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((short description|American politician))((Copy edit|date=August 2023))((Infobox officeholder
|name         = James Tyner
|image        = James Noble Tyner, Brady-Handy bw photo portrait, ca1865-1880.jpg
|office       = 26th [[United States Postmaster General]]
|president    = [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
|term_start   = July 12, 1876
|term_end     = March 3, 1877
|predecessor  = [[Marshall Jewell]]
|successor    = [[David M. Key]]
|state1       = [[Indiana]]
|district1    = ((ushr|IN|8|8th))
|term_start1  = March 4, 1869
|term_end1    = March 3, 1875
|predecessor1 = [[Godlove Stein Orth|Godlove Orth]]
|successor1   = [[Morton C. Hunter]]
|birth_name   = James Noble Tyner
|birth_date   = January 17, 1826
|birth_place  = [[Brookville, Indiana]], U.S.
|death_date   = ((death date and age|1904|12|5|1826|1|17))
|death_place  = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
|party        = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
))
'''James Noble Tyner''' (January 17, 1826 – December 5, 1904) was a [[lawyer]], [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[Indiana]] and [[United States Postmaster General|U.S. Postmaster General]]. Tyner was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1869 and served three terms from 1869 to 1875. While in the House, Tyner opposed granting railroad subsidies, promoted gradual western industrial expansion, and spoke out against the Congressional [[franking]] privilege. In 1873, Tyner voted for the controversial [[Salary Grab Act]] that raised congressional pay, which resulted in his losing the Republican nomination for a fourth term. President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] appointed Tyner Second Assistant Postmaster General in 1875 then U.S. Postmaster General in 1876, and he served until 1877.<ref>((Cite web |title=JAMES N. TYNER (1876–1877) |url=https://millercenter.org/president/grant/essays/tyner-1876-postmaster-general))</ref> Tyner served as First Assistant Postmaster General under President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] from 1877 to 1881. In October 1881, President [[Chester A. Arthur]] requested his resignation because of his involvement in the [[Star Route scandal|Star Route postal frauds]] and for giving his son, whom he had appointed Superintendent of the Chicago Post Office, a $1,000 salary increase. Tyner served as Assistant Attorney General in the U.S. Post Office Department from 1889 to 1893 and from 1897 to 1903. Tyner was a delegate to the International Postal Congresses in 1878 and 1897. Postmaster General [[Henry C. Payne]] requested his resignation in April 1903, after which Tyner was indicted for fraud and bribery. Tyner was acquitted after his family controversially removed pertinent papers from his office safe. In poor health, Tyner died the following year.

==Early life and family==
[[image:Noah Noble Portrait.jpg |right |thumb |180px |The fifth Governor of Indiana [[Noah Noble]] was Tyner's uncle.]]
James Noble Tyner was born in [[Brookville, Indiana]], on January 17, 1826, one of twelve children born to Richard Tyner and Martha Sedgwick Willis Swift Noble.((sfn|TBDOA 1906|p=240))((sfn|Branigin 1913|p=614)) Tyner's grandfather, William E. Tyner, was a pioneer [[Baptists|Baptist ministe]]<nowiki/>r who preached in Eastern Indiana for many years.((sfn|Branigin 1913|p=614)) His father was a prominent Indiana businessman, and his mother's brother was Indiana Governor [[Noah Noble]]. Another brother was U.S. Senator [[James Noble (senator)|James Noble]].((sfn|Barnes 1874|p=123)) Tyner graduated from Brookville Academy in 1844 and joined his father's banking and business ventures.((sfn|TBDOA 1906|p=240)) Tyner then [[reading law|studied law]], attained [[Admission to the bar in the United States|admission to the bar]] in 1857, and practiced in [[Peru, Indiana]].((sfn|TBDOA 1906|p=240))

