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((Short description|1941–1944 occupation of Guam by Empire of Japan))
((more citations needed|date=December 2013))
((Use dmy dates|date=May 2020))
((Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Japanese-occupied Guam
| native_name            = ((ubl|((lang|ja|大宮島))|((transl|ja|Ōmiya-Jima))))
| common_name            = 
| status                 = Military occupation
| status_text            = [[List of territories occupied by Imperial Japan|Military occupation]] by the [[Empire of Japan]]
| empire                 = Japan
| p1                     = Guam
| flag_p1                = Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg
| s1                     = Guam
| flag_s1                = Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg
| image_flag             = Merchant flag of Japan (1870).svg
| flag_type              = [[Flag of Japan|Flag of the Empire of Japan]]
| image_coat             = Imperial Seal of Japan.svg
| symbol_type            = [[Imperial Seal of Japan|Imperial Seal]]
| common_languages       = ((ubl|[[Japanese language|Japanese]]|[[Chamorro language|Chamorro]]))
| government_type        = Military occupation
| era                    = World War II
| event_start            = [[First Battle of Guam]]
| date_start             = 10 December
| year_start             = 1941
| event1                 = Ruled by [[Imperial Japanese Navy]]
| date_event1            = March 1942
| event2                 = American troops land on [[Orote Peninsula]], [[Second Battle of Guam]] begins
| date_event2            = 21 July 1944
| event_end              = Occupation ends
| date_end               = 10 August
| year_end               = 1944
| today                  = [[Guam]]
))

The '''Japanese occupation of Guam''' was the period in the [[history of Guam]] between 1941 and 1944 when [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japanese]] forces occupied [[Guam]] during [[World War II]]. The island was renamed '''Ōmiya-Jima''' ('Great Shrine Island').

==Events leading to the occupation==
((main|Battle of Guam (1941)))

The [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Battle of Guam in 1941]] was an engagement during the [[Pacific War]] in World War II which took place on 8 December 1941 on Guam in the [[Mariana Islands]] between the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces. 
During the battle, the ((USS|Penguin|AM-33)) was [[scuttled]] after shooting down a Japanese plane. [[Naval Governor of Guam]] [[George McMillin]] surrendered to the Japanese forces around 7:00&nbsp;a.m. on 10 December 1941, ceding control of the island.<ref name=recorder>((cite journal|last=McMillin|first=George|title=Surrender of Guam to the Japanese|journal=Guam Recorder|date=April–September 1972|volume=2|issue=2–3|pages=9–25|url=http://guampedia.com/guam-recorder-1972-april-september/|access-date=25 May 2011|editor1-first=Paul|editor1-last=Carano|publisher=[[University of Guam]]|location=[[Guam]]))</ref>

==Life during the occupation==
((further|Pacific Islands home front during World War II))
During the occupation period, [[Chamorros]] were forced to endure the hardships of the military occupation. For the first four months, the island was controlled by [[Imperial Japanese Army|army troops]], who were housed in schools and government buildings in [[Agana]]. Specifically, Commander Hayashi Horace, who was one of the military leaders during the Japanese invasion in December made the Agana's former Governor's palace as the headquarter for the ((transl|ja|[[kenpeitai]])).

Japan intended to maintain Guam as a permanent territory beyond the war and thus invested resources, by way of teachers and education supplies, to launch the campaign of their [[Japanization]] policy. The goal was to bring the indigenous [[Chamorro people]] into the Japanese nation through total assimilation of Japanese culture and ideology. The task was at first thought to be a swift and easy one, as the population of Guam was small; however, these Japanization efforts later faced difficulty, supposedly due to the Americanization of the Chamorros during the prior 40 years under US control.<ref>((Cite journal|last=Higuchi|first=Wakako|date=2001|title=The Japanisation policy for the Chamorros of Guam, 1941–1944|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/713682851|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|language=en|volume=36|issue=1|pages=19–35|doi=10.1080/713682851|s2cid=144832405|issn=0022-3344))</ref> Chamorros were required to learn the [[bowing in Japan|Japanese custom of bowing]], the [[Japanese yen]] became the island's currency, and civilian affairs were handled by a branch of the army called the ((transl|ja|[[minseisho|Minseibu]])). Cars, radios, and cameras were confiscated and food was rationed until supplies became exhausted.

Control of the island came under the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] in March 1942. The ((transl|ja|keibitai)), as it was known, governed the populace for about 19 months. Chamorros were allowed to remain on their farms and trade for products they needed. Social activities including parties, Japanese movies, and sports competitions were allowed. Mass meetings were held in Agana to reinforce the ((transl|ja|"Nippon Seishin")) (spirit of Japan). Schools were reopened and Chamorros were required to learn the [[Japanese language]] and customs, with [[English language|English]] being forbidden. Adults and children were taught reading, writing, math, and Japanese games and songs.

Before Japanese occupation, Guam's economy was semi-self-sufficient through the exportation of [[copra]]. However, the economy was deeply impacted by the war and the Japanese occupation caused further damage through setting a low exchange rate of US dollars to the [[Japanese yen]]. There was also unreasonable seizure of assets, destruction of homes, and shortage of food and other necessities for the locals. Chamorros' labor was also exploited through Japanese-led land development and fortifications. The Japanese military also occupied land that was essential to the agriculture and the economy of Guam.

