James Robinson Shepley (August 16, 1917 – November 2, 1988) was an American journalist and businessman who was president of Time Inc. from 1969 to 1980 and was CEO of The Washington Star from 1978 until the paper was shut down in 1981.[1] Shepley was given credit for having expanded Time Inc. into different areas of publishing and into television and video.[2]
Shepley had found a first position in newspapers at the local The Harrisburg Daily Patriot, which his father had been the editor of.[7] He had also been a stringer for the Associated Press in Harrisburg.[4] After completing his second year at Dickinson he dropped out in 1936,[3] becoming a cub reporter for The Pittsburgh Press.[1] He was still working there as of 1937.[4]
In 1937 he married the former Jean Stevens from Camp Hill.[4] They had two sons and two daughters together.[1][8]
In 1945 he was commissioned as a captain in the Army,[1] as part of the General Staff Corps,[5] and was detailed to the personal staff of Army Chief of Staff George C. Marshall.[2] In that role he accompanied Marshall to the Potsdam Conference and also helped him write an official report regarding the war.[7] In 1946 he was an attaché on the Marshall Mission to China,[5] a mission that attempted, but failed, to negotiate creation of a truce and a unified government between the Communist Party of China and the nationalist Kuomintang.[7][1]
Bureau chief and book author
Subsequently, in 1946 Shepley returned to Time Inc. as a diplomatic correspondent[7] back in Washington.[1] In 1948 he became chief of the Washington bureau,[5] a position he continued to hold into the 1950s.[10] The prominence of his position, his wartime reporting, and his past association with Marshall, all combined to give Shepley unusual access to the U.S. defense and diplomatic establishments.[11][7]
By 1953, American physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer had taken stances related to the development of the hydrogen bomb and the value and morality of strategic bombardment that led to a concerted effort against Oppenheimer undertaken by the United States Air Force and other elements of the defense and atomic energy establishments.[12] Several Time-Life publications were involved in this and Shepley's role in orchestrating the anti-Oppenheimer effort was seen with dismay by at least one former Time Inc. executive.[10]
This work then grew into a book that Shepley wrote together with a former submariner who was a reporter on his staff, Clay Blair Jr.[13] The resulting Shepley and Blair work, The Hydrogen Bomb: The Men, The Menace, The Mechanism (1954), provoked considerable controversy at the time with its charges that the U.S. development of the hydrogen bomb had been intentionally delayed by some scientists led by Oppenheimer and that the Los Alamos Laboratory had been infiltrated by Communists.[7][14] While the book was positively reviewed across a large number of newspapers and magazines at the time of publication,[15] several scientists who had worked at Los Alamos on the bomb's development soon issued statements refuting its narrative.[16] Interviews conducted during the mid-to-late-1950s (but not published until many decades later) showed almost no scientists speaking well of the book, even those (including physicist Edward Teller) portrayed favorably within it.[17] Subsequent scholarship has established that the Shepley and Blair account was largely inaccurate,[18][19] and moreover, that it was guided by stark H-bomb proponent, and Oppenheimer antagonist, Lewis Strauss.[20][21]
In 1956, Shepley interviewed Secretary of State John Foster Dulles for Life magazine,[22] and Dulles told him that during the Eisenhower administration the United States had on three occasions been on the "brink" of war "and looked it in the face"[2] (the instances were in Korea during the armistice talks in June 1953, Indochina in April 1954, and the Formosa Straits in late 1954–early 1955).[23] The Dulles remark gained considerable attention and the phrase "brinkmanship" became part of Cold War vocabulary.[1][23]
Shepley left the Washington bureau chief position in 1957 to run Time's North American news service.[7]
On a Time-Life photo shoot in 1957 Shepley met model Yvonne Hudson, originally from California.[8][24] They subsequently married.[25] She had three daughters, from a previous marriage to World War II fighter ace Elbert Scott McCuskey,[26] whom the Shepleys raised together under his last name.[25][27] The couple also had a daughter of their own.[28]