==Political career==
From 1857 to 1861, Tyner was secretary of the [[Indiana Senate]]. [[1860 United States presidential election|In 1860]], he served as a Republican presidential elector and cast his ballot for [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Hannibal Hamlin]]. From 1861 to 1866, Tyner was a special agent for the [[United States Post Office Department]].((sfn|TBDOA 1906|p=240))

==U.S. Representative (1869–1875)==
In 1869, Tyner was elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]] to fill the vacancy caused when Representative-elect [[Daniel D. Pratt]] resigned after winning a seat in the [[United States Senate]].((sfn|TBDOA 1906|p=240)) Tyner represented Indiana's 8th District during the 41st, 42nd, and 43rd U.S. Congresses, March 4, 1869 to March 3, 1875.((sfn|TBDOA 1906|p=240)) Tyner, considered a reformer in his first two terms, gave few speeches in the House and was noted for his statistical accuracy and "sound reasoning".<ref name=Barnes_p61>Barnes (1872), ''Republican Candidates In Indiana'', p. 61</ref>((sfn|Barnes 1874|p=124)) After Congress passed the unpopular 1873 [[Salary Grab Act]], many members lost their seats, and Tyner was among those who lost his party's nomination for reelection in 1874.((sfn|Smith 1925|p=386))
 
===Advocated repeal of franking privilege===
On February 5, 1870, Tyner made his first House speech, in which he advocated for ending the Congressional [[Franking#Franking privilege|Franking Privilege]].<ref name=Barnes_p61/> President Grant's Postmaster General [[John Creswell]] also advocated the end of franking, but efforts to eliminate it failed, and members of the U.S. House and U.S. Senate continued to send franked mail for free.

===Opposition to railroad subsidies===
Tyner spoke against granting large land subsidies to the [[Northern Pacific Railroad]].((sfn|Barnes 1874|p=124)) In his view, the land between the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] and the Pacific Ocean should be settled gradually over time, giving settlers free land to build houses.((sfn|Barnes 1874|p=124)) Tyner considered America to be an empire and believed U.S. citizens had a right to [[Manifest Destiny|settle the West]].((sfn|Barnes 1874|p=124)) On May 16, 1870, Tyner stated in a speech to the House, "Much as we desire to see the country lying between the Mississippi and the Pacific teaming with an industrious population, it would be far better to reach that end by slow marches than to rush into a policy that will eventually retard its prosperity and check its growth."((sfn|Barnes 1874|p=124))
[[File:That salary grab-"You took it" LCCN93500053.tif|thumb|180px|'''''Salary Grab 1873''''']]

===Salary Grab Act ===
((further|Salary Grab Act))
On March 3, 1873, Grant signed into law a bill that increased the President's pay from $25,000 to $50,000, raised Congressional salaries from $5,000 to $7,500, and included a $5,000 bonus for House and Senate members. Tyner voted for the bill, which came to be known as the ''[[Salary Grab Act]]''. Newspapers widely publicized the $5,000 bonus, and the bill was repealed in January 1874, though the president's salary raise remained in effect. The unpopularity of the Salary Grab led to many members of Congress losing their seats, and Tyner lost the Republican nomination when he ran for reelection in 1874.((sfn|Smith 1925|p=386))

===Committees served on===
[[image:USCapitol1877.jpg |thumb|220px |U.S. Capitol in 1869 at the time Tyner was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives]]
* [[41st United States Congress|41st Congress]] (1869-1871) 
::: ''House Education and Labor'' '''7th-Majority'''
::: ''House Post Office and Post Roads,'' '''6th-Majority'''.<ref name=Barnes_p61/><ref name=C-SPAN_JNT>[http://www.c-span.org/person/?jamestyner James Noble Tyner] C-SPAN (2015)</ref>

* [[42nd Congress]] (1871-1873) 
:::''House Post Office and Post Roads'' '''4th-Majority''' '''Chairman''' 
:::''House Public Buildings and Grounds'' '''3rd-Majority'''.<ref name=C-SPAN_JNT/>
:::''Washington Monument'' '''Select'''((sfn|Barnes 1874|p=124))