==Events leading to end of the occupation==
((Unreferenced section|date=June 2021))
By early 1944, Japan's war efforts were failing. With an American invasion threatening, the Japanese Army returned to Guam, bringing with it a new, stricter form of government, the ((transl|ja|kaikontai)). Social activities were terminated, schools were closed, and Chamorro men, women, and children over the age of 12 were forced to work long hours in the fields, repair or build airstrips and defense installations, and dig hundreds of Japanese cave shelters, many of which are within the boundaries of [[War in the Pacific National Historical Park]] on Guam. Chamorros, laboring at bayonet point, were mistreated and, in some cases, executed after completing defense installations. Without warning, 10,000–15,000 Chamorros of all ages were forced to march, with only the belongings they could carry to camps in Guam's central and southern jungles. With inadequate shelter, minimal food, and no sanitary facilities, life in these camps was miserable. Despite hardships, however, incarceration proved to be a blessing in disguise for those who survived the camps, as had they not been moved, many Chamorros would have been killed by the American bombs and Japanese cross fire.

===End of the occupation===
((Unreferenced section|date=June 2021))
((main|Battle of Guam (1944)))

On 21 July, the Americans landed on both sides of the [[Orote Peninsula]]. On the western side of Guam, the Americans endeavored to cut off the airfield. The [[3rd Marine Division (United States)|3rd Marine Division]] landed [[Asan, Guam|near Agana to the north of Orote]] at 08:28, and the [[1st Provisional Marine Brigade]] landed near Agat to the south. Japanese artillery sank 20 LVTs, but by 09:00 tanks were ashore at both beaches. The [[77th Infantry Division (United States)|77th Infantry Division]] had a more difficult landing. Lacking amphibious vehicles, they had to wade ashore from the edge of the reef where they were dropped by their landing craft.

By nightfall, the Americans had established [[beachhead]]s about ((convert|2,000|m|sp=us)) deep. Japanese counterattacks were made throughout the first few days of the battle, mostly at night, using infiltration tactics. Several times they penetrated the American defenses and were driven back with heavy loss of men and equipment. [[Lieutenant General]] [[Takeshi Takashina]] was killed on 28 July, and Lieutenant General [[Hideyoshi Obata]] took over the command of the defenders.

Supply was very difficult for the Americans in the first days of the battle. Landing ships could not come closer than the reef, several hundred meters from the beach, and amphibious vehicles were scarce. However, the two beachheads were joined up on 28 July, and the Orote airfield and [[Apra Harbor]] were captured by 30 July.

The counterattacks around the American beachheads had exhausted the Japanese. At the start of August they were running out of food and ammunition and had only a handful of tanks left. Obata withdrew his troops from the south of Guam, planning to make a stand in the mountainous central part of the island. But with resupply and reinforcement impossible because of American control of the sea and air around Guam, he could hope to do no more than delay the inevitable defeat for a few days.

Rain and thick jungle made conditions difficult for the Americans, but after an engagement at Mount [[Barrigada]] from 2 to 4 August, the Japanese line collapsed and the rest of the battle was a pursuit to the north. As in other battles of the Pacific War, the Japanese refused to surrender, and almost all were killed.

On 10 August 1944, the American forces succeeded in wiping out the Japanese occupiers ending the occupation, although a small number of [[Japanese holdout|Japanese Holdouts]] would remain in hiding in caves throughout the island, the last being found in [[Shoichi Yokoi|1972]].<ref>((Cite news|date=2012-01-24|title=Shoichi Yokoi, the Japanese soldier who held out in Guam|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-16681636|access-date=2022-01-08))</ref>

==Life after occupation==
As a result of the end of the Japanese occupation, Guam celebrates with a yearly [[Liberation Day (Guam)|Liberation Day]] on 21 July. The island also holds a procession on 8 December; this also commemorates the day of the Japanese attack. On this day, people gather in [[Hagatna]] and watch parades and have carnivals. The results of the Japanese military occupation led to strong [[Anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States|anti-Japanese views]] from the Chamorros that continued until late 1960s. A majority of the hostility was directed at the Japanese residents in Guam. Many were expelled to either Japan or Saipan and some were even tried in court. The impacts of the war are still seen today, through the unpaid war reparation claims. Due to the [[Treaty of San Francisco|Treaty of Peace with Japan]], Guam is unable to ask Japan to pay the war claims, instead seeking reparations from the US.

Since June 2006, the [[United States Congress|US Congress]], the [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]], and the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] have worked together to approve a bill for Chamorro war reparations. Within the Department of Justice's Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, the Guam Claims Program<ref>[https://www.justice.gov/fcsc/current-programs Guam Claims Program]</ref> is still actively looking at cases and providing compensations for Guam victims.

==Monuments and historical markers in Guam relating to the occupation==
*[[War in the Pacific National Historical Park]] near to [[Asan, Guam]]
*Plaza de Espana - Hagatna, Guam
*Caves and Jails in Tutuhan Park - Hagatna, Guam

==See also==
* [[Japanese holdout]]

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
*[http://www.nps.gov/archive/wapa/indepth/Guam/Texts/Guamoccupation.htm WAPA – The Occupation of Guam]
*[https://www.justice.gov/fcsc/current-programs Department of Justice - Guam Claims Program]

((Japanese occupations))
((States and territories in the sphere of influence of Imperial Japan during World War II))
((Guam))
((Authority control))

[[Category:20th century in Guam]]
[[Category:History of Guam]]
[[Category:Japanese military occupations|Guam]]
[[Category:Military history of Japan during World War II]]
[[Category:World War II occupied territories]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in Guam]]
[[Category:1942 in Guam]]
[[Category:1943 in Guam]]
[[Category:1944 in Guam]]
[[Category:1941 establishments in the Japanese colonial empire|Guam]]
[[Category:1944 disestablishments in the Japanese colonial empire|Guam]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1941]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1944]]
[[Category:Military in Guam]]
[[Category:Axis powers]]

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