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((Short description|Jewish-German surgeon))
((Infobox scientist
| name              = James Israel
| image             = James Adolf Israel.jpg
| image_size        = 150px
| caption           = James Israel
| birth_date        = 2 February 1848
| birth_place       =
| death_date        = ((death-date and age|2 February 1926|2 February 1848))
| death_place       = 
| residence         = 
| citizenship       = 
| nationality       = German
| ethnicity         = 
| field             = [[surgery]]
| work_institutions = 
| alma_mater        = [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität]]
| doctoral_advisor  = [[Ludwig Traube (physician)]]
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = [[Urology|urologic]] and [[renal]] surgery<br/>[[Actinomyces]]
| author_abbrev_bot = 
| author_abbrev_zoo =  
))

'''James Adolf Israel''' (2 February 1848 &ndash; 2 February 1926) was a German [[surgeon]].

== Academic background ==
((Unreferenced section|date=October 2021))
Israel was a native of [[Berlin]], where he was born to Jewish parents. In 1870, Israel received his medical doctorate from [[Humboldt University of Berlin|Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität]] in Berlin, where he studied under [[Ludwig Traube (physician)|Ludwig Traube]] (1818–1876). During the [[Franco-Prussian War]], he served as a military physician, afterwards furthering his studies in [[Vienna]] (1871).

During the following year (1872), he became an assistant physician at the hospital for the Jewish community. In 1875, after furthering his education in [[England]] and [[Scotland]], he was appointed deputy physician-in-chief of the surgical department of the Jewish hospital in Berlin, where, in 1880, he was promoted to chief-in-chief.

In 1894, he received the title of professor. Among his students in Berlin was surgeon [[Ferdinand Karewski]] (1858-1923).

== Contributions in medicine ==
Israel was a pioneer in modern [[urology|urologic]] and [[renal]] surgery. His inaugural thesis involved [[Bright's disease|Bright's kidney disease]], and his first report of an operation of the [[kidney]] was in 1882.<ref>[http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2535.html James Adolf Israel] @ [[Who Named It]]</ref> He published over 100 articles during his career, largely on urologic medicine. He was co-founder of the journal [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000546032 ''Folia Urologica''].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZsgAQAAMAAJ&dq=%22Folia+Urologica%22+Israel&pg=PA486 Google Books] Albany Medical Annals, Volume 28</ref>

Israel made significant contributions in the field of [[plastic surgery]], in particular, oral and [[maxillofacial]] surgery.<ref>((cite journal | pmid = 12764680 | doi=10.1007/s10006-003-0467-y | volume=7 | title=[James Israel (1848-1926). His contribution to oral and maxillofacial surgery]. | date=May 2003 | journal=Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir | pages=146–50| last1=Knöner | first1=W. | last2=Schultheiss | first2=D. | issue=3 | s2cid=550360 ))</ref>  He was also an early advocate of [[Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister|Joseph Lister]]'s [[antiseptic]] practices in the operating room.<ref>((cite journal
|last=Schultheiss
|first=Dirk
|date=March 2008
|title='''James Israel''' (1848-1926): Discoverer of [[actinomycosis]] and pioneer of kidney surgery
|journal=[[Aktuelle Urologie]]
|volume=39
|issue=2
|pages=105–8
| pmid = 18464337
 ))</ref> In addition, he is credited for design of a mobile hospital railcar known as a "[[Lazaretto|lazarett]]".((citation needed|date=October 2021))

In 1878, he provided the first description of [[actinomycosis]] in humans, caused by a pathogen that was later given the name ''[[Actinomyces israelii]]''.<ref>[http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/9/12/02-0646_article.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] Actinomyces Odontolyticus Bacteremia</ref><ref>[https://lpsn.dsmz.de/genus/actinomyces J.P. Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature - Genus Actinomyces]</ref><ref>((cite journal | year = 1950 | title = Actinomycosis of the Knee | url = http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=549056 | journal = JAMA Surgery | volume = 60 | issue = 4))</ref>

== Associated eponym ==
The [[Nicoladoni sign|Nicoladoni-Israel-Branham sign]] is a circulatory phenomenon seen in [[angioma]] racemosum of the extremities. It was first described in 1875 by [[Carl Nicoladoni]] (1847–1902).<ref>[http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/2995.html Nicoladoni-Israel-Branham sign] @ [[Who Named It]]</ref>

== Selected writings ==
* ''Fünf Fälle von diffuser Nephritis'' (Five cases of diffuse [[nephritis]]). Medical dissertation, Berlin 1870.
* ''Angiectasie im Stromgebiete der A. tibialis antica''.
* ''Beobachtung einiger bemerkenswerther Phaenomene nach Unterbindung der A. femoralis'' . (Observations of a remarkable phenomena after removal of the [[femoral artery]]). ''Klin Arch Chir'' 1877; 21  109.
* ''Klinische Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Aktinomykose des Menschen''. (Clinical contributions to the knowledge of [[actinomycosis]] in humans). Berlin 1885.
* ''Ueber Reincultur des Actinomyces und seine Uebertragbarkeit auf Thiere''. Archiv Pathologische Anatomie; (1891); 126:11–28, (with [[Max Wolff (physician)|Max Wolff]]).
* ''Chirurgische Klinik der Nierenkrankheiten''. (Surgical clinic of [[renal disease]]). Berlin 1901.
* ''Die Chirurgie der Niere und des Harnleiters''. (The surgery of the [[kidney]] and [[ureter]]). 1926.

== References ==
((reflist))
* This article incorporates information based on a translation of an equivalent article at the [[German Wikipedia]].

== External links ==
* [http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2535.html James Adolf Israel] @ [[Who Named It]]

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Israel, James))
[[Category:1848 births]]
[[Category:1926 deaths]]
[[Category:German surgeons]]
[[Category:German microbiologists]]
[[Category:Jewish biologists]]
[[Category:German bacteriologists]]
[[Category:German urologists]]
[[Category:German military doctors]]
[[Category:Jewish physicians]]
[[Category:German military personnel of the Franco-Prussian War]]
[[Category:Scientists from Berlin]]
[[Category:Physicians from the Province of Brandenburg]]
[[Category:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni]]

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