*[[43rd United States Congress|43rd Congress]] (1873-1875)
:::''House Appropriations'' '''3rd-Majority'''.<ref name=C-SPAN_JNT/>

==Second assistant Postmaster General (1875–1876)==
In February 1875, Grant appointed Tyner as Second Assistant U.S. Postmaster General, serving under Postmaster General [[Marshall Jewell]] and First Assistant Postmaster General [[James William Marshall]]. He served from February 26, 1875 to July 12, 1876, when he was appointed as Jewell's successor.

==Postmaster General (1876–1877) ==
[[image:President Grant's Cabinet.tiff|left|220px|thumb|Tyner seated opposite Grant in Grant's Cabinet 1876-1877]]
On July 12, 1876, President Grant appointed Tyner [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]], serving until March 12, 1877. Tyner secured his old position of Second Assistant Postmaster General to his fellow Indianan and [[American Civil War|Civil War]] general [[Thomas J. Brady]] appointed by President Grant. Brady would later be involved and associated with the Star Route postal scandal that was revealed after President [[James A. Garfield]] took office in 1881.

==First assistant Postmaster General (1877–1881)==
[[image: 20 Chester Arthur 3x4.jpg |thumb |right |150px |President [[Chester A. Arthur]] removed Tyner from office on October 17, 1881, after Tyner had refused to resign.]]
After the end of the [[Ulysses S. Grant#Administration and Cabinet|Grant administration]], he was appointed to First Assistant Postmaster General by President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], serving from 1877 until his resignation in October 1881. When President [[James A. Garfield]] took office on March 4, 1881, there were rumors of fraud in the postal department where corrupt contractors made excessive profits on Star Routes. President Garfield had ordered an investigation on the matter by his appointed Postmaster General [[Thomas L. James]].<ref name="NYT 10_18_1881">New York Times (October 18, 1881), ''General Tyner Requested to Resign''</ref>    Tyner was extremely familiar with the inner workings of the postal contract system and upon investigation by Postmaster General James was assumed to have known and allowed postal contract profiteering. James ordered Tyner to resign office by July, but after Garfield was assassinated and incapacitated, Tyner refused to leave. Also involved in the Star Route frauds was Tyner's Indiana friend and Second Assistant Postmaster [[Thomas J. Brady]].<ref name="NYT 10_18_1881"/> The investigation revealed that Tyner had given his son a lucrative job of $2,000 a year as Superintendent of the Chicago Post Office. When his son took the position Tyner had increased his salary from $1,000 to $2,000. When Garfield finally died on September 19, and his Vice President [[Chester A. Arthur]] took office, President Arthur finally forced Tyner to resign and vacate office on October 17, 1881.<ref name="NYT 10_18_1881"/>

==Later career==
On the evening of June 12, 1882, Tyner was seriously injured, suffering a concussion and bruising on his face after being thrown from a buggy while riding near Brightwood.<ref name=NYT_06-14-1882>New York Times (June 14, 1882), [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1882/06/14/102780969.pdf Mr. Tyner Seriously Injured]</ref> Tyner recovered after being taken to the city and his wounds were dressed.<ref name=NYT_06-14-1882/>

Tyner was a delegate to the International Postal Congress in [[Paris]] in 1878 and in [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1897. Tyner served as Assistant Attorney General of the [[United States Post Office Department|Post Office Department]] from 1889 to 1893 and again from 1897 to 1903.