As the 1960 United States presidential election got underway, Shepley took a leave of absence in 1959 to act as an advisor to the campaign of Vice President Richard M. Nixon,[2][7] who was running for president and became the Republican Party nominee. In that capacity he worked for Nixon's unofficial campaign manager, Leonard W. Hall, and alongside other Nixon aides such as James Bassett.[29] One of Shepley's assignments during the summer of 1960 was to negotiate with the U.S. State Department to request alternative funding for Tom Mboya's plan to send Kenyan students to American universities.[30] Shepley obtained a commitment, but those running the program followed their original plan of accepting money from the Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Foundation instead.[30] Thus began the Kennedy Airlift, to the political benefit of Nixon's general election rival, Senator John F. Kennedy.[31]
Publishing executive
Following Nixon's defeat, Shepley returned to Time Inc., but this time to the business side of the publishing enterprise.[2] He had no business training of any formal nature.[32]
He became an executive, first being assistant publisher of Life magazine.[33] Then by 1964, he was publisher of Fortune magazine.[25] Following that, he became publisher of Time magazine,[33] which he was by 1967.[27] Finally in 1969 he became president of Time Inc.[33] During this period he lived in Port Washington, New York,[25] and then in Sands Point, New York.[27][34]
As an executive, he was known as "Brass Knuckles Shepley" for his blunt and aggressive management style.[30] Indeed, Time Inc.'s own acknowledgement of his passing called him a "brusque but decisive manager".[32]
Well-known Time-Life political correspondent Hugh Sidey said that "Shepley was a great boss – tough, curt, no-nonsense but absolutely loyal. He put his faith in reporters and let them go."[7]
Most significantly, during the mid-1970s Time Inc. cultivated Home Box Office (HBO) as the first nationwide pay television service.[2] Shepley publicly proclaimed what he saw as the potential of HBO back when it was first a small regional service in Wilkes-Barre and a couple of similar towns in eastern Pennsylvania, saying in early 1973, "Time Inc. has long been intrigued with this method of communication. Initial marketing results indicate a bright role for subscription television. It seems clear that people are willing to pay fair prices to see television programs of their choice which are free of commercials."[35]
Time Inc. subsequently bought American Television and Communications in 1977,[2] which became its cable television property. Shepley's personal role seeing a corporate vision for HBO and an overall cable strategy was of decisive importance.[36] Shepley's successor as Time Inc. president, J. Richard Munro, has said, "Without any doubt, Jim was the father of HBO. He nurtured it and believed in it. The same was true in cable television, with American Television and Communications."[7]
Not all of Shepley's actions worked out.
Shepley was the motivating force behind Time Inc.'s purchase of the money-losing Washington Star for $28 million in 1978, convincing Time's board of directors that owning a daily newspaper in the capital would bring a unique sense of prestige.[1] Despite the paper's labor unions agreeing to work concessions that Shepley demanded, the acquisition failed, as the Star lost a further $85 million before the board shut it down in 1981.[1]
Shepley stepped down as president of Time Inc. in 1980.[33] He remained on the board of directors,[2] serving as chair of the board's executive committee, until he retired in 1982.[33]
Shepley received an honorary degree from, and gave a commencement address at, Dickinson College in 1959.[37] He received an honorary degree from Clarkson College of Technology in 1966.[38] And he received an honorary degree, and gave a commencement address, at the University of Florida in 1978.[39]
In 1967, Shepley served as national chair for Dickinson College's fund-raising challenge program in association with the Ford Foundation.[6]
The James R. Shepley HBO Communications Center in Hauppauge, New York, is where HBO program signals are sent up to a communications satellite.[40]
^Galison, Peter; Bernstein, Barton (1989). "In Any Light: Scientists and the Decision to Build the Superbomb, 1952–1954". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 19 (2): 333.
^Young and Schilling, Super Bomb, pp. 142, 144, 189n61.
