Jan Bytnar
"Rudy", "Czarny", "Janek", "Krokodyl", "Jan Rudy"
Born(1921-05-06)6 May 1921
Kolbuszowa, Poland
Died30 March 1943(1943-03-30) (aged 21)
Warsaw, Poland
AllegiancePoland
Service/branchArmia Krajowa (Home Army)
RankSecond Lieutenant
Battles/warsWorld War II
Awards
Krzyż Walecznych (Cross of Valour)

Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta

Jan Roman Bytnar, nom de guerre "Rudy" (Ginger) (born 6 May 1921, Kolbuszowa, Poland – died 30 March 1943, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish scoutmaster, a member of Polish scouting anti-Nazi resistance, and a lieutenant in the Home Army during the Second World War.

Biography

He was the son of Stanisław Bytnar, a teacher and soldier in the Polish Legions in World War I, and Zdzisława Rechulówna.[1] He attended elementary school in Piastów. In 1931 he was accepted to the Stefan Batory Gymnasium in Warsaw, where the Bytnar family moved in the same year. They lived in the Mokotów district.

In 1934, at the age of 13, he joined the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association. In 1938 he attained the highest non-instructor rank, "Scout of the Republic". Shortly before, in 1937, he began attending a lyceum; he graduated in May 1939.[2]

World War II

After the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, Bytnar lived in occupied Warsaw and worked as a glazier and school tutor. In October 1939, together with a group of friends, he joined the short lived left wing Polish People's Independent Action (Polska Ludowa Akcja Niepodległościowa, PLAN), a resistance group. As its member he composed and distributed pamphlets in response to the formation of the General Government by the Nazis. However, the organization was soon infiltrated by the Gestapo and broken up by January 1940. Bytnar left Warsaw and lived with his grandparents in Kolbuszowa in south-eastern Poland, where he also became involved in anti-Nazi resistance. Sometime early in 1940 he joined the Union of Armed Struggle, a precursor organization of the Home Army. In March 1941 he became a member of the Gray Ranks, a paramilitary underground scouting organization which carried out sabotage and diversion against the Germans. In particular, Bytnar and his cell focused on so-called "small sabotage" as part of the Wawer Group.[3]

Arrest, death, and reprisal

He was arrested by the Nazis on 23 March 1943 and rescued three days later by a combat group of the Gray Ranks during the Operation Arsenal on 26 March.[4][5] He died on 30 March, at the age of 21, from injuries sustained during the interrogation carried out by the Gestapo while in captivity.[6]

The extremely brutal torture of Bytnar was conducted by SS Rottenführer Ewald Lange and SS Obersturmführer Herbert Schultz. Both were later assassinated by the Gray Ranks. Schultz was shot dead on 6 May 1943 by Sławomir Maciej Bittner (aka "Maciek") and Eugeniusz Kecher (aka "Kołczan").[7] Lange was shot dead on 22 May 1943 by Jerzy Zapadko (aka "Dzik").[8]

On 4 April 1946, his close friend and fellow Szare Szeregi member who died on the same day during the war, Maciej Dawidowski (aka Alek), was buried in a common grave alongside Bytnar at the Powązki Military Cemetery.[9]

In literature and culture

Bytnar is the main character in Stones for the Rampart, considered a classic of Polish literature for teenagers and young adults, by Aleksander Kamiński[10] and Rudy, Alek, Zośka by Barbara Wachowicz [pl].[11]

He is portrayed by Cezary Morawski in Jan Łomnicki's 1977 historical film Akcja pod Arsenałem telling the story behind Operation Arsenal.[12]

In a 2010 documentary film Oni szli Szarymi Szeregami directed by Mariusz Malec, the character of Bytnar is played by Bartłomiej Firlet.[13]

He served as inspiration for Dawid Podsiadło's 2014 single 4:30, the title of which alludes to the time when Bytnar was captured and arrested by Gestapo on 23 March 1943. The song appears in Robert Gliński's 2014 war drama Stones for the Rampart, a film adaptation of Kamiński's book of the same title, in which the role of Bytnar is played by Tomasz Ziętek.[14]

Remembrance and recognition

Jan Bytnar depicted on a mural in Kolbuszowa, 2023

In 1943, he was awarded the Cross of Valour for having demonstrated deeds of valour and courage in wartime. In 2009, he was posthumously awarded the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta by the President of Poland.[15]

A commemorative plaque was unveiled on Bytnar's birth house on ul. Nowe Miasto in Kolbuszowa. In 1980, a second plaque was unveiled at the entrance to the tenement house al. Niepodległości 159 in Warsaw where he used to live and where he got arrested.[16]

Streets bearing his name are located in Warsaw, Opole and Kolbuszowa.[17] He is also a patron of 150 Polish scout teams as well as many schools across Poland.[18]

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ "99 lat temu urodził się Jan Bytnar "Rudy". Jego rodzice byli nauczycielami, zasłużonymi działaczami Związku" (in Polish). 6 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  2. ^ "Mija setna rocznica urodzin Jana Bytnara" (in Polish). Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  3. ^ "100 lat temu urodził się Jan Bytnar" (in Polish). Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  4. ^ "The incredible true story of the men who took on the Gestapo to save a friend". Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  5. ^ "Najbardziej spektakularna operacja Szarych Szeregów w czasie okupacji. Rocznica Akcji pod Arsenałem". Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  6. ^ "Mija setna rocznica urodzin Jana Bytnara" (in Polish). Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  7. ^ Strzembosz, Tomasz (1983). Akcje zbrojne podziemnej Warszawy 1939–1944. Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. p. 313. ISBN 83-06-00717-4.
  8. ^ Bartoszewski, Władysław (2008). 1859 dni Warszawy. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Znak. p. 497. ISBN 978-83-240-1057-8.
  9. ^ Trojan, Włodzimierz (2011). Kwatera batalionu "Zośka" Armii Krajowej. Cmentarz Wojskowy na Powązkach. Warsaw: Społeczny Komitet Opieki nad Grobami Poległych Żołnierzy Batalionu „Zośka”. p. 24. ISBN 978-83-933302-0-1.
  10. ^ "Stones for the Rampart – Aleksander Kamiński". Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  11. ^ "Prawda o bohaterach Kamieni na szaniec" (in Polish). 24 August 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
  12. ^ "Cezary Morawski". filmpolski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  13. ^ "Oni szli Szarymi Szeregami". filmpolski.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  14. ^ "Piosenka "4:30" Dawida Podsiadło w filmie "Kamienie na szaniec"". onet.pl (in Polish). 28 January 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  15. ^ "M.P. 2010 nr 27 poz. 296". isap.sejm.gov.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  16. ^ Trojan, Włodzimierz (2011). Kwatera batalionu "Zośka" Armii Krajowej. Cmentarz Wojskowy na Powązkach. Warsaw: Społeczny Komitet Opieki nad Grobami Poległych Żołnierzy Batalionu „Zośka”. p. 190. ISBN 978-83-933302-0-1.
  17. ^ Żarnowski, Witold (2014). Raczej zginąć, niż zdradzić sprawę. Areszt śledczy gestapo w al. Szucha 25. Warsaw: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej i Muzeum Niepodległości. p. 57. ISBN 978-83-7629-664-7.
  18. ^ Komorowski, Krzysztof (2015). Warszawa walczy 1939–1945. Leksykon. Warsaw: Fundacja Polska Walczy i Wydawnictwo Bellona. p. 84. ISBN 978-83-1113474-4.
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