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((Short description|Nazi concentration camp on the outskirts of present-day Lviv, Ukraine))
((Use mdy dates|date=November 2018))
((Infobox concentration camp
| name            = Janowska
| image           = Jewish prisoners forced to work for a Sonderkommando 1005 unit pose next to a bone crushing machine in the Janowska concentration camp.jpg
| image size      = 
| type            = [[Concentration camp]]
| caption         = Survivors of the camp's [[Sonderkommando 1005]] unit stand next to a bone crushing machine <small>(taken following the liberation of the camp in 1944)</small> 
| alt             = 
| location map    = Ukraine
| map alt         = Ukraine
| coordinates     = ((coord|49|51|15|N|23|59|24|E|region:UA_type:landmark|display=inline,title))
| map caption     = Location of Janowska camp in modern Ukraine
((location mark|float=center|image=WW2-Holocaust-Poland.PNG |width=226 |x%=69.5 |y%=74.4 |label='''Janowska''' |position=right))
Location of KL Janowska in World War&nbsp;II,<br />south of the [[Belzec extermination camp|Belzec]] [[death camp]]
| location        = Lemberg, [[District of Galicia]], [[General Government]] (formerly Lwów, [[Second Polish Republic]]; today [[Lviv]], Ukraine)
| operated by     = [[SS]]
| original use    = 
| construction    = 
| in operation    = September 1941 – November 1943
| prisoner type   = Jews
| inmates         = 100,000
| killed          = 35,000–40,000
| liberated by    = The Red Army
| notable inmates = 
| notable books   = 
| website         = ((URL|https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/janowska))
))

'''Janowska concentration camp''' (((lang-pl|Janowska)), ((lang-ru|Янов or "Yanov")), ((lang-uk|Янівський табір))) was a German [[Nazi concentration camp]] combining elements of labor, transit, and [[extermination camp]]s.<ref>((cite journal |last1=Beorn |first1=Waitman Wade |author1-link=Waitman Wade Beorn |title=Last Stop in Lwów: Janowska as a Hybrid Camp |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |date=2018a |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=445–471 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcy041))</ref> It was established in September 1941 on the outskirts of Lwów in what had become, after the German invasion, the [[General Government]] (today: [[Lviv]], Ukraine). The camp was named after the nearby street ''Janowska'' in Lwów of the interwar [[Second Polish Republic]].

The Germans liquidated the camp in November 1943, with the evidence of mass murder being largely destroyed in the Nazi program of ''[[Sonderaktion 1005]]''. Estimates put the total number of prisoners who passed through the Janowska camp at between 100,000 and 120,000, mostly Polish and Soviet Jews.<ref name=Kerenji>((cite book |title=Jewish Responses to Persecution: 1942–1943 |author=Emil Kerenji |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gXDYBAAAQBAJ&q=Janowska+100%2C000+DAW |year=2014 |isbn=978-1442236271 |pages=69–70, 539))</ref> The number of victims murdered at the camp is estimated at 35,000–40,000.

==Background==
((Main|Lviv pogroms (1941)))
Lwów (now [[Lviv]]) was a multicultural city just before World War II, with a population of 312,231. The city's 157,490 ethnic Poles constituted over 50 per cent, with Jews at 32 per cent (99,595) and Ukrainians at 16 per cent (49,747).((sfn|Himka|2011|p=210))  After the [[Invasion of Poland|joint Soviet-German invasion]] of Poland on 1 and 17 September 1939, the [[USSR]] and [[Nazi Germany]] signed the [[German–Soviet Frontier Treaty]] on 28 September 1939, which assigned about 200,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (77,000&nbsp;sq&nbsp;mi) of Polish territory inhabited by 13.5&nbsp;million people of all nationalities to the Soviet Union. Lwów was then [[Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union|annexed to the Soviet Union]] as part of the [[Ukrainian SSR]].((sfn|Gross|2002 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XKtOr4EXOWwC&pg=PA17 17, 28–30]))

At the time of the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, about 160,000 Jews lived in the city;((sfn|Beorn|2018|p=136)) the number had swelled by tens of thousands due to the arrival of Jewish refugees from German-occupied western Poland in September 1939.((sfn|Kulke|2012|p=802)) Lviv was occupied by the [[Wehrmacht]] on 30 June 1941. Jews were press-ganged by the Germans to remove bodies of the victims of the [[NKVD prisoner massacre]]s, for which German [[Nazi propaganda]] and Ukrainian nationalists blamed the Jews.((sfn|Himka|2011|p=211)) In the ensuing [[Lviv pogroms (1941)|July pogroms]] and the concurrent ''[[Einsatzgruppen]]'' murders, Ukrainian nationalists and Germans murdered thousands of Jews.((sfn|Kulke|2012|p=802))