==Post Office frauds and investigation (1903)==
[[image:HCPayne.jpg |thumb |180px |Postmaster General [[Henry C. Payne]] removed Tyner from office on April 22, 1903]]
On March 7, 1903, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] launched an investigation into fraud in the Post Office.<ref name=Chambers-Woodward_p208/> Early in April, Postmaster General [[Henry C. Payne]] informed Tyner who was under suspicion of corruption to resign office by a mutual friend.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Tyner and Mrs. Tyner then pleaded with Payne to keep Tyner in office.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Payne then postponed Tyner's resignation to May 1 and told Tyner he was suspended from duties as Assistant Attorney barring Tyner from his office.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> This left Tyner in a precarious position of technically being an Assistant Attorney without administrative powers.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Tyner instructed his wife to retrieve his official papers from the safe room in his Washington D.C. office on the fifth floor of the Postal Department.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> On Tuesday, April 20 Mrs. Tyner arrived at Tyner's office at closing time 4 P.M., and was allowed to enter Tyner's office unsuspectedly alone.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Tyner's wife then secretly let in her sister-in-law and a company safe man by another door who unlocked the safe, after which, Mrs. Tyner retrieved all of Tyner's official papers.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Having bundled and packaged the papers Mrs. Tyner sent the papers by an [[African American]] messenger, who had also entered Tyner's office by another door, taking the papers to Tyner's residence. After her party had left by the other door, Mrs. Tyner walked out of Tyner's office alone and returned to Tyner's house.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> The head of the Post Office Bureau George Christiancy, immediately discovered and informed Postmaster General Payne of Mrs. Tyner taking Tyner's papers from the safe.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/> Payne sent two investigators to Tyner's house, but Tyner and his wife refused to give the investigators Tyner's papers nor allow the investigators into Tyner's residence.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903"/>

On April 22, 1903, Assistant Attorney General Tyner was removed from office by Postmaster General Payne.<ref name="NYT_4-24-1903">New York Times (April 24, 1903), ''Wife Seizes Papers for James N. Tyner''</ref> Four days later on April 26 Tyner and his wife denied any wrongdoing.<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903">New York Times (April 27, 1903) ''[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/04/27/101992353.pdf Tyners Deny Wrongdoing]''</ref> Tyner stated that he had served his country faithfully and the officials at the Post Office had "lost their heads".<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/> Tyner stated he remained on as Assistant Attorney after March 9 to vindicate his honor.<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/> Mrs. Tyner stated that she and her husband had been labeled robbers by the Postal Department.<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/> Mrs. Tyner said that she had freely been allowed to go into Tyner's office room where the safe was located and nothing was done in secret.<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/> Mrs. Tyner said she returned papers in a box to the Postal Department that did not have any criminal evidence.<ref name="NYT_04_27_1903"/>

In mid-1903 Tyner was investigated for corruption in the Post Office by special prosecutor [[Charles Joseph Bonaparte|Charles J. Bonaparte]] and Fourth Assistant Postmaster General [[Joseph L. Bristow]].<ref name=Chambers-Woodward_p208>Chambers-Woodward (1974), ''Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Presidential Misconduct'', ''Theodore Roosevelt'', p. 208</ref> Tyner was indicted three times for fraud and one count bribery.<ref name=Chambers-Woodward_p208/> Also indicted was First Assistant Postmaster Perry S. Heath.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903/> President Roosevelt stated the postal investigation revealed a condition of "gross corruption" in their offices.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903/>   Allegations against Tyner and Heath ranged from gross negligence of office, and criminal collusion, to actual participation in frauds, bribery, and financial profiteering.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903>New York Times (November 30, 1903), [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1903/11/30/105067950.pdf The Postal Frauds]</ref>  Tyner was [[acquitted]] for lack of evidence since Tyner's wife had removed his papers from his office in April.<ref name=Chambers-Woodward_p208/> Bristow's investigation resulted in 41 indictments against 31 persons connected to the postal fraud.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903/> Four postal officers and employees resigned, while thirteen workers were removed from office.<ref name=NYT_11-30-1903/>

==Death==
Since July, 1902, Tyner had been suffering from paralysis, and the postal investigation trial in 1904 had strained his feeble health.<ref name=NYT_12-06-1904>New York Times (December 6, 1904), ''James N Tyner Dead''</ref> He died in [[Washington, D.C.]], on December 5, 1904, and was interred there in [[Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)|Oak Hill Cemetery]].<ref name=NYT_12-06-1904/>

