon, B.J. (1848). Early Recollections of Jamaica... London, England, UK: Whittaker and Co.
^Gosse, P.H. (1851). A Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica. London, England, UK: Brown, Green and Longmans Press.
^Barbour, T. (1910). "Notes on the herpetology of Jamaica". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 52: 273–301.
^Barbour, T. (1922). "Annotated list of the amphibian and reptilian of Jamaica". The Handbook of Jamaica for 1922: 666–669.
^Hodgson, B.H. (1836). "Synoptical description of sundry new animals...". Journal of the Asiatic Society. 5: 231–238.
^Espeut, W.B. (1882). "On the acclimization of the Indian Mongoose in Jamaica". Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoology.
^Diesel, R. (1992). "Snakes of the Cockpit Country". Jamaica Naturalist. 2: 29−30.
^ abGibson, R. (1996b). "The distribution and status of the Jamaican Boa Epicrates subflavus". Dodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. 32: 143–155.
^Lazell, J. (1996). "Careening Island and the Goat Islands...". In Contributions to West Indian Herpetology: A Tribute to Albert Schwartz: 195–205.
^Oliver, W.L.R. (1982). "The Coney and Yellow snake: the distribution and status of the Jamaican Huita Geocapromys brownii and the Jamaican Boa Epicrates subflavus". Dodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust. 19: 6–33.
^ abNewman (2016). "Developed the most up-to-date distributional map of C. subflavus on Jamaica". ((cite journal)): Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ abK.A. Prior, R.C. Gibson (1997). "Observations on the foraging behavior of the Jamaican Boa, Epicrates subflavus". Herpetological Review. 28: 72.
^ abcdefgS.E. Koenig, J.W. Wunderle, Jr., E.C. Enkerline-Hoeflich (2007). "Vines and canopy contact: a route for snake predation on parrot nests". Bird Conservation International. 17: 79–91.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^B.S. Wilson, S.E. Koenig, R. Van Veen, E. Miersma, C.D. Rudolph (2011). "Cane Toads a threat to West Indian wildlife: mortality of Jamaican Boa attributable to toad ingestion". Biological Invasion. 13: 55–60.((cite journal)): CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ abA. Snider (2016). "Jamaican Boa Chilabothrus subflavus SSP. managed population accounts: conservation and education". Regional Collection Plan AZA Snake Advisory Group, 4th Edition: 41–42.
^R.W. Henderson, R. Powell (2009). Natural History of West Indian Reptiles and Amphibians. Gainesville, Florida, USA: University Press of Florida.
^A. Cruz, S. Gruber (1981). Conservation of New World Parrots. Washington, D.C., USA: Smithsonian Institute Press. pp. 103–132.
^S.E. Koenig (2001). "The breeding biology of the Black-billed Parrot Amazona agilis and Yellow-billed Parrot A. collaria in Cockpit Country, Jamaica". Bird Conservation International. 11: 205–225.
^P.J. Weatherhead (1985). "Habitat selection in an Ontario population of snake, Elaphe obsoleta". Journal of Herpetology. 19: 12–19.
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^T.A. Huff (1976). "The use of oxytocin to induce labour in a Jamaican Boa (Epicrates subflavus)". International Zoo Yearbook. 16: 81.
^T.A. Huff (1979). American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums Regional Workshop Proceedings. Wheeling, West Virginia, USA: American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums. pp. 339–345.