==Lwów Ghetto==
((main|Lwów Ghetto))
In early November 1941, the Germans closed-off northern portions of the city, thus forming the [[Lwów Ghetto]].<ref name="Koonz">((cite journal |url=http://www.uvm.edu/~uvmchs/documents/KoonzHilbergLecture_002.pdf |title=SS Man Katzmann's "Solution of the Jewish Question in the District of Galicia" |publisher=University of Vermont |journal=The Raul Hilberg Lecture |date=November 2, 2005 |access-date=January 30, 2015 |author=Claudia Koonz |pages=2, 11, 16–18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205021305/http://www.uvm.edu/~uvmchs/documents/KoonzHilbergLecture_002.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2015 |url-status=dead ))</ref> During the forced relocation of Jewish families to the newly created ghetto, German police shot and murdered thousands of elderly and sick Jews as they crossed under the rail bridge on Pełtewna Street (which came to be known as the ''bridge of death'' for the Jews). Several months later, in March 1942, German police under the [[SS and Police Leader]] of the [[District of Galicia]] SS-''[[Brigadeführer]]'' [[Fritz Katzmann]], began to deport Jews from the ghetto to the German Nazi [[Belzec extermination camp]]. By August 1942, more than 65,000 Jews from Lwów had been sent away aboard [[Holocaust trains]] and murdered. In early June 1943, the Germans destroyed and liquidated the ghetto.<ref name="ReferenceB">Filip Friedman, ''Zagłada Żydów lwowskich'' (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) ((OCLC|38706656)).</ref>

==Labour and transit camp==
In addition to the Lwów ghetto, in September 1941 the occupation authorities set up a German Armament Works D.A.W. factory (''[[Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke]]'') in prewar Steinhaus Milling Machines Merchants (''Maszyny młyńskie - Sprzedaż'') on 134 Janowska Street (Grodecka 10a address),<ref>Jewishgen.org (May 2005), [https://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/lviv/FramesetSt.html Businesses, Partnerships and Addresses: Steinhaus Milling Machines-Merchants] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129054257/https://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/Lviv/FramesetSt.html |date=January 29, 2018 ))</ref> in northwestern suburbs of Lwów. This factory became a part of a network of factories owned and operated by the SS. The commandant of the camp was ''((nobreak|SS-Haupsturmführer))'' Fritz Gebauer. The Germans used Jews who worked at this factory as forced laborers, mainly working in [[carpentry]] and [[metalwork]].

In October 1941, the Germans established a concentration camp next to the factory, which housed the forced laborers along with other prisoners. Thousands of Jews from the Lwów ghetto were forced to work as [[Slavery|slave]] laborers in this complex. When the Germans liquidated the Lwów ghetto, the ghetto's inhabitants who were fit for work were sent to the Janowska camp; the rest were deported to the German Nazi death camp [[Belzec extermination camp|Belzec]] for extermination. The concentration camp was guarded by a ''[[Sonderdienst]]'' battalion of the ((nobreak|''SS''-trained)) ''[[Hiwi (volunteer)|Hiwi]]'' guards known as "[[Trawniki men]]", drawn from Soviet POWs.<ref name=USHMM1>((cite web |url=http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007397 |title=Trawniki |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |author=Holocaust Encyclopedia |access-date=July 21, 2011 |id=permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Wikipedia; [[OTRS]] ticket no. 2007071910012533 |quote=Text from USHMM has been released under the [[GFDL]].))</ref>

In addition to being a forced-labor camp for Jews, Janowska was a transit camp (''Durchgangslager Janowska'') during the [[Final Solution|mass deportations of Polish Jews to the killing centers]] in 1942 from across German-occupied southeastern Poland (now western Ukraine). Jews underwent a selection process in Janowska camp similar to that used at [[Auschwitz-Birkenau|Auschwitz–Birkenau]] and [[Majdanek]] German [[extermination camps]]. Those classified as fit to work remained at Janowska for forced labor. The majority, rejected as unfit for work, were deported to Belzec and murdered, or else were shot at the Piaski ravine, located just north of the camp. In the summer and fall of 1942, thousands of Jews (mainly from the Lwów ghetto) were deported to Janowska and murdered in the Piaski ravine.((citation needed|date=February 2020))

The Germans occasionally allowed small groups of Jews to go to town for daylong leaves of absence.  They would use this temporary freedom to dig up [[Torah]]s that had been hidden in Lwów's Jewish cemetery.  They cut the Torahs into pieces which they hid under their clothes and smuggled back into the camp.  After the war survivors assembled the various pieces into a single scroll, the [[Yanov torah]]. It is currently in California.<ref>Erwin and Agnes Herman, ''The Yanov Torah'' [[Kar-Ben Publishing]] ((ISBN|978-0930494452)) (1985)</ref>