==Historical reputation==
Tyner was the only member of the Grant Administration cabinet to hold a federal office appointment in the 20th Century serving under President [[William McKinley]] and President [[Theodore Roosevelt]]. He has been relatively forgotten by historians after 1906, having not been mentioned in the 1936 Dictionary of American Biography edited by Dumas Malone.<ref name=DOAB_1936_pp100_101>[https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer19amer#page/100/mode/2up Dictionary of American Biography] (1936), edited by Dumas Malone, pages 101-102</ref> Elected three times to the House starting in 1869 Tyner was a successful mid-western politician, however, he was not reelected in 1874 due to his vote for the controversial [[Salary Grab Act]]. His long career in the Post Office Department ended twice abruptly in 1881 and 1903 under suspicion of corruption. In 1903, Tyner and his wife's reputation was damaged after the controversy of taking official government documents from his office in Washington D.C. Tyner did not live long enough and was in feeble health to author and defend himself in a biography. Tyner was an expert on the inner workings of the Post Office during his lifetime, having a history of working for the Postal Department since 1861.

==Notes==
((reflist))

==Sources==
*((cite book |ref=((sfnRef|Barnes 1874)) |last=Barnes |first=William Horatio |title=The American Government Biographies of Members of the House of Representatives of the Forty-Third Congress |publisher=Nelson and Philips |location=[[New York City|New York]] |date=1874))
*((cite book |ref=((sfnRef|Branigin 1913)) |last = Branigin |first = Elba L. |title=History of Johnson County Indiana |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofjohnson02bran |publisher=B.F. Bowen & Co., Inc. |location = [[Indianapolis]] |date=1913))
* ((cite book |ref=((sfnRef|TBDOA 1906))|title=The Biographical Dictionary of America|url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict06johnuoft|editor=Rossiter Johnson|location=[[Boston]]|date=1906|publisher=Boston, American Biographical Society))
*((cite book |ref=((sfnRef|Smith 1925)) |last=Smith |first=William Henry |title=History of the Cabinet of the United States of America, from President Washington to President Coolidge |publisher=The Industrial Printing Company |location=[[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] |date=1925))

==External links==
((CongBio|T000452))
*((Find a Grave|13264164))

((s-start))
((s-off))
((U.S. Cabinet official box
| before= [[Marshall Jewell]]
| after= [[David M. Key]]
| years= July 12, 1876 &ndash; March 3, 1877
| president= [[Ulysses S. Grant]]
| office= [[United States Postmaster General]]))
((s-par|us-hs))
((s-bef|before=[[Godlove Stein Orth|Godlove S. Orth]]))
((s-ttl|title=Member of the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] from [[Indiana's 8th congressional district]]|years=March 4, 1869 &ndash; March 3, 1875))
((s-aft|after=[[Morton C. Hunter]]))
((end))
((USPostGen))
((Grant cabinet))
((IndianaUSRepresentatives))

((Authority control))

((DEFAULTSORT:Tyner, James Noble))
[[Category:1826 births]]
[[Category:1904 deaths]]
[[Category:United States Postmasters General]]
[[Category:Indiana lawyers]]
[[Category:Burials at Oak Hill Cemetery (Washington, D.C.)]]
[[Category:Grant administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Washington, D.C., Republicans]]
[[Category:People from Brookville, Indiana]]
[[Category:19th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Indiana]]
[[Category:People from Peru, Indiana]]
[[Category:United States Postal Service people]]
[[Category:People involved in road accidents or incidents]]
[[Category:Indiana Republicans]]
[[Category:People acquitted of fraud]]

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Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:List (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:MultiReplace (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ordinal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:ParameterCount (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Plain text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Sortkey (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:Text (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:WikidataCheck (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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