==Liquidation==
[[File:Site of Janowska Nazi Camp - Lviv, 1944.jpg|thumbnail|right|Soviet [[Extraordinary State Commission]] at the site of mass graves adjoining the camp, 1944.]]
Ahead of the Soviet advance, in November 1943 the new camp commandant ''SS-Hauptsturmführer'' Friedrich Warzok was put in charge of the evacuation of the Janowska inmates to [[Przemyśl]].<ref name="Levy">((cite book | last = Levy | first = Alan | author-link = Alan Levy | title = Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File | edition = Revised 2002 | year = 2006 | orig-year = 1993 | publisher = Constable & Robinson | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84119-607-7 ))</ref> The Germans attempted to destroy the traces of mass murder during ''[[Sonderaktion 1005]]''. Prisoners were forced to open the mass graves in [[Lysynychi forest]] ((convert|5|km)) east of Lwów ghetto and burn the bodies. On 19 November 1943 the ''Sonderkommando'' inmates staged a revolt against the Germans and attempted a mass escape. A few succeeded, but most were recaptured and murdered. At the time of the camp's liquidation, the SS and their Ukrainian auxiliaries murdered at least 6,000 Jews who had survived the uprising killings at Janowska, as well as Jews in other forced labor camps in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]].<ref>((cite encyclopedia|author=USHMM |title=Janowska| encyclopedia=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/janowska |access-date=2018-11-18))</ref>

The  Soviet [[Extraordinary State Commission]] determined that over 200,000 people were murdered in Janowska in the course of the camp operation. The ashes mixed with crushed bones were buried to a depth of ((convert|6|ft|m|0|spell=in)) in various places.<ref name="HEART" /> ((Interlanguage link multi|Leon Weliczker Wells|de)) told the Commission that between 6 June and 20 November 1943 his "team burned more than 310,000 bodies", including 170,000 in the immediate vicinity of the camp and another 140,000 or more in the Lysynychi area of eastern Lwów.<ref>((cite book |author=[[Avner Falk]] |title=Anti-semitism: A History and Psychoanalysis of Contemporary Hatred |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=9780313353840 |year=2008 |page=191))</ref> Weliczker repeated the claim of "a few hundred thousand" at [[Adolf Eichmann]]'s trial in 1961.<ref>[http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-023-03.html "The Trial of Adolf Eichmann"] ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109102124/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-023-03.html |date=November 9, 2019 )) Session #23 2 May 1961</ref> Weliczker also described his work as part of the Sonderaktion 1005 in his memoir ''Death Brigade (The Janowska road)'' (1978).

Remaining facilities at Janowska were used by the Soviets as a prison camp after its liberation in 1944.<ref name="HEART">((cite web | url=http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/janowska.html | title=The Soviet Special Commission | publisher=Holocaust Education & Archive Research Team | work=Janowska – Lvov | year=2007 | access-date=January 28, 2018 | author=Carmelo Lisciotto, H.E.A.R.T.))</ref>

== Tango of Death ==
((See also|Tango of Death))
((refimprove section|date=November 2022))
[[File:Janowska Nazi camp orchestra.jpg|thumb|Tango of Death]]
In the Janowska concentration camp, the Germans conducted torture and executions to music. The orchestra members, inmates of the camp, were required to always play the same tune, "Tango of Death". Pre-war Polish Lwów Municipal Theater's noted Jewish musicians were among the members. [[Simon Wiesenthal]] claimed lyrics of the "Tango of Death" were written by [[Emanuel Szlechter]], inmate of the camp and writer of lyrics to several Polish pre-war hit songs.

During hangings, the Germans ordered the orchestra to play [[tango]], and during tortures, the musicians had to play [[foxtrot]]. Some evenings the orchestra musicians were made to play under the camp commander's windows for hours on end.

On the eve of Lwów's liberation, the Germans ordered 40 orchestra musicians to form a circle. The security guards stood around the musicians tightly and ordered them to play. First, the orchestra conductor, Jakub Mund, was executed. Then the German commandant ordered the musicians to come to the center of the circle one by one, put their instruments onto the ground and strip naked, after which they were murdered by a shot to the head.

A photo of the orchestra players was one of the incriminating documents at the [[Nuremberg trials]].

Jakub Mund's story is described in the book called ''Tango of Death''.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://awesomegang.com/tango-of-death-a-true-story-of-a-holocaust-survivor/|title=Tango of Death: A True Story of a Holocaust Survivor|last=O'Hare|first=Vinny|website=awesomegang.com|date=March 25, 2020|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-15))((Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))</ref>

==Notable inmates==<!-- Please respect alphabetical order -->
* [[Maurycy Allerhand]], Polish lawyer
* [[Adolf Beck (physiologist)|Adolf Beck]], Polish physiologist
* [[Janina Altman|Janina Hescheles]] (later Altman), Polish-Israeli chemist and writer 
* Rabbi [[Yisroel Spira]], Grand Rabbi of Bluzev ([[Błażowa]])
* [[Emanuel Szlechter]], Polish screenwriter and lyricist
* [[William Ungar]], founder of the [[National Envelope Corporation]]
* [[Debora Vogel]], Polish philosopher and poet
* [[Simon Wiesenthal]], later [[Nazi hunter]]

==See also==
((div col|colwidth=21em))
* [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics]]
* [[List of Nazi concentration camps]]
* [[Nazi concentration camps]]
((div col end))
((Portal bar|Genocide|Germany|Poland))

==References==
((Reflist)) 
*[https://www.amazon.com/Tango-Death-Story-Holocaust-Survivors/dp/B085HHMGMT/ Tango of Death]. A True Story of Holocaust Survivors — Mr. Mintz Publishing, Mikhail Baranovskiy, 2020. - ((ISBN|979-8620147014))
*((cite book |last1=Beorn |first1=Waitman Wade |author-link = Waitman Wade Beorn|title=The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1474232227 ))
* Filip Friedman, ''Zagłada Żydów Lwowskich'' (Extermination of the Jews of Lwów) – [https://web.archive.org/web/20101106061357/http://www.mankurty.com/fridpl.html online in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian]
*((cite book |author-link=Jan T. Gross |last=Gross |first=Jan Tomasz |year=2002 |title=Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia |location=Princeton, [[New Jersey|NJ]] |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=0691096031 ))
*((cite journal |last=Himka |first=John-Paul |author-link =John-Paul Himka | year=2011 |title=The Lviv Pogrom of 1941: The Germans, Ukrainian Nationalists, and the Carnival Crowd |journal=[[Canadian Slavonic Papers]] |volume=53 |issue=2–4 |pages=209–243 |issn=0008-5006 |id=Taylor & Francis |doi=10.1080/00085006.2011.11092673|s2cid=159577084 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3181252))
*((cite encyclopedia| first=Christine  |last=Kulke |editor1=Geoffrey P. Megargee |editor-link=Geoffrey P. Megargee |title=Lwów |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945]]. Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe |publisher=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |year=2012 |series='''II''', part A |isbn=978-0-253-00202-0 ))
* Aharon Weiss, [[Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust]] (Hebrew edition), vol. 3, pp.&nbsp;572–575. Map, illustration

==External links==
((commons category|Janowska Nazi camp))
* [http://www.ushmm.org/ US Holocaust Memorial Museum Website (Search: "Janowska")]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nEQdVlVgSY4 Concentration camps of Nazi Germany: illustrated history] on [[YouTube]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120214102219/http://www.nizkor.org/hweb/people/e/eichmann-adolf/transcripts/Sessions/Session-022-02.html Eichmann Trial transcript: Testimony of Dr. Leon Weliczker-Wells (part 1 of 5)] – navigate consecutive web pages within website
* [http://www.history.ucsb.edu/projects/holocaust/ Story of Nina Morecki], who was imprisoned in Janowska in 1942; photo page has images of boulder memorial at site of mass executions
* [http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/janowska.html The HolocaustResesearchProject]

((Holocaust Poland)) 
((Prison riots and uprisings))
((Authority control))

[[Category:1941 establishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1942 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1943 disestablishments in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1943 in Ukraine]]
[[Category:1943 riots]]
[[Category:Nazi concentration camps in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Prison uprisings]]
[[Category:General Government]]
[[Category:Lwów in World War II]]

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Module:Infobox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Infobox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:InfoboxImage (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Labelled list hatnote (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/ISO 639 synonyms (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Lang/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana languages (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana regions (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana suppressed scripts (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Language/data/iana variants (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Location map (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Location map/data/Ukraine (view source) (extended confirmed protected)
Module:Location map/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Math (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/ambox.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Message box/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Namespace detect/data (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/configuration (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbar/styles.css (view source) (protected)
Module:Navbox (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/configuration (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Navbox/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Ns has subpages (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/config (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/disambiguation (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/setindex (view source) (protected)
Module:Pagetype/softredirect (view source) (protected)
Module:Portal (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/g (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal/images/p (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Portal bar/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:SDcat (view source) (protected)
Module:Separated entries (view source) (protected)
Module:Side box (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Side box/styles.css (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:String (view source) (protected)
Module:TableTools (view source) (protected)
Module:URL (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unicode data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Unsubst (view source) (protected)
Module:Webarchive (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Webarchive/data (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/nolinks (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:WikidataIB/titleformats (view source) (template editor protected)
Module:Wikitext Parsing (view source) (protected)
Module:Yesno (view source) (protected)